HomeMy WebLinkAboutBook 249 Miscellaneous Pages pg 1-857GEUR GIA
DEC AT CTt� C 0
D. E. Hu�hes
#1 H. "�'�. Niartin
Land Lot 189
Land Uist 15
comp 12-15-47
P & A
lst 1610
Lt�; sh; Trs ltg spar g;lauc ck
Top ck �• top Creta 1680-90
Cr�am color ck (not mass)
(Globotrunca arca; Lituola)
ss1730-GO
Top Taylor sh w�lt vig sty ss 1800-20
(Inoc p.; terebratulina sp.)
1800- 2`750 sr & spar ck(sty ss
only to 1900
Top Eutaw(F�r�' equiv? ) ) 2'750-60
f� �lauc ly ss
(mass)
dotted line top no name �?��.�2940
m-c� ly glauc ss
1_�se clear, pink & red
gvl T`o red sh noted
Poss Mid Tuacaloosa 3190-3200
G-1 �-� sh; lig sh
Top Low Cret Cong 3450-60
clear, lt ,yellow, pink, lt
lavender; abun; trs RB
DSR ��� 3700
........
ECHULS C0.
Hunt Oil
#4 Superior Pines Proclucts
Lot 219, Land Div 13
c otnp 1948, P & �,
lst 2580 fg �:lauc ly ss
Top ls 2630
��h-lt c�an li w/spar gyp
or an��iy incls
lst obsv Inoc P(Prob top AC((from log))
2670-80 G-ltg ck-argil ck
��x����.a��
( Inoc P; `I'erebratulina sp )
No anhy
Base Austin ck-top ss(Eutaw) (c)32'7'7
fg �;lauc ss; g st� mica sh
Top con� ss 3612
lt� m-cg con� ss w�clear, lt yel, reci qtz gvl
spar RB
Top Prob Palerhmoie 3900-03
Sm<�.11 clear amber gn & red gvl;Also weathered i�;n pebbs, trs pale
gn & clear fg� sty ss & qtz ss
Also dkred sh & mott sh;
DSR 3912
GEORGIA ;;2-
GLYNN C 0.
E. B. LaRue et al
#1 R. H. Niassey
Lat 31 d.eg 6� 45" N
Long 81 deg 31� 45" W
comp Dec 1953 �
P&�.
lst 0(zero)
Loose m-cg ang-sub-ang sd(loose)
320-580 loose sd w�beds ltg-tan-wh sdy li
Top li: 580
Lt tan-cream color shelly li
(Bryozoa. sp)
(abun Leps. sp) lst 700
(i�iiogypsina sp)lst 900 -
(Camerina sp) lst lOhO
shelly 1i-1060
Top wh dolo foss li 1060
(Coskinolina s�) lst 1280
dolols 1060-2000
foss-shelly
Top dolo gran li-ly dolo 2000
DSR 2198
Florida -2-
Jackson Co.
I.P. & Fred La Rue
�l Spenc�.;r
S e c 30 T�4 T:� �i 81fJ
comp 1-4-53
P 8c A
1940-2060
wh-� claystone; spar lig sh
Toz� Cret ck 296Ci-90
lt� ck (�;lebbtrunaca)
Top Tayl�r
G sh; ck(Pl�nulin� taylorensis
Stensioina amer., Inoc prisims
B ck 2950 to g sh
top Glauc f� ss 3020
Top LoP� Cret �;vl w%red becs
r�d g ��c yellow wxy
Top loose sd 3890
ss & RB
DSR 4120
......
Santa Rosa Co
C lifornia Co
�l Santa T'Jlaria Unit
Sec 33 T 6 N R 26V'J
comp 3-10-53
P & A
3110-3200 lt.� sh
�Top Cret ck ��00-10
(Guembtlina striata)
Globotrunca�.a;Lituola)
Top Ta ylor-S�,lma
Ck(n:�l� v. dec. Sten amer. )
(Terebratulina)
Base Selma cl�-top glauc ss �: sh 4650-60
Top luiiddle Tuscaloosa 5390-5400
G f'lky �� spar mi.ca sh �lauc ss lotivar nali this part
DSR 6040
.....e..
S.�nt� �josa
The Texas Co
�1 Dti�J Bailey
SeC 1 4N 29U�J
e-omp 11-7-54
P & A
lst 5080 in lt� ck(Selma)
Base ck top �;lauc ss 5320-40
'1'op Low Tuscaloosa ss 6420-30
gl�uc ss �;-dkg mica sh
To� Lower Cret 6920-30
clear, a-��ber 8- pink qtz gvl
Trs red sh
DS� 7020
FLOI�ILA
ESCAPJIBIA CUUNTY
Neilson-u�tAlker
#1 McDavid Vaneer
Sec 35 T 6N R 30Vd
comp:8-1U-50 P8cA
3440-3500 g-bn bldr ehips
Top ch�lk & to� Cretaceous 3500-30
ck ltg (at top Globotruncana sp. &
to 4990
blk sh 4990-5013
Top Eagle ��ord(Low�;r Eutaw)Sanostone
((color ss not given))
fg st,y mica sli glauc w/lig
section ss & g lig sh
Top Lower 'I'uscaloose ss 6220-40
f-m� por glauc ss ly; Dkg sh
Top def Lotiver Cretaceous 6540-50
Small cl�ar � amber qtz peb((gvl))
Tr ltgn por sty ss .
DSR 6600 gvl.
Escambia Co
Sun,yland Contracting Co
#1 Mc1�lillan Co-Tvi. L. Eubanks
Sec 3 T 4N R 32'�l
comp 5-22-52
P & A
4030-4180 g sit sh
Top chalk 4180-4210
lt�;(cret micro)
Top glauc ss 5G60-90
vf-fg glauc mica ss
Top Lower Tuscaloosa 6720-50
f-vfg �lauc ss ly
DSR 7006
..........
Gadsden Co
E R Smith
#1 Dr. C. K. Wall
Sec 19 T 2N R 6 W
co p 5-12-55
p 8� a
2410-60 li im uphole no cret ioss
Top Selma ck 2460-'70
(cr.et micro) ltg ly sh; trs ck
Top Ta.,ylor-Selma ck 2490-2500
(ta,y micro)g sh ltg ck
B ck top g flky-splty sh 3210-20
top f� glauc l� ss; g mica sh
Top Lower Cret�ceous 3910-2Q
Clear,lt yellow, amber & pink gvl
trs m-cg ss
DSR 4025
Lituolas)
5013-20(c)
Florida -3-
VJ�lton Co
D E L Byers
l�1 J. R. Sealey
sec 12 T 2S R 18W
comp 1-13-48
P & h
lst 2960 in ltg sh Midway
Top Lretaceous ck3230-60
uVh-1tg ck(Globo runcan arca)
Top Seltna ck(Taylor)
Inoc P.
Base ck-top f�'utavv(�agl� Ford) 4130-60
Lt� � mica. �1auc ss
G-dk� sh
Yrob top i�Iic!.dle Tuscalooea 4610-40
G sh; Trs bnis'_�� spek sh; Trs
f�; �*laucss
Prob Tor� Lower `I'uscaloosa 4910-40
iV1-c�; slipor ly glauc ss; G mica sh
Prob top Low Cret 5240-70
lik red f mic ah; Redish-�h fg ly mica ss
Rec1 & rc;d-dk�;n mott sh
DSR ;i475
..... ..
}��ash1_n�ton Co
Byers
�l Alfred Brot'_�ers
Sec 31 T 2N R 13 W
comp 5-10-48
P & A
2520-2g00 lt� li�; sh
Top Cret ck 2820
Top Selma ck2900
Inoc p; Terebratulinas)
B ck top Glauc ss 3660-90
1'oss top Tdliddlo Tuscaloosa 4890-4320
G-ltg; illiy-splty sh(Tr g speckl��d sh) sh &�lauc ss
Prob top Low `luscaloosa ss 4370-4400
m-i� ss
Yrob top Low Cret 4560-80
m-cg: np ly ss
S ar clear, lt, yellow, amber & red �;vl
ss � ((sr�)) no RB mentioned.
DSR 4�26
�
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sn2r trs ss
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1 oi^ter �r�t:aceous
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mop T*r-R ls 6s77-fi5F1
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�+ase Piqss Anhv '6(14-'6?5
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Ton Tran Zn ��nF_��n15
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PREESTUT:i3 CGTT???'Y
ttiamr� l_ �
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16,710-16,?1P
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ton h�rd chall-
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m�.� roTnn�hee^ shele
mon Com�nchesn ]s
m�n F; c�m, rria sh
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stv in bott half nr �hird
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mpp r.len T'o5e ls F¢,^-n_F¢A.5
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m�p S�]tstone 7Fn6-7F16
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P�lcozoic
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mop Niamichi sh
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mop Strav 9nhv Str
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IIpn^r Oretaceous
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Base PeEan �ap ck
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9697-°705
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10,610-1�,620
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12,320-12,zap
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12,G7�-17„680
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m�n n�� *;eas
T1SA in '��Fa redbe's
?FF�-?�'PO
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Snrv: T'. Cubier
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], T'o derin�te mi.dd7e I.ow,'^a�rinr Rn. ss, hu+ sve�esterl
?. Paele Pord ss nt base Austin ck 1' triol- w�oil but non-noroua
?. 9hont ?n_;�p ft �ood o�l sand vp^ermost nart of ?'7b
7 m�les north of Lufkin
ttpner �re+aceons
mon TTavarro shale(marl��)
'^on ?Tavarro chalY
Top PPBar �an ohalk
Aase �ecan !;ap chalk
Ton Austin chalk
1,ower Creteceovs
To� ('O'^0.T±CY7B&^ lime=tone
nSR �n Co+� ls
4G62-4692
ti��G_�nl(1
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F�?7-5;�5�
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61 oCl- 6110
6190-620n
�li<GELIi;A COII?iTY
TTni�n Producir.�
'tl Aolton �
Surv: Vincent T�ichFlli
(216)
('?ashita)
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A??D 5^_Fi�1^1IGR��,E'HIC UTIIT ',1111�"rS
T,t�st of !'o77o�v�n? from"Snnth Ark S+rnt �r/t}nnh on �1�7e.r Coas+el Pla;ns A�ds" bp'9arren A.Weeks
1�, BACGN LIMESTOIvE qqp�, Rull Vn] ?2, A'ol �(Av�, 193P)no9F3-9P3
].?4ayne T�. Jones "Aacan I imes+ore, T;est Texas", AAPG Ru] ].,Vol 29, ?To. 6,
( )pp R3g-R45
?, From Aisco-er�r well, P?ew Fope Field, Franklin Countv, Texes: Tide Weter
d- Seaboard, ��1 9. J. Aacon, Franklin CovntY, Texas
3. Li*�Ps+one ,an�'erlvin�; mas=ive anhvclrite anci nbove low^r anh,•�r;t.e strinPer
end/or uill sandv zone
4. Grades laterallV into anhv�rite or base *sa�sit�e anh,ydrite, which rase
rises �vhere Bacon limestone nresent
F. At�thor su��ests drop�ine "massive anhy." and vsine "Ferrv Lake" formation
wh;�h wo��]r� inc�lueie Har,on as basql ma*n�er �he+-e present
p, FEi�RY LAKE ANFIYD??ITE
1. R. ':'V. Imla,y: '�Lower Cret. k,Tvrassic Format;.ons of S. ArYans4s an� T�±eir
Oil and Gas Possihilities", 9rkanses Geol. SUrve,y Inform. Cirmalar 12
(1940a1 p. 6.
�. SP.IACSOV'�R IIT.^r�STG^�
1. First used bv D. R. Rin�hem "nevelo•�m^nts in Ark.-Lovi.-Tez�s Area, 1936-
�7", Rull AAPG, �rol 27., No. 8(Aur� 1Q'�71 no 1�6?-7?
2. receive� neme !'rom thF pool v^rler wh�rh i.t was firs+. �enetrated'
'�. Firs+ Lnown from Iion (1i1 RefR, Co's nTo, g_A Eays, drille�? in Sec 9,
T. 165, R 1`Vf, Arkansas.
n, EAGLS h":ILLS
1. ATeme� �rom Amereda Petr. Co. ?To. 1�;ao�le n�; ] ls, Sec 11-125-16'^P, just north
of sma�l lu�ber toi=m on Raele 1:'ills �n !JVflC�71�:9 County, Arkansas.
2. In ehove well: 1,1�0 £eFt of red shale and eandstone.
�. Fart.her s�i�th, l�ter, sal+ enco�antere�t et. ahou+ same olace ir_ section and
foi�nd to he ianderlain hv similar red shales.
�, BIICh2iER
1. TZP,?P.I'PP,(3 to as svch hecause of its presence as q typical section imsediatel,y
ebove the ??e�molds oolite in the Auckr_er Pool oF Colvmbia County, Arkansas
F, REYIdOLDS OOLITIC ZGP�E(Smackover)
1. From the Phil]ips Petr. Co.�s T7B. 1 J. n, Reynolds, Sec ^7,-155-15,K, the
disco**er�,� vrell in the Snov�� Fri11 area and firs+ well to nroduce from this
zone. (9ryansas?1
r„ COTTOP� VAi�LEY
1. ProposP�] as name for rac�e Formerlv cal7ed Iwre� Tra+-is Peak and l��in?�
direotlp helow non-merine mravis Peak
?. Inrlvdes �mvn of eends, shale and lines+one ���hiah were �e77ed Lawer 4?srine
Reds in Ti. Lovisiana
3. Firs+ �roductzon £ro�� this forme+�on(sic) wAs ie Co+ton �Ta12ey f_eld,
l"fehster Fit., La.
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H. JOPv'ES SANDSTOIiE(Cotton �Talle,y)
L In Sohuler pool, iTnion CountV, Arkansas,
first fovnd nroduction in the send
2, mhe 10� ft send zone l�es on the eraded
in h&sal few feet
I, TRAVIS PEAF{
named for the ooerator who
�evnolds zone. Scattered nebbles
]. Aas oome to inrlude basal Trin9+.. sert�on of red be�;s tivhich ere not foss.
J, PIP1� ISLAI�TD (Lower �,len ?ose)
1. Prodvct9ve in the Pine Islan� area in Cadao Ph., La. w9th demes
limestone at top and Pe++3t limestone et base
R. Pr,TTIT (mPntionedl but sovrce not riven
L. JAP�iES(I,ovrer Glen Ro=e)
1. From Arkansas Fvel Oil Co., pTo. 1 James, Sec 14-20N-1E, Tini.on Ph.,Ia.,
in which zrea it is predominantlp calcareous sand rather then sand,y-lime
Iu1. ROD�SSA
1. Series of intertedded limestone, shale and sandstone, between James
limestone end massive anhvdrite
2. Includes productive zones in �odessa pool of Ark-La-Tez corner area
N, TOKIO
1. D;o shnvJn
2. (?rom ]itholo�Y aiven in the paner, could be Rlossom sandetone(1:�entioned
as nresent in Tokio�s thickest sar}9on in Laf'ave+.te Count,y) end possiblV
Facle For� or 9ustin she�le??�
p, BROtil�dSTOgYh1(rot p�iven)
P. 0"1.9I`T
Ca77e� h} C. H. Dane "Oil Aearine Format�ons of Southwes+ern ArYnnsas",
T75 Dent, Interior r`emo ?or Press P823(1926)
Oricinel�y inoluded in Arownstovrn of A. C. �Teach "Geoloay ana IIn�erRroimd
'^Tater ?tesonrces of TT, Iou, and Arl�.", Ti5 Geol Survey Prof, paper 46(19�61
Ren]ared bV Annane chalk basinw?rd toward Iouisiana
PTear ontc�rop, consists of ce]�erPovs �rsv shale enP vrav marl tvith much
ar�+ end �lauronite. Aase :_s mnrl�ed bv a verv Rlauconitic sand bed wi+,h
sma3] blark novecnlite nebhles in manv pLeces
Ovtcron sand called Ruckranp�e hy Dane(ei�ove) is nresent ea Graves produoin�
sand at Smacvover
This formation also inclvdes the bTeakin and Primm nroducine; sands of Smackover
�,. ANP?ONA (not ei.ven)
1. ThicYAns south and west, seemi_n�ly at exnanse of Ozan
2. Predominantl,y whi+P massive chalk havino s+reati•s of trrey calc marl more
nrnnonnned towerd basa vr�ere thev Rrade bo'h laterally anc� vertically
-�-
;nt�o oz�n
�. The hasal strin�ers of wh�t.e cha7k iasve]��.� cnn+9in some diss, medium-�rains
Oi PZRllC R71� FlT'B COmmnnl�r eqn�l��
R. n�n��aoox
1. Seme naner as Snra+oRe(C. ?i. Den�l
?. T7�{- readilv dis+ineuishec� from Annone �+elow and Sare+nRa srove
:;, f;rades rrom �+loe-�rav calc, shale to merl to reletively nvre erey chalk
4. D'ore chalk,y in extreme S',"r oart of 9rkansas
S. SARATOGA
1. Or�rinellv olaced in P'arlrrook of R.T.Hil] "Neozoic Gebiopyo uf S',7 Ark",
Ar1�. Geo] Surv A.nnual Renort for 1P68, T7o1 2(1888) (ie-up^Ar vrh r,helk member)
2. Suoser�uentiv called SaratoRa by J. C,. Aranner "The Cement b�nterials o£
S14 Ark", Trqns. Am. Inst. I,4in. Rne., Vol 27, p lE9£�(vear not shov,m)
3. Given statvs of def. formation by C.E.Dane "IInp. Cret. Form. of S'"I ARk",
Ark. Geol. Si�rv. Aull No. 1(I.ittle Rocl�, 1929)
4. Dane: lys unconformebly on T"arlbrook marl. Not readily reco�nized in
sub-svr£aoe
T, NACATOCH(not r�ivenl
1. Thickest to 6'A and Here too nart sandy celc P79uc lime�tone(sicl v�ith etUs
coarse �^er�ivm ssnd
2. Dane reoorts lies unconform on Saratoa�a. Arai.r. not reedily reco�nizahlp in
SU!�-3t1T?�8.00
U. ARFtADELPHIA P+?ARL
L oriminally used h•r Hi]1 to anolv to upner nart of Tiecatoch outcropnine near
Ar�-adelnhie in Clarv Conntv
2, F9r�+ apnlieci to *rav Cret, rearls sho^e +he T?acatoch bv Veatrh, ercordine�
to Dane. 9.C. Veatch, "Geol and TTnderRrotmd ^Itr Resm�rce= �f N. La. and S, Ark"
T75 Gaol Snrv Prof Paner 46(1906)
-n-
Fi�ll Ser+ion as piven in the artiole(!1APG, V 22 TTo 8, Aue. 193"1"Sou+h.Ark.Strat...."
I. PalBozoic
A. Carboniferous
1. Penn. and nossibly TTiss.
2. TTn�il recentl��, thick hsrd beds of eravel throu�hovt Aemns+ead and rTevada
covnties tho�iRht to ]a�� directly on thr� old "Paleozoio Siarflace"
3. The �ravel �.tself �f+en +ermer3 "top of the Paleozoi�s"
h. Deener drillzn� indicsted that thzs eravel is basal Tra**is Peak(mrinit,y),
overlappin� forma+ions from Co+ton �7a17ey d�wn into the Paleozoic
F. Thus the onlv vno�n si�bsur''ece beds of defin�te Pnleo a�e in t.his re�ion
are the h^rA hlect� sletv �arbonacern,s shqles �,vith their assoc. tieht qtz
san�s ar.d �ere a�c� +here fos< �r�,ybbrown lirie,s+one s+reaks
IL �'. Permian�?)
A. ��aele T4i71s r�rma+i�n
1. IIo�?in an� hasal norti�n: rer3 ehales
Z, Genere7lv harder than +he .�ovnPer red sheles of +he area
S. Con+a9n onlv a small emonnt of �reen:sh crAv sh�les
4. Few s+reaUs of 7�ri^ht. rec� arm;l] sard an�] *nore or IP,SS n��#ular st,t-s
of red arRill dol, vrhich resemr�'e +he muds+.�nes of the reci Permian
beds of weate�•n Oklahdma
5. Pos� �hat the unner ner} of the red he-�s mredes t.o salt nnsirnverd,
nnd juc+ as noss that the selt w�zs denoited in a senarate basin snbsequent
to den of the red berls
6. A bPd of cleer, crystalline, anhpdrite known in two locations
7. The salt at ton of the �^ormst;on ti•ahere nenetrAted relatively nure crvst.
sqlt with 3 FBM seems or nartinps of white �yc�sum
8. Salt aenerated from averlyinr� SmacUover ]imestone by h0 ft n7ns or m_nus
section of re�i ar�ill sand and se.ndy shale
9. PIo conclom material or other evidence of unconrormi.ty no+ed, break
from marine limesi-one to red beds is errupt and �raV denote a hiatua
77I. NTesozoic
( �� Pre-Comanrh=
a. R�eat*er faims c�ll.ected to �late sup�aes+� Mesozoic
b, Ascendine� order: Sma��ro�rer limestone, Avckner formation, and Co+ton ?ralley
formation
�, Smackover Iimestone Formation
i. T?o direct evidence of unennform at base; abrim+, c��nme +o non-mAri.ne
Fa?le Tv�i]ls mav ranresent a deoos�+�onal time-break
2. Zn northern nart of area rer« e�iden+ly suf"ered from +runra+ion nrior
}o ��}+�n 'rallev denosition and aPain dvrine� pre-Gulf hiatus
3. Pinches out norhthw�rd in vi�inity of m 125; �"7, E d� S as yet t�ndetermined,
hnt fo»nd as far west in AT?k as m 1FS, R 261'l, in nRiller County; es fer
east as m 17S R 9 tiY in Ashle�� Count.�, as far south Fs T 1P5, R 17 V! in
IInion Coimt,y
4. Iower: �rav to bro�m, dense, cr��to-rr}rs+,al]ine, bnnded in many nlaces
wi+h oarbonaceons areillaceous oartines
5, IInner; softer than lower �art, ton vart comnosed of oolitie norous bnf±'
7;mes+one(Re�mold�s Oolite)
6. Reaainder of upner nart: more or less chalk,y white lime=tone v�zth varrin�
a^�m,nts of diss dnlomite rhomhs. In oleres eno+her s+rPak o!' oolites
hqve heen fonnd nbove the dense ]i�^eetane
7. ThicYens sou+hward and hasimvard
-5-
F
'C. Riickner Formation
1. (lverlv� fim���-o�er qpnarentiv canformahlv
2. 4nhv�ri+e and reA shale
8, con+ack, defini+e, 1-ut does n�+ seem +o ir.dirnte a+ime-hreak in sedimentstion
a. 4bsen'- in some Dlaces �ue to lo�el eros9-onal +rvncq+ion
F. Ahsent northenst of m 16S ? 14 'N nroheblY due to reeional nre-�otton �tal)ey
trun�a+ion
6. "lest end so�.�+h lim�+s nn+ �-noi+m
7. Some e.v�dence tha+. +nis form +h;cl-ens hasinward in nothhern Ia. wi+h an�v
T'En� PCP.(� }�V T�A�'�!'IF, [11' S�ifll-mQT'1T16 SP.(37?'8?l+S
R, ilpner part: red shale with s��a *��rv finel�� Rri++y streaks
9. A`i�'dle: Seme re� shale with nndules �f whi+e +o nink finely cr..st (rrPnular)
�nh,y�tri+e in�reasina wi+�+. cle�{-h en� heeo*ninr interha�;rle�; red sh anci anh,y
1�, qe=e3.; r"ore or le=s so].id �v�i+e-ninU anhv �^Ifith stYs en�? nartinr�s of red sh
Some stks of dol and in n]ares the enh�� is maseive end dol.
17. sredes +hroue�h +hin rzre�i] dol stks ir.+o the ?e��nolds oolite helow
�. Cot+-on Vallev Formnti.on
1. O�erlapned taward the north by "Tra�*is Peak"
2. Thins ranidly in northerl�� direc+ion in short dist�nce due to den thinninP
end nro� �liae to some nre-Travis Peak trunration
3. S�nareted by �m�onformities frcm ro+h fox^na{�ions n}•ove an<i helow
4. The merine nhase in Louisiana annarertly extends for some dtstancP south,
and in�that area, the unconformities, if nresent are not noticeable
5. Consists of heds of sands end red, end aoap,y to telk shales(eie).
6, In +he Phi�lins Petr �L7-� rdna T,�orean, discovery �vell o£ Schuler Pool
has ��een fm�nd the anly foss m=.+erial noted 9.n this rorrnation in Ark +,o
date(193R1: Torq]ly Rra.�ish brcrvm P}auron9t�c, slirhtiv !'oss shale.
3Caxzaxa�ad
7. Ugrer-p�r�C �'�ne sand, s�l+st�ne, an�3 �arier�ate�l +al�-like shales
(2) Comanrhe R�ries
P_. Tri.+�ity Grnu�
R. Tr&vls PeaU formetion
1. Trunc^ted f?Uripa nre-Gulf time so th9+ it ninrhes out northeastward
2. Pinrltes ont. nnrthward h�. depoe9t�on but transaresses iap +he time se�+;on
to ta��e +he n�ace of nnrt of +he r,len ?nsa heds snd renresen+ed at
the ou+crop i.n T 7 end F S bv �ravel and sard, relrn^r +he Diervs
limea+ona �ed of the �,len Ttose
3. BasaL• Interhed rea 5?lq1P.S 9nd med-fine to roarse t�reined tivhite sends
nrith here and there nodiales of fi*�elv e�ren +o Bense tivhite dol.
Pred sand �nd verY 1�asa1 nerts ron+ain diss very coarse ereins of qtz
and novaculite end a few snell peb��les
4. IIodip: I ar�elV eravel o£ •rari-oolor nova�ulite an�l quari;�ite pebh and
correleted +ransPressively �nri+h the Pike �ravel on the surf�ce
5. Abooe this zone there is re�? s�a)es vrith manp stks u�hite sand with
some no�ules of' whi+,e dol. Prodvctive in the r,hemnacnolle(??ainbrnv City)
and TTrhana Poo�s. Champaanolle ?one nronosed name.
6. IIpner: red shale with stks whi+e silt and sand. Grades into and in n�rt
eqiaivalent to Glen Bose rormation qbove
h. Glen Rose sub-p�rovn
1. The more or less foss marine sediments maUin� up the m�ddle Trinit,y
�ronp
2. r,redes int,o non-fnss red heAs both ahova end re7cror, so tha+ the
lower �ar+s of +he G7en Rose are the +;mP equ�valents of the Tratris
PeaU up-�liP
3. Anhydrite zone in midc;le�? of this sub-erouA of importenne stratiPraphic�ll,y
�
in that it is en essily recopnized consistent marver for sub-sur?sce
vrork
4. Pnrt helow the anh��dri+e usually ce]2e�t the Iower =1en Rose
5. Varies considerablY in thickness as it grades into non-marine
not too far northward
6. Pinches out nartheastwerd b,y +runcation
7. Pine Is].and
a) I,owest memUer: Pine Island
1) James limestone at top
2) P�ttit limestone at hase
31 Interbe�3ded erav s�ale, li end =s hetween them
b) pet+it not well c�eveloned in S.9rkansas es it is in La.
c) James is the mo<+ exteneively develoned red of IG?t in S.Ark
A, nodessa
s) Sec+;�n k�etween Jemes en� T"�s� An'�Y�?ri+e
bi In+erhe�i�?ed li, sh enc? fi.ne san�s
c) Zones in ascendinR or�ler (after zones "anA ]e*�sPs")
1) Yovn�: li ool to no� in Ia, no+ we7i dev in S. Ark n;nahin�
ovt �nd Pra�inr intd �n+erbeded p�ray s��,ale R• li, and to red
shgle Fer+her uv clin
2) DePs: san�i.� yone, ]en+ict�lar an� ius+ eho-e +he vnun� hut doPs
not extand far into Prlrans�s
31 �=]oYd: ]ir�ee+.,or.e. con+e�ns ooli+es ie pleces, At Ro!3ess4 P�o]
is limestnne with a sendy zone , Unrnm as the P.�itchell sand,
is vrodurtive on the Ark si.�e of +he non7; TTnner half �*rades
into s�•ale not fer nor+heestwerd; Lower half rle���oni+ic end
�%ar9-colored
4) Hil3: � zone retwoen �trb, two strineers of anhvdrite t�elaw the
mas= anhy; T.owe±-most gnhydrite lies immediately above the �lovd
Interbed�led �rav shales and limestone streal-s and in�ivi�izal
sanrl ]enses in places
c. Anht�r�rite
1. �*7hite f�ne7�� rrvst anhv
2. Stvs and n�zrtines of mrav shales and ].imestnnes
3. Thins undi�
d. Pnner ('>1en pose formation
1. �.r��� t� r�»77 1�roim shales 9nd merls
2�, Thiil g}lrs Of 11
3. Fere an�i +here stbs of fine �and
4. 'r4vo th;n anhv strinrers ninch ov+ nndip n�rthvres+werd
F. Practi�a7lv the entire f�rm r�rA�ie� to red sha7es �f +he Palvx.r form
northward
e. Peluxy form
7. Predom non-foss ofimn�i=�nr upne• ner+ of Trinity c�rovo and mredinr�
abrun{-1y ;nto Fre�ericirsri�re arovn ebove
-�-
A, 1"fashi+.a 9r_d Fre�3PrirlrshurP �,rn��AS
n, *,rer�� l;t+le inforrt!ati.on of suhs�rr''ace AV97IA�B ;_.r S. .4rk
r• !=P.1�r05P,T1�'P.;1 hV ��}� F+ nf r7S �N"'7tP, C,379�.k"V S1 1R S�,N �OT'TP,7' OF S�A1'.B
c. Pronar7y m�s+ �f +his ]i�es+�ne z�ne renrese?�+s the Rrederic�rs�iara.
(31 �»]f Series
A. Lrnver Gr�up
a. Bin�en form(�e=tricted)
1. 7n+erh�d Rrav to ��arieaeted s�a]es and *'ine-ooerse sandstnnes
con+99nin,m �ore or less eltered vol�ani.c materi.el
7. T�'xao+ correl�t�o^ vvitti� Aesciibed ontcron of snlf Serie� no+ cert�in
:�. In aenera], seem to he nnrre�eted tvith tha} -,9r} �� +},e outcrno
�^�rinh Dene de=cribes as T�oodhine
4. Or� �*�nall�� ixsed by tTeatah as Ain�en comnri sinP tre ahove Qn the
o��erlyin� forri
5. Present on]v in S;^f pert oi' S. .4rk
6. ?'hiokens weGtwerd
7, Rasel varierated shale m�ber(�ften r�lled "Tokio rec?s" or °Ttpner
Cre+�ceons reds"
F. ?Vesizva.rci has gn upner me^+her of finel�r �rittv P�9llC �;re�� sh
9. ('vrrlain an� o��erlanned ?�v the hasal a^hy send an�l PrqVf.� of the
mptJ;o fnT'mA+ion
b, moki.o form
L The as�v sen�7s oriR�n=i'�� �nc7v?e� Ps +he unn.=r �Art of TTeqtch's
"T�inr�en" ee.nds -
p„ Thrnn�hon+�*�ost of sov+�hern Ark �
�. TTndip charac;+erize� �v san�? os med-r�arse Rr?ins vr +h a+ ma+rix
of white �rolc�ni� ash
h, niss �h�rt en� �tz r'vl at hase
.'',; Tn most nlace li?p;te nre=Fnt ir +he san�s
6. Thic.Uens for short dis�anr,e hel�w oia+,cron, then th�ns a^P ]oses
ash�• crarr�c+er
7. AtthirVes+, part in I,afa*•e+i��e Cc+i,n{-.v renrPsen+e�3 h•• }�e� �f R��.iac
6fl77d�FilOceOm 59P.��
R, '�elovr t.�is 7er�el�r �ra�� ��avr shale v,�th ?rit+v st.Ys an� lia stUs
and a thin strk of ashv sanc?s ast b�se
c. "Rrovmstown" form(�?estric+edi
1, �*re�� Rlvur, �*r�t+v shele zone ebove +he liani+i� ehales of the
Tol�io snci he]ow +he neb`�le hegrine z��e thnumht to be hasa]
Ozan most ususllv referred t� as "Frovmstown"
2. RFcomes less marlv an�l more sandv dovanc�in
d. Oz.an
]. Seee deaorin ear]iPr in these nntes
R, 1,Riddle (;rovo
a. Annons form
7. In nRrt �ra�?ine into or rPn7ac�nP the Ozgn en�i �r nert o�rc�r]�*in? the
�zan
?, TTa �','s+;nn� break he+ween +r;s an�i overlvinP D,7qrl�rn�k mnrl
h. T:`arl�rook marl !'�rm.
1• �TP,r'!"1Cft1 11?!1t9 np'F ��rpll �i0?1T1P.�
-F-
?. h�ore cha].kp in extreme S1N nart of s+ste(9rkl
3, r?ot alwa,ys readilv distiim �taishec� from SaratoRa ab�ve and Annona h�low
c, Saratop�a chalk for^ati.on
1. TTnver white member of the chslk erou�
?. Pn�ierlies practir,r�l]v all of the Coastal Plain of Ark.
?,, lNhite to e�ra,V hardchalk and *�arlv chalk
4, Ordineril,y contains much fine elauc throuehout lenTth
C. IIpner 4roun
a. TlacAtoch formation
1. Precio�^;r.=nt�v send
2, IonR tha ^ost imAortant horizon in southern Ark einoe it w�as the
main oil-ees nrorlurer
�. Thins north-east.
b. Arkadelnhia marl for^at,ion
].
2.
3.
Alne-ara..� calc sh�]e an�l marl
TTarzes little t�r�� the nrea
Or�linarilv *�ore es]c near ton and t�ere �re stlrs of white chalk
in tmner nsrt in plares. Tentirvlar and not characteristio of am�
area
Some ver)* fi.ne-Rrained mrit an�l r�lauc o�rur lo�ally in h�sel 50 ft
-�-
CLm^',i3nL4IdD ( IL : IELD� OKI �FIOP+`A
^ef: Ira �rari, �.T. hri. 0,:.1 T�'i�lds, ,•ol TTj� p3ni A�P�
C 0`.`A^:C?iT'sAP�
((LUiJ�3 C?'STACL�'6CS��
P.un1- !'reek �}n; 9f1-1�0': liR�+ ��•qv si7+n sh�le
?'iemi chi sh; 1f?-1 F' :^,rav sh
�ooc�lnnd ]._mestnne: ?�-�''': ,vh c1. J ls
^r;ni+v cd; 47E': fine--1eci e�ra�nPra sd yv�s�us rec' ff ne2e �rn r,h
�as^1 8!1-90' cnn�7ome�-a+e: 7.qrm� rdd qts r�rains ln-se��• c�mer+.e�'
o!�stlr v�r� �*a+t�d sh
((no tmr,onfnrm 19n� shomnl�
LOl'JT�?; PET.T.NS`fL�TAPSIAT� � �
SprinRer Pm; 1800' on ore^+ �f P.r+i�]i.r..e; ?3C'�' on f7ank..
Ta�•�*el�• �a�U E*r3�� sh ��,�l�n+icvlsr s�is in ]ower nart o�' sec+,_�n
..unrnnformitv....
TaiISSISSII'i'If�d p?� ,n�rkez un@onfor^.itv
BPPE� I:�iIS� . �
rane,� sh; 4?.0': brovmish black shsl�
2'IDDLE T..`ISS .
Sycemor�, ls; 2�6n+: vpper 4�5 is ?5�;ht L-ro�nm ralc, miceo�ous, s_liceo�is
5']t51'OnP,•
A narsis+ent l;��i;+ ?,.n...r� �9�nse ls 201 th�ck OCrnrS FO-BO�9�70EB
�9F.P. O� �'7R.
Rec+inn �=7ocr th;s memhar „+.;�i^t, oe]c, misur sil+�tone ,^rhir.h
s!-ovrs ens, n 5+ ?�;� o!' t�r��n snale m�rks �nse c+f �'�rma+;or
LP��ES� 'llII6S .
Noodforc� sh3lef(th•o�ness om�t+ed hn1- nolivnn sho�vs �bovt 240�11
har�, rlgrl- hr��vn sh n�n+a;n� ^�� be�'s �f �Ark brn��m r,h�rt
.. tm r on f or^ii t.v. ...
D"r."JO,�IAP1 �nle7l t-nrn^rn imr�n�'n.�=+,•
s?unton ^.-roup: '���'
Aoi.s d'Arr ls; 1��':(I:ow. ^Pv�n�.an: T?rl�'er',err� nmel
T'oner 5' ;?rn.r white snirvl sr F.• r*l q»� ch.=rt. ''1en+.}��ered &
hiRhly frac+ured -
?i�]anr,e s��r,+��on onarsei(?�?l� r.ln ��a��-wh9+e rlaur, 14 stkd w�
beAs nf R�a�� R•. translu�ent. r.he�t
Hnraean sh; 145�;(Irn�r. netror�3n: TiP��ePl,erG* A�*e)
Freen to rrav, �rannlar, areil ls.
. . t]nqOP_�'OT`!'li'',V. . . .
S I I,L?r I?1`d
�T�nrvbouse sn(T'i.d. Silnr�nn)
10 � b±-�-rerl fn xl 1 s
15� rrn-crp er�nvlsr ar�il ls
Chimnevhi77. ls
1F+ fn xl-ds h�aff' �rinoirlal 7s(1n,..�r, nrg�.. Sili�rasn: TTiaeren)
10� fn xl r*-r;v, p]auc 1� Iorv. �;lvri^n: a.l''�ar.)
F' oolitin ls(Iow. ��]„r;an: �n1�i�n)
GRDOVICIAri((n� uncnrform sho�•,n�l
S�rl�an sh; �80' :(iTp���r (lr�ov� rian: T?iclvnond l
T'nr.Ar 1PM: PrF�n ar_r� non-s�n��.�, ((sh'+^�11
Iower l�n':�7;,•�,+�]., �?o]om;+ir },rovm e�'�a�a. na�a] 1(1� *�nre
�n7�,.,;+=�
�Tinla ]9n�sbone
rer�?sle memher; •'�': rnq,-s� xl, r�ra�r +o �vh 7s(Tin�er �rc�oei�i�.n:
�ichmondl
'1.02$7,�i20L;
?'�xt F20�: ((no nvme�?�or membar os T�ioln ls)1: f-^�ase xl le
rnr.*e�n;nn se�-n�ni be�'s nF hrn chPr+.. 1rn�rPr 1S0' dif.^erPn+i^+F�
frn� r�s+ r,,, �+., �,,..i. v,rrn+�n r,olor. (TToner beds �;n�;nat3an:
?tid. �rd�vi���n. '"r�nton ma�r be nresen+) �
�1T?OSOri
�3rom.i�3e 6�0�:(1�ivPr T:i��, �r�ioviniqn: Trr-,n�on F• R�srt� ^ivrr Ar*e)
TTOA�r 780�: cons�sts mainly ls in�=rh��Aea �v,�su^�r�iin�+e em�s
�
_ �_ `1
of crPen sh R- s�?tr ls. 4'�P� of mr�en sh mccccnr. 10' thirk
ocrvr� ] 20' bel otv `;op o° sorm; P�rr �+.en+. sd 1F0' do�,'n
(fe� calc sdl
rorrer Aromi�le; .';F(!'(Tvlip �reek of qrbuckles)
(Shallo�veF+, prodvoine zone)
lst Rro��`�1e: 11n�
'?0-40T: 3 s�n�.;+.onPs sePnra+rd hV P'.rn .^,h� �:a s_?n� �,.,h-3n�
T?elgr.ce sert;�n; ;n+erhe�lded �*rn sh }.� re]c �^lane e�5�`.:;'��r.e
$ tir�ht calc sd un�'er?�-'ne nrodvc�nr� znnee ,
Rasal 10': coer�� xl, Tra��-�.�h-ls . .
2nd Rrom'de: 4v� ].�s'
9�-10�' f-nr, s»b-nnF to rrt,� s�i ^rains n:/s,, � �,� ,,�„;.�n
t� m�t c31 sd A� arn sh i
F;ne t;.mht caic sd un���r7iee ^rod. a.nne e�ove
Aase] 1(1': �:? l�nfr ls
:irA ^ro^;�e 1�5�(aror� on ton s+r�a�'-vrel
2 sds 1n vnper 60� f-mt� i;��h+. s�i`�-ane� +o r�lA sd
0.�Frs9s�ant fi� '�ect of i^rh-t�rnv cnyrcF sr? 1� o���,�s .tiF_^.0�
fr�m ton
?�-?F' rrh s�? �+ b¢se �
Tqcl ish fnrme�i.on; FO^' (I n•;•^r Ordovi ri an: �haz.r-r �noir ('ro�vn Pt n�e)
T?�,nrr 400'; �';^� xl, lim'�t brrnm 1G �na r.narse v] ..•'� ls ;n�er''+ed��er?
� l.��g{�,i.�, nf Zrnr•r !'irin-i`�71P. F; C7-�..c.+ -�.h TIAt1C S5.
flas.^,1 10'1+: _„ ss anr? main ^ro�. zor.e.
^'�sn sh st�, �us� eho�*e mid']e d;•.i�?.�� �t 'n+,o 2 znnc�s
ton of �,onemPnera]7v +i�h+�R• ba�ren
Uasa] 20-:?0� o" this zone oor m�; sr3
T'ert �one(('�e]oiv +nn sh s+k)l: r�nP••*�llv tieht
P� nor stl-s
Oil �reek fo�-^�.ation(io�a�er �rdovic.ian(Chaz�- ",�e)
'Tpner Oil �ree!r; 4GF�: ^�ne-coare� r.l mo�`]�a "o"s;.l.iferoi.is
�.c� cn7�n glir�t, ZV Er7�r inf-,n..l-�E..7.]E.r1 ,-r•p ��
7.;� nji r..�„i. ,�.� vRxx;�:�Csa�r���i; 185i
T��PPm- 94-100� o� v,�' calr, ss(^�,e n•, ��oP; oi] �n �1�nY)
?0 ft: al � . �,,.r ,�.�., 1 s
�0' +;.^q{-�ca]o ._�
nnsnl n,'1 cr rinci„-r .^,a,• li 'p�
"ri[� r71 "..- cA 9.�nr ;?l�t�^�'C O� ^!�l`'1 p•-pi1 �0:7P.5�
.::re�+�^nr i�o 1(1-��� 0•• +:,,�,+� onlo 6=_ �s F-n� 1�^se por
s, g� rrn;n cae?7 r�'c7
Joi-�s or n�s�l Si^neon(7o.,•or ('^�ovi.r,an: Io�.ver rrgz•� n�*e� 210'
r� 5-fn vl 1{} �7!'h l � i../i•F...f l q�tP,�'S Of 1+ '�rT! !*T'4ri11� 4^ r7.0� O!^'.i','."
° .ili-..� cri�,. l.S. � ..
�t hasr c,+' .Tnins �s ^e�i�im rr��� •vh ss, +;�.�}1,. e^,^�nte�i �+�.�
ao3. oc�n-s((" �� -
A?PT'CEI �(ro...�r �rr�o.r;r,an: �ter7-••��r.to+.;m ^^el
onlv 6F6 ft nane+.-�+,Prt � �
rt,efrf�,r bu�'f_];rht R. :'3r1- hrn �'�ania73r �}� �7s r'olo^;'-� •,•�s�r+e
hrr�,�. nr d5 }1U"f �-(� ht'ri ?� �
?tl T'7",pt �1n� S(.`�•-r•�•9]. }Y�t71 !j(J'1107R1i'i.0 S''S OCr11r
5�1�� 1 a!!It� lr�15
�'���
- 3-
GEC�LOGY 0?' L",4?:1THOD? �2�GIOt1
P. R. t'in�*.
(/r;,•s� 100 ?t blank��
(( UPPER Cn:;TACEOUSV 1
r.,arle ?orr� 20n�: p7e�-m., ls "• sh
LG"�JER CRETACEQTiS
T�u�iq ls, EO': "m mas�, ls
�al ^io sh 20': ^rsb sH ,.r/�.h�n'�=�s �" rrn sr'�� ls -
�eor�etrn�m is; 17�': T^�ss, ls &� '-'�9n-hed, ^arly ls
�?.wards ls; 150': ^iase�, r,h�rt�� ls
Comanc}ie Pea�� and '7alnut; FO': `�v�" mnr] F� so°t noPu.'.?r ls
?�`�xon sd; 0-1D0 ?t: m�se, brrnvn, X-bedr]ed s�
c1Fn T'ose; 0-600 s+.: 4l+ern���ne be�s of mass, ls k sft m�zr7, �'✓�sor�e
san�?,• he•�c ;n nlace
......nnconrorm;+•r:::..
T�IASSIC
Ris:,e++, con�?n��rn''.e; 700': �on� of ls qeb�les; s��^a ?�eas of ls
R- rPP sh�lq
.1]^(`Cl"'�'tJl'7^.i x'1/.. . � .
i'T'..�RT�`I A�'v
messe�.� ls; 10�0 ^t: m�s�_�,e dolom;i-ic ls
(,undali�pe fieriasl �Ani+nn ls, "�l�i.�m �nr� .ltv�rz fm's; lEOQ�: masrive
d�lom;.+i� le .^e�-^. ls, F- sd fore 3nd bac]r re�f �?enos:+s
'4ord f'm; 150^' : 1t west ena of' ^1 ass p•ts si� i �e^us sh, t�1in 1 qve^s
f�ss lsy T';n� c�ne�.Aicxr.xzis;:pr,�Ym9.-rhFkx At en.^,+ �.^..' �� m+s �olo^i+ic
reef ls
Iaonqr�? f'ri; l�r.��: ,+ �.,�..+ �,,�1 n^ ^i�s mt� e� F• s�l, r^n�'n;^ rlov.mw�rd
in+o ?ssG ls, ci��c��rn,s sh, era "�nr d�n� ql�n c�nrs� Y�nsql canm;
q+, e�,e+ en�i of rti-s, �ve�� he:'��� �'�3om�t�o ls(Ness faoias�
(,5 +}+P CIT�t�F`7- �?!�P,S Tln} � 7�nFI .mUC!'! 15� +1�... l� }h,_nt.''IH.�S
is �a�b;+rer;i�• „9ol.Pd�((590 ft ls s�^�vrn nt haee nest�nm on
6c "t� Of' CO:]°'.��.,
. . . .17P_C n)1"OTri^.�. a" V . . .
'?rtlf'C(ll'IA �(ln�� �+- +hP 14c;;} r�ni7 �i� I!l&SF Pl+fi CC)9!'S.P. T^fl�E (`.O?7f�' O'.r,o,.�lqi17
b„ sh; Tn e� si �nn ^? n�.. Tra .. �r ,' �+7-; 71 , � � �-,.r..
•1�'t•n:�I*0-.,..;1;. ••
pr�i•�;.5 "LV A?dI AId
�gn',s3nk 1£�0��: �le,�- sh, ss, co^ese cnr.e� A� foss ]�.
Tia�f:Tll�f'.S ',nnr>. ��'. +-07.
�.ce m�ri'.':^ S'. r��^m +o mi�?r'le �is�o
xx3.�ond 3000': 'Chin bo�r�ad s� f• sh rr�t�.�ol�- har�s or ?rkose k Y�oulder
bea��n� nu'�`^ne in up ^r :+r�rt
ny�;���. ;z0^�-1000': Tr�ict.- '�dr?ed �r�y c�;ert�• ls, ••r,�snr�� sh Pr ahert.
Ac,e ap��rox P°arble ralls
Tesnus ?0^-7G00': Zr �r=s+��*n aart of t'nra�hor, basin �l���i�lr�' in+�
ar TTA^..':�r "nn�..,,,•ie FCI��' th,.^l� �,.i . 7.o::r-�- �h�.lP 2000' ''hi�•v
T'�+ :�,v1;,,;_.:,v�,q rv.'I..e...,.,�,•r
li?ICO:Ii'OTi1e�:.. ... � .,
L1��I(:**I �TS
f ab�llo� na�;aoolite '�n,-G�0': *^-cc, *- . .:�^onl'-.. �.na bA��aed
� t�n^icoloraa chert
.imro�-^or•.,;+.,- ....
ini�:.,�'o�novzcz�rr � �
p"n„a�•;llns r.hPrt 1�^_n���: Y:r�,:F� �'ar1- �hert R- ls
r"ZDDI: � i??'L'OpICT_nTd
'^!��,r�e uo].�ora �h�le ?^''_ca��: Drr.�� s'i F• tl�;n ^]flr*rv ]s F• s�l
T'ort Pan�. 7.��Q�: P"es^-,.e le��b=.a�e�? ch�r+ an� h35�1 c�nP
. tm r�r rn,-,.,; +�*, .
�((no IQvrer Or�i mnna-i�r�t?1�
_d_
qisa+e Shale ?s-FR' ftar� �rren sr�le �n� +hin ls be�s
T��r�+hon Is; �FO-9�0 �: m��n rlarm, ls ,,,/sh par�;nPs &
((remn�.nde.r imfi.n�.she�: hv+ o.olvmn s�ioa�e thin scattered
oonp� s�Rnt+olll
UYYER CAIti?JRI9II
^a�aer Flat s�nd ?�^�: P?ass ser.ha^oidal ��1, sh R+�i.n
ls
- �tp-
-?-
s zLi�z niv
T.i�.&'.'1()Ct' nm
� C'7S7t � f� � :
S�n�'.stnnA, !^,-a,• +� qr��n and �ark
fis=;]e shale. T'��n^ of smoky qunrta.
in pleces
..............
i�nconsor�=tv
ORDOT�I C IAPd
t'olk �reel� formation
Tnic'•ness 10^-200 ft
Shale, blacl,, e�raphitic, r,or.te.ins
Prantolit�s
Riar�rtr pnrmat;on
m�i�irnes� �nr_7�� ft
C},e�t. h�rr�, Rr�,• }.o l�:l�.c]c, b7n�L- s�^.ale
an�3 �?�rY col�re�i, �osr., ��;Frrp((sic)i nrot,
che ty limest�nes
TYomhle formation
Thi c�'rnes< ^."0-1000 !'t
��a1F, b)erY +o �reen wi+h +hin lg��e�s ��'
limes+one qn� arr*ilaeenus sanPstone in Ar�-ansas.
?rea�minently sr,his+osF, mirarenus, r'�loritia
s2nds+nne in ?"c�nrt;�9n Co„ bklahoma
�ila�-�iv form�tion
Thir''ness 0-�00 ft
Snnas+one, t�r��v quartsit�c. So^�e rsleareous
sr.nr?�'-on� An�? min�r a,:�vnts o+' rlacic an�? �reen
O�flV shnle. Smolcv nnertz vs9ns in places
vnr,nn�ormit�*
r��,yrn for^n3+.ion
'"hiclrness 1000 ft mnre or less
5�,�1�, h].acl- �n� p�reen, hanr�P�.
ml,i.ri ZFL'TP,�'S Oi' �rq�r 5951(iSi;rlriP, nTlf� �R �():R�
9^P.A.B� f'1�lSl �P,Il6"S O" hllli�h L4F-�)Zftn]' limP.S'4;nttP.
�T'��Si'ql ?'T�(1lJri'4q'17 {�[1T"�9+'�.071
Thicl-n�ss Sn'�_psp rt
.�'971aFi'0T79� T09fiSiTrP.� 11(!}1�1 ?T'3V� r9�C9rF7011S �'O
�U3r}y5f�i0. ��"P^i1 �OIIP�O'^_P,^3i'(3 9i'; h95e �ri �
!"C.�'»r{'.B'_.71 r0. ���'! 9. ?R Ft»^:" 3^F� Cffn+n'71S 7^.P_.^.V
!�ll(iC�Z 4,^-.'_riS F:71C! C?'�'Si'9]S
CAT.^.B?iIAN ((mranhio colinnnar sor,+inn ehov�s oon+nr+� in ^r�%.=.+el T"k Fm
er�no litholo�io hrl� a�rn�t ??(l' be]ova +oA of r+-,.�+.,1 P?t.�
ino+-t�,'.nn os �n�stal T�•+. s�e �toeP�
tmOr�Tifpr.�;+„
l;nil;rr ��: T�'.i�lr: ?0�-F���; �h. 1`lti'� �raphii-io and dF,-]-
colored silirem�s ls. Sone �'� b�}- rr�rt in Arlr,
z3a
G�?dT'R!�I�IZT�ID rOltr.^*3� Sn;nm7���,q OF S�DIME?�TTS OF o11AC??ITA FACIiS
T'ef: "Pe+roRrnphv R- P?etamorph�em of Se�i^�erts of (l�asr.tii.+.�
T'nn;r-,s," bv 9vmust ^-oldste9.n, Jr.� nn� Dnnnr N. "eno,
Aull. A.�.P.G., `*07. ?6, T'o. 12(Dec. 19F2),pp. 2?75-2290.
PENPdS`!IVAIv'IAid
Atoka formation
Thic'-ness 150C-9500 ft
Sgncletone, snnr��* sh�le and ehale of rariable
chnrac+er
Jscl.-ford i'072RR�'lOII
Thicicness '?F00-G6n0 ft
Ssnd=taze, mrzss�ce, ne�iuri to Sine-�re�ne�l interbedAed
1V/ ('YIi,V +� mre=n G���e
%�i5�� zs � rt�t� zluJ
St�+.nlo,y formation
Thiclrness :�5(7n_6000 �'t
S�+�ale, dark colored, an''erb.=,d�'ed +�rith �r�ir f�ne-�raine�
�r��llaceoue sr�n�e+one. 8everal heds of volcanic
ssh neer base
iTa+ton '^i�ff len+il
mh;rl.ness 0-90 ft
DE4GNIADI _ I:?ISSISSIPPIAPS
Hot Snr^�n�,� s¢nds+nne
Thic�-nese 86-200 ft
6an�=tone, nrz�rl, qi�artz�+ie
Conrlome�ate a+, base
Crops out only in Arirans�s
unconform
hrkanses T'oveculi.+e
Thi��mess 25p-900 ft
TTovaculite:
i?oner member - Calrareous vrhite maeaniferous
T'i�i-'le memher - Alar.�� ti^;th in+erbedded black shr�le
I:o�ver menber - 17Lite, m�ssive
5'.i:. .;
unconformit,y
S I LUR I!LhI
b'3ssoi�ri S�t.
^�i.�t-ness 0-30n ±t
R�+,ele and sl+�te, »ad, mr��n �� h1�ot-� r;sq,'i�
uncon�'n.-r!i tv
�lavlock forma+ion
m},;,f,+�ness 0-1F00 ."t
-10-
p�nnrql]v t� ��r A�ve or ��e ha��.n.
5. '"iarh �rFe+�r {;t,;o'mrs�es �r=. nreeLr,�:er', +� p-•;��t�at the �x�.s.
a. Tn A}=�t hol� n�r n�l at. r^on°e� A?errr, Pnra, mrr�. t.?��n 7�Ori o� n�v�risn
qn� .•n�•.;hl�. ,�',3.1vr;9n (�e��o�'� -S Z�rat'A T7Pne+^3+ec�, h•�} +hp iT9`tr.'la s.�T'i.es�
C�1PS'.f�P,]^P,C� �;}IP, '^qSP, Of +hr; Pq]pny(1�70� 1`*99 Slll'�" YP.HC!1P.f�.
h. �o.•7i,c�ill'9.^.'flTl S+1'4�'S 71C17't!l 3P.:� ^.(ltl�'h nf' 'Fl^P "^i&ZOlI R'IrP,l' �':HVB R21 34P,�'8PC
.Fhq��r71„q� �.^ nc� //l�`�
�. "Jr,7's r.rn•T(��5�� hP;,,F*. r�r�.�.lrr� h•� +t,......nnnr ?'nvn ��li.r.^?a, �n +wr
ln:•7�r ?''n�?�$r� ^;,=�r ;n n�,a?on�s, ana `n Al��r r�o C���, lotver Tsns.jos
n;ve.r, ir. Pa�a, rPveal a+hi�l•n�se, o�' mnre +h2a 14(?Om "or +�,e Pen^-
svlvan9en s�ctinn.((16-�'il
P_2. Farna�hA-Sao Franc_Soo nens�.m�]�ne(!17�`
1. �fter d.p��;t,_rn oF +he I�^rne Ser;rs, rnns,;s�;�R or e�r�st�ne, !'1u.�;^_
mlac�nl c�nr*loTPr�+�t, +;7�;,Fs, s�alr,s, an� l;me�+nr�s, ann+h�.,.
n]�Arnt.inn o�' +hr. Sr,rr3 clo rsninit�ro +no7,- p1acP, ...;'-H +.y� rn7c�inr a^�i
me+a^or;�hism �� n crr+�;r pqr} �f +Hr ��r;eg, '
2. A rvcl� of =ros;on fnlln*vP?, �n� ��+rr, �n +�P Si$vrsan, 'h=rP ��ras n�^ar4ne
nncroar.hm�r+ h�. a-h� wat�r^ �f ��,P �i�]�' nf"'}h�. Pnrr_ni�a up to the 1,�g�_
s^�tn+-s� rf' th� 5. I'ranc�s�o T'i.cer� �n a';nas GPre;�
3. Tt,e }},;�.t, S. Fr¢nc�sco-T'�m?�ni se�r��s �✓�s ?Pnns;+.Pr? in �.n;s tepi�? sen,
the sPr��,^, consis+,,.r!t o� sendetona,, shale�, and ao�all�ne 1�r.es+�ne �vhose
rP^,pAn�� h*�z*e hA�n �bs�^vFA ;� an arra n]mos+, 2001�n ionr �na 5('
m p.
� lcn wide.
4, hn 3rea occ❑ �ea hv the S. Frano.�eco-Aambiai Feries =s ve+. oor]v
�i'.1�."JP�7.+P,f�. . _' . P .
3. 1�; Pv},npr7g� ...:Ll-nl.t f]17P^{�i071� Z]P,«Opf� +.hP. D^P.6PII'i; 'OOP�PT' Oj� }'}!P.
Pvrnaire. se�?imnntsr�� basin. ... .
h. ^'r.A,-„ +t,.n nev�r.�.nr! �r.P ,�;�..A rr,rr-r+ , ,t;; t,
..� • {�Of'ff13t�Op5� l', C fl^P, U�Ufl��.p
rm�t-n�?l�r ro.^.c�r�?�nt, ntrPrl;� �-.rP Fiembu, srr;^� tia;th tenton9.r. ..
�? ;.� c�. o,-r� a.n r, e. �
(`.. �irnriR fn��iinm pi� }l�p !j!i1Rrl7� '.Il ^19ri�� *1]Rf`n� .-pi`1FY'.1'.S ;'�?P. ,^,rilp,f 0T1�flri
�?.4StrOP�"".S1R . . .
5. 771 +,l•e /'9rhon�_�r�roUa +hP s"sa5 of +�^P S+q�'�g �F i' 91r 4nf� *'9rq�7l,ao ,,•,C,•0
�Ilil} 17F) i7'�-}. C(1Rti.17^r'f'.91 971'� ,^,n.�.np,� p;[..ti.t^rTl�'S� f'nll�..lPa r\ ni.�r� (`n'l'�;�LiP?7'E;41
�Cq09'}.$ ip ft�p PC�"'1'9R. .
'^ l � 5�...ny.' ZF5 h,�n ' •
E• "�'. P nr;rc�Pal Forms+-�n��F +�,� P�rne,l,�-6.^rsno�.sco
reosv+-���.,.((Tnh7P ?: s�st. nq^e 9A1� ((7.?�1
A$, T'�r��n v�os��r r7.;P.,! i l°-191 \
],—m�^ P�aleoz�;r Forna+�.�rs of soia+-N�T.,i nrq,il, msv be r�,c�,a�a ;r.�+�o +,ro
r�n,�ns:
�1� P,npi`.�c��l;!`nvr�17S f'(1]'^"?1-.�nR�� i.'.7 .:^.9�� ArE!9.5� i'�OTA !7r 1P,55 9+7'nP;*1V
''�7�?�.r�, n^ ?vi�ious qre;
�p,� f'is^;?;^erous heas,��ih9rh ��q,. s.�, ,��+�.d with as=tarar_ca.(i17-1P)1
2. T+ � p^'' q._pos�ihle ti•.et +,t�P ^,r5t �rovn ^+n*� re F:,rec9r�hria��, n+ �P3et �_r.
nert.
�s. S;r.ce +�r-��� i� no '.,;�;ce+;on or trA '"arr,n;p., .,� �a7A�lonie.n o»oe'Ap;��
t;�e,e p}t�^no*��*�a do not nable onr +� � in�i;sh '-he aAe of +ye rrl;•�ents.
m
b. .re onlv th;r� �r.P rrr_ s�� ,�ith 9F'1J^R c� i.s t�qt +-rpsc� nonro 1'i"errnas
r�r''3 �t'^P. �,��1'C-nP407:�.At1. . .
3. m�?p ��P,V0:1�9T1 Sf!f�,i,^�nt'.5 �"'�4A fl iR11C}! ,••i�'C7' ra;,c+:t'1�')Ui;I�R 4^.f� �n:iG�..;}U't'0 9^i; Of
a�i,A ��eo�nrl ,.�,�P� � � - � A
�.. I+;s ba�e�^�s ,�-rpectl•� de±'ined
b. "'"• nhsrncr or r��e ?,�;or+�.ii+ ,?;�+,:r+;,,r•,�,,;•, ��„ non-mernmo�phic oharar�wr
�f tLP ro,.�.s, =rr� f?,A �,mpl;city of t:.�r n,-tr.�t,.*rs i:r,.a': nene+rate th�^m-_
1 zite? to basn"- � r�rt s and thwir �l�f. Prr.�+, atrs--c Fnr i+.. Aq„v .
=der+,if�cat;.�n. _
4. r,�r+h�r^nre,the pns}-5;1>>r,;an P�1 �,.. . .
,; r,oznir, n��;+� ;n t:�r, srnz+h oP '�razi� �re
�at���a _os�ili_°�rous.((I£'l� .
F• "'^� Ps�Po?�ir sF�tlen�e, re.,;, �
SrA ,y...... '-S 9'-;dicated in "'able 4.(I�bst
nAee 9A1�((1g))
�
r,gq F^. 65
((xix: �on+an+,s o�'r�`emoir; xx: blt�nk; �_m� 1-.?; m;�7=(` ^az;ll) nsir? �lanl--11
HR,�:IL ( (11 �
bv Avelino 7mnacio ne �livPirs
T"..!'Ci'.nr� ^enartamento "q�;onel �n Pr�c�i?ran n+;P�r�l,
R�_o �c Jan=;rn, �irgz;l
(�'J9'th `hP co77ebnre+�nn of(('I? others��
i(ne-�= �_4: ��n+entell
I. I?'mT+OD*TrmI�rT (S1)
I2, ppFnADOA�IAN �5-16)) �
A. =enerel �onsiderr�t�ons(i�-71i
1. The ?'re�3�nhr�nn of Tirn^.;7 �hol�rn �n +-rP �eolorir L"an o� Soul;h ^.mericn ^;i+h
t,�oo div; <.;;�ns, earlv (ep6i 'er.a ' a+,e (1P�) (({i1 Prerembr; an.
fl. `�'}I1S l�i.`ri5i.07'1� "'}11c11 7'PA"P.cpnf�.5 'F,�A nArrhean" 37'1!i ���l�on'.si.�n" Of' f;�'IE
nr�z�linn li+ers'-nre, �^as hased larp�>lv on +he metnmorphic Rrade of the
ror.ks of the nPRZl��sn Shield.
b. '"he alternat;ve nn*ae !'or m3nv of fhe,se roc3-s, +Y;e "Arazilian r,ot2plex",
`.s in�icat.-ive of +he ^t�rt ,+,!�3t it ��.s lonp� becn re�.Lzed tH�.t ,�nch a si.Tple
d'z�*is�on �c�A.s oPrr�As mnre deceotive thnn heln?t�l. ((Fl�
B. 7ee=nnal co�re]a�;�ns(il:i-]�l)
7. ^P�i^nal cnr�e]3+;^n �r +re Prerqmbr;nn rocks o� Eix! ar�..e �s **ast :z� �irnzil
obz,i�,�sl�� nresen+s pro�+]�ne o+' '�a "�";rst maenitude, anrri�cia]nr]v� e'nne
�.^rPai;h=r�ne� �s �eep �+rt Axnosn*Ps soa't+ered..
2. Iit+le iG lrnovvn o�' +ha vast ereas srown a� �arl� Preonmh+-;en �n thP vpper
i'.'.RflZOR Vfl� � Ct�� 9T1f1 Ori� V 19 j.i � r+ .�rr�o' nf' �1'L'f: h1�T1�7'E('15 Of' i'1"1O1759ri� �S OF SallA7'C
j.",lp..�ct.=I'S On n89r].V p7'CC3.T.hT'i411�� in, }liP �9F+�Fr71 Par1' (�1t' 'f'1^E f'.01]n+rV.
3. 3x h� ;p�;r�,..�A� -rsrt nr +hoSP areas �n,;l'1 -,robahl,� PVP.SII,IiP��V b= cerrel�,+A.1
���;+h ],�+�- P,-�cP^�br;sn fo�+-mat_ons.((1.})1
C, Oror*rnzc U�7+� ((ls�l
�� mi,,,, c�r�A�hr'.�n o1' Rrezil s�ems tn �,
_ .. n+�� n mr��ln•;11.v r�er.�oq,<,ir.F oro^r,nic
�n'Pnsitv rr�T, +he r,�as+a] r=mion +otvA,-r? +.�e, ,.n+�r;nr.
2. �s r� corol�ar••, ^�riar+tiral r.o+�nl?xit�� a7so s=P�� +.n ac�c�easP �t^n•• fro^ +he
coe^+�1 zone.((1511
D. O+her 7a+P precenY,rian roclrs((16)) �
1. ^'ra Rc�nior,in �^ap of Sou+h �t-�er�_aa =�rn,�c � lera;e are3 n� nqmbr�an rool�s in
nor',-�=rn ?`_nas ^:era�s �nr� sm�+,h�rn znd �e�htrql ?�ahia.
2. mhAse ro�t- s are 1-nm<m as +�. I.a��ras s�r;es, descr�UPd
t7" nPr}��r,
� mhP�e is nn defi„i.+�.-F eci'P-;c� qs +n +heir a,^e bi�t hPre +hPp are describe�
a� Cambr;en as trst �_��t�e +-re��+ional nre aseianmrvnt, and, 9s vet, there is
no solir� ba5is !'�r chenr*�n�* it.
h. T*omPr=r, r.u.-rAnt opin9on 3n�'�n�s to-arc� t�e �t?P,9 +�-q+, there �:A•� -rfe]] be rock�
pf +`"•O Ol- ?Rnrrg qt'�c i`.lCll]�t3a in }hiG ,.rnitai.�[*� Ai1l? i-hn+, DA7"f'. Of 't}1C ��LAV7'Aen
ma�r be e�uivglPr_t +.o the +.me Ttaaolomi(�la+e Prec�±�br��n)),....
,��'i. T'}hO�Of!'lC t`.nrr�p,lna-S.O:15 f�!' (:O?i'S!' �`]9c+iC f'OT^�r.+ir1'�'1� '.�"i+�l� T'13D1.f� 9II[? �?I'P.Pt
ft�c;Ps chane�s n^P �:otahlv inseeure,((1E1�
7I7, YnI�O?oIC ((16_;�p))
9. �rr; �,�A � IBrII.SSICDI(l16_Zgl�
�� "'•,� Pal�oz^i.c s�A; + �-
. r�en e, ,or ;n te.- n,-fl�.;.linn ar_�*� �nr?uAA� +�rA� r*reat
�19.5?716: +'.hn ,�T4ZOri� '�'.h9 't�q+�ri�it}19-,cinp PrnriCi.SCp� oP.? }i�r P8�'0.R9.
A7. Amazon �c�osvnrl�ne .
1. T�� Amazon bas�n , an anc;Pnt �eos.mrline o^ ]nnm p�„�;�+,�nre.
7. Tt ,�.nc subnF.rnPd r7i,r�n� i-he ��r�,r S,l�a.-�an, +he nevon;an, r3n�i �y�e 7s+-e
�arbonif�rn»s.
'�. Strr�.ta �r +wp �qr�},rien Si�t�r�nn, T]evoniAn, nnd �enns��7.van�an sVs+�ms ar�
��no^�n in tt,e lrn•��r .4riasnn arna.
a. ��']CSP, fli'C e1P'�m9T'�ZPri ^Tl �'3h]P, 2� 'FhP, �'}IiC7tpP.SFoS in�j`rq'�'.P.(! T'C?�P.T'T'�.17F1'
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OIL ZO�d�S 0�' 'lii�; U�TIT:r:ll STAT�S
(Com�ilsd ?�v ThQ Oil an.d Ge.e Journal)
_ _ . . _ _ _ a.
�
CAC�RIA:m .�PiF} Lt)'4��: O�.ifi'VICIAt�ii
�
PrinQi�al Pro�ua�n�; Horizonss
The nr4ncipal n�.l ar�d gas pays i.n �'OiMQ.'��.UY15 of' Lov�rer C�rda�icisr�
and olcier ��es are d3vi�si'�1e irto five groupe:
1. �`dee�thered pre-Car.st�rian rocl-_e ar.d bast�.t sends an� conglam�rates.
2. ram�r.ian sanc�stone re�ervoirs
3. .Arbueskle �nd �llenbur;�er 13mestones
4. S�nd��ones oi the Simpson �rou� and oquiva:t.er�.ts in Tex�s
5. L3o�.a�ites of t?�e Si*npBQn Proup.
I)istri�au�tion af Pro%+uc3n� ,rlreasti
'--hc�rev�r pre-Car.�brien rocks are exposed to ero�ic�n, thay may beQome
porous. Frao�tures ane� jaint planes beaotne �videned by the weatherin�;
pr�cessee and oil ma,y bs f our_d ir� the�o fraotured and porous zon�s. TYee
�re-C,ambrian roa'�� ere, hrn�ever, rn�relv psssivo recipients of the oil
which entered ths opan3.nps after the wAathered rack� wero submer�od. Thus
th� x�ro-Cr�mbri�n r�aservotrs ai �;°�;c� "'exas I'pnhar��'.Io ara related to the
r ermiar. roe�s r-h � ch abut a^ai:�s� t?Aro gr�►nite r3.dge anc� thca oil is cansidered
� Permian in ��e. �re�.s of' �r�ri�.te anc� �;ranite v�ash, or v�sidual soil vn
top of th� �*r�n�te whieh presduce �.n ple�ees ���hero the �rfanita is overlain
hy Cs��rian an�/or Iraa;er �rdovici.an racks are f"c�unc� in �resterr_ Kensas,
so3�ther�n nkl�,hr,ma an�' 3.r :E'eoos Ca1�nt,y, ?'e�cae.
Ca.*�br3.e.� s�?.ndatone prodt�etion ia rele.t3.v�ly unco�on, be3r_� no�r found
i�� �anac�s, mai.nlv in Ruesell �ounty, arid 3.n Pecos County, Texas. The prac3ue-
in�; hor�.zon is a eanc�stona ti�rh�,ch is �eneral];.� alos�l,y related to other
�a^c�1 sandatc�=14;e, ?;i�t iY� places in a de#'3.nii;ol�t bec�c'.cd F'ax�nation. �he
oec�rren.ee o�' o3I %n �-,hese sanc��t;onas �vhere the Ordoviciari cover is Qither
thin or absont �eads to th�a possit��.Iit�,T that _�ore r:i�t* bo found where tho ,
Ordavie�.ar. li�^vsta�es �a.re thiakor. ~'he pro?:�a� :lit;iea arc� that whoa-o the
'�.11er_t�urRar emncl .Arbuckle li�es�;ones are produet�.ve, prospectin� for Cambrian
oil w311 *=+otTe '-cn�.rard the th3c'~er l��dst�*�F:, de�osits �;r�d�:allv as, at �res�n�,
th� ri�k af not findin� Caml�rian t�� 1 does no� t*�arrant dri113.n�; thrau�h li�ra-
atone� �ic�h r�ay ranp;e ?'ro�+ �+ fevr hunc?re� ta thousa�ds of' f'eet in thieskn�es.
Th�� t1rY��ackle l�.�e�tone is the *�ost impor-�ant producin�; hori2on in
rovestarn �'ans�.s an� the �11er�ur�or li�nest�ne is becomin�* increasin.•�1y impor-
tant in �`orth anci �'dest `�Qxas. �i; ma,,y thus be cor�sidered a potenti.al pay
where�er it exists i.n � belt 600-7�0 miles i•ride ex�endin�; to the �aortheast
f'r� 'p7est �'exe.s. ree F'np '�zo. 1. In eddition �o the 1ar�;e aactutulatior.s
at fiemi�, �'rap�, `�ilic� 3r.. �ans�s an�' the �ar_R' Izi?ls anc� othor �roas in
RTest Texas, 1�»^estores of' th3s a�� h�.vt� prodi�c'od lar�••e nu,�:r�tit;fes of oil 3n
�'ields a1o�a the '?�mm�ha ri.d�c�, ,nota�l�,� ?'.1 norado, �'r�nsas anr�. 01�1�-ihazna City.
�ast o�' the ric?�e, the Hiti.le panl, Coti�al��r C`olanta�� CQYIHA.�) obt�ins it� m�.jor
�rodu�tian f'rr�m '-t�e ^r���zc�•-le lima. Porous zonaa are lar:-e1�,� i'ound ixi �he
t����er Y>�:rt of the 1-ir�ei�t�s��s vrhor� they w ro subjeated to erosion prior to
de�o�it3.or o�' the ovorl^�.Tin� Si!r.:rson for:�atio�+^. z':oWrever, the +:Hick out-
orop�in�* s�:rios �i.n �he Qs�rds sho�rs the nresance o�' sevoral uncaxi`ar:�ities
and if these are t'ounc� in thc� ?�uries� rocks, thore may be a nu*�ber of pays
at depth in t.he 13meetone seot3.�n. �ame o�' these dsep�r pa;;s havo bacn
fc��2nd and tY�ese �i11 grobabl�t le��c" w.,o ��:ore explaration t�t depth in tfxe�
limestones �n<a thra��^�h the^� in.to G�>nbrian and pre-Catnbrian rocks.
`�he ��: pnon �*raup conrists of � n��ber of' sara��s�;�nss anc' shalas,
generall,y cor+,��.r.ir, � gre r_ rninerals. Thf,re 3e alsa sor�p dolo�:itic limostane
in t?�o �raup �eneral,y near the a:o�. S�.ds�onos nf the S3��son �roup provide
the rnost ir�pnrt�nt pa,ys in �kl�hor�e., natnbly 9.n the Seminale di.stric�, alonc
the ?'iemaha ri.dP� anc� a�k scsattered f3slde suah as C'umberl�nc�� F'a.uls ?'al.1e��
�nri Abach�, ?n `Pexas there i.s ��.- �t�son proc?vetion in tha ''ed �iver aroa snd
�n the Abell fielc? in T'�cos County. Th�s widespree,� occurrsnce of oil in
the Sir!.nson m.akes it a prirnar,y a'h jecstive. At tha prasent tima, productit�n
a�' me� jor �.mportanbe is rarelv found in oldar fbr�atior.a �+rhen it is f'ound
ir_ �;he �i:�psan, '�"his is �robabl,y �lu� to tk�e #'act that v�hen it is f'our_d
in the "impson i� is not sou�ht at �r��.ter deptha. ?'ho Siznpso� pe.v� inol�de
r
th.e ':'�ilcox, �3ror:ic?e, Ttx3�. �'reek and other ee�de. Tk�ese n�nag hs.va L�een
e�.rried over ex�en�ivti e.rea.� but defir.9.te eorr�lat�ons �re dauiatful.
Simpson c�olc�^�:ite� pra+�ac.e in: the ��en� ��;olo anc C��lalloYaa CitY,► �reas
buf, their o�.ltp�� is ua:a.�n�301"�AT!'� CC)2;?pBiQ� �ri��'h ���at of �he Si.��eon san�.s.
F�cten��.on inta Q+..her Are,�si
In Il� in�3s, the St. �'e�er �ae t?�aeap.;i�t ta bg an exoeZlen� rasea�voir
bu� tv r�.at� haa �ro�?�cer� nothin�;. ?'arthmr ea.�t, eazada of �h��yan a^°e, rou�,hl�t
Qc�ciiv�:lent to the� S3r���on hava eho�wr� �o��e si�s af product�.on. ?anrth o�' i:��e
Cfhio �"i�vr„ Lcrvrer brdrsviea.�.n �i^eston�e e�re no� hi.r�;�l,,r cons�.dt�red btr� ta��,�We
i,s z-ca�or� tv b�lieva th�.t the "tones �iver, raLi��3y ec�uival8nt tr� t3�e .Nx°`�=.�ckla,
ma;�; �ro�e �Sradu�tivs i� R�ntueky� �d a�ther stat�s. �'ar; - a�s3.dor, howevar,
that th�ae f'csa�mat3ons he.ve beare �ao hi.�;h1y al�ered to p�or?uce oil in the eae�t.
'in the coastaZ area G�.�tbriarz-Lo�rer t?rdo�rician fbx�ationa li� �'�ar be��anr� rea�ah
of the c�ri:'.]. a:.�cl �re prot��'-,1�� too hg.�,�,�,,• �ltered ta vield a�.l. I:r_ +.�i�e� t oe�y
"Ro�.inta�.n :^.*�o�a �?.�:. I�crnrer t)r�av�e3.c.�� ia mieein�; and ths �e�u33�roc�c? sanc�etane
(C�mbriar�) 1s nc� fa�r�ra�s33r ra�;arded. k'ae�st af �he Ttvckie�, roeks o�' t}�is age
arc� e^�+x�eral�.� be3.iav�d ta �,e too h�.�hly fracstured or f olded ta produc�.
�
�
n
�.�����_, c.:�a�z���:1 �c� ��:��..T�a
Priraipal r�raduoinr; ��or� 2ons t
The �ar3.ncinal oil �nz? p;as pa,ys in f ormai;ians beti�reen the ��idd1�
�r�ov�a3a� anc� �t�evo�ai�, inclus�.vc, are divisi��1Q in�o �� �roups:
1. "�3,ddi� Ordc�vician li�eetonas, Trer_�on aricz �Tia3.a
�� I�acvor Si�uri�. �ands+anes, C�3.ir�to� �nd �edina
�. S�ltiri�n �,nd ��rvon�.an li�;es�vnes, �iuntan, Dundee, 2r��rerse,
��Rc�nrae ��? "`Cora�s.ifer�txs."
4. Iatrw�r �evonian �andt�tane, O�ivkeuiy.
s. ��ar �a��.�.� ���� ,t���e�, c��� �.a c�ts�x� ? ��a��e
6. Stra,y ssnds, ''�.sener an� �i4i��.
L�i�t�i'�ut3on of �'roc�ue��na �ir�rasa
Prac?uction f ro;� r�elrs caf i�iddie Di•dovio3ar! �c� Devo�iari ag;e cover�
a lar�;e aree '�ut �a�al produc�ian frar.: th�se pags is ��ot �e i.mpor�aa�t e:s
t'��� i'rom ather r�ajar zox�c��,
`?'h�e oi�est pat� 3.� ��;:�ia Trvu� is i'ounci 3.n th� so-called `"ren�ort
1ia�estarxe of �?hica ar3e1 �I3ino'.� anc? �he �3.o1a Zi.^�sstone of �klahozn� and
t'Anc�.sd ^h+a :�a�t impcas�r+nt 1�J�iddle Or+�ovician �roduoti.on �a�c� �'rom the
no�hvrn n�rt of �he CSnc3rsn.a�t� arch 3.n Ohio an� In�iarxa, �vhere thare �raa
�Iso one ai' the nations lax�gest �;as fie2�s. �s'ae� of the Cizioi.nn�.ti srch
iittl �s has b�c�n f'csu�d �.r the '� ren�ar. althou�h �haws are r�ported. In
I31ir.olu th� �r.ax�is��r af the baein and som� b�s3.n #'ields sueh as S�,lc:-.�,
ha�e aroducec� 7'renton QiI. Thez�e 3.s r�as�n �o be�.iove tha�: it should
prod�.aoe ir_ def�par struct�res in� i�he be�3rz. Zn �en�ue��t, "ur�.nybr�ook
1i�astor_e x�rc>due�ian 3.s of �he sr�me s�;e. The �r;ola ��,� praduced irrc��ule�ri�r
�z�. ���.� �'ie3c?� �4 the north a��d saY�th of �I�e ��ichi��-Arr�uckla aplif� an�
al�:o at ot-�<., t:�c �outh f1a�:�k of' �tho Cen�.rel }tan�as upli#'�, no�a�ly at Zenith
and Pe�oQ C�ac�k. �ere it is �s; oci�sted �ri�h � s�rmy �red�ing �and knorm as
th� t:'3.$c�r_er eand, the oiI boin� found �.n the v�ea�hered �top of the Via1e �nd
� .�
in �he t�vc�rlyiz!�; "i�on4r. F'roduet3on in thc� `I'renton is also in the oraded
top a�rcl also loa�lly at pro�a•,�le �mconfarsnities in the 1����c�stone in Ohia.
�n the �3�.e�h�.y r"ls.teat� re�ion, tlic T"ec?ina produo�s large qusz�t�.tiee
of �<as in Iae�w York and Oh9,a (vrher� it is �na�m as the "�lintan"}. ihis saridy
phas� c�f t�,he Lcr�rer Szluri�xt is 1arp;el.s,t r�etric�ed to this area end sffort� to
oxtand pracluct;ion east ha�e ueen �en.or�a 3y unsucees i'ul. A lar�;e �;s�s #'law
was �'ound 3n t?�e salt of Sai9.ra� a�;e in e� deep tQst in �.`a.ah3.��►r� t�ut na further
�+rort has been ,cic�ae in thig f'oorrna�ion here.
As sec3iments accu°��ulmted in the ts��sir� v}•hich vnderlies the F�7.Is�then,;�t
Flatac�u, �'��cl� at�nc�e�;anes v�r�re, d�posltc�d throu�*hotzt the �evorii�,n.. l��rin^ tv
the aau�hQast of.' the "�'lir��on" c�rea are Ori�kany z�as roser�voirs of Lav�er
De�onia.� a�� anEa �;he�e �at3.de have �roduced oil 2oca11v. Qn �tapro�.ehin� tha
denner p�r�s of th�; t�as7.r�, a-��:� t�avs �a�=co�:�Q sz�eecas�ivel,y hi�,her in �he ssat3on
ti�r'+:.h sends'cones of Cho,;;���!- a,�e proc�aioin�; lar�;e qu��z-►t�t9.es o� oil �.t F3r-�d�'ord
anc af;hers o�" Ce;tskill ��*e in eouthex.,�: Pennsylve.�.i�r anc3, �arta of' .'�Us�: �iir�;ini�..
f?vc�r �. � ar�e part af th� area,� howecor, theee sands �rac�.e int4 a thiok brcrnm
she�le ser�.€�s vrzfh some thin sand� sxrr3 le.�s ch�ncse far auatained oi2 �aro�lc�e�ion.
The most �ridt�s�are��d pa�t hori�a�6 of wi,lurian �ca I:auon3.ar_ a�e arc�
1°Lmestones. ":'.Wey provir�e �he �rea� �ulk of P�ic i�;an's praduction with throe
pri�oi�a� nati�s, �k:,�e "'r�.verso, Th.�x�e2ee ar_�� �'onroe limestanes of' Lar�er and
°`3dr.11 e C�ez an� �� ry�F�e. I'rosent pror'.uction i� alont*, a nvrth+�ast-s4uthwcae�t belt
�i"EL49Y"Bed by �.�,rie6 of f ol�in� a.man�% grh9.ch �acplor�.tio�. is �radually i��in�;
pfasYzed to �he nortY3v�est. �'roduction �eric's ta fa1.1 off rapidly in theee pays
e�s in eqiaivalcants elsewher� 3n tho 1'nited Statos but tho reservo�rs ar9 Zor�-
livad at la�, r��es o#' px•oc�uaticas�. `�^�-ia princsipa.l. pay in Central F'Qntua�y 3.s the
"Gornif araue" forr^erly considered of Ononde,�an a��. It is na�r knovan the�t. same
poro�ity is f ound in 1�i;er f'or�,e�tion$ and soMe di the g�y seotion 3s in the
�'i ��ran, of b�id�l� Silurian a�e, This �'ors�at3on mada up oi' �e�bers sepax�ated
��v ta��onformities extends in�o Ok.lah�raa whe.re it is knawn as the H�.tan, end
ia a f'a.�,r j]Pbdt1t381"• C,oad S7evonia°� nro�uction �.� f'ound �raunc? �he mar�;ins of
th�s i113nais baQ�n �r3th prvb�bl�,= the �ast ir?porta.*�fi �aossi�rili�3e�s �or ne�ev
l�
fiel�s o� this a�e nn dee.�er �trta��u��s in the �as3�. The �air_� eand, �sc�ociated
w�.th D�v�n9.��s liTMeatone .fs fol3nd anlv a.n nortlr�nrast�arn Illinais.
''ecen�Iv Silurian i���e�tone }�as beor. �'r�i�r�c? �ror?uctivn in ':+ar� �aunt�,Ts
Te�a.s, in�icati.�zt� poesibilit3.ee of' �'urt:�Qri ext�z�:sior� �;o t'ri� v�res-� and so�th�vsst p
�ensior_ Z�to O�her Areast
i?plif �s ��urin�r the lat� t3rdrnr3c3ax� corz�#�nuin�; throu�h �he Dez=csniari
e3t'her preveni:ed the depo�ition of ?"�dc�ls Urdoviaian to II��ozsian strata over
�hern or eiee p�rm.it,ter� th4 re3nov�1 of the m:att�rial tha� wae so d�pvsi�ec�.
The.re �.�, thus, litt�.o ap�ortun3,ty of fi,rcdi*��► produc�ic�ri in these pays ocor
the flend arch c�nci the "�est Teacas hi�hs. �ten�ions of `�7io�.a produe�ion and
intz°a�ivation of ��evani�.n p+avs m�►y be found tn the northaros� of tha e�ig�ern
k'atat�ae �roduc_in� e�r�ea ancl ir� thQ b�eins af '��n�es snd tiklahom�.. In thQ ?�avky
7�`ozantain s¢-ates, �he �teff erson l�iestana, Qf i}evoni�n a�;e,� ha.s slicrw,� snr�e ai3
i�'ut is nat ,yet a o0 3ne�cial prar?uce�« In the coa,stn3 are�a.a, ih� t�sle4za3c
far�;atit�n� e.re too dec�� an� i�auw.�se f ractt�rin� acc:oanpanied '�y valcarin
i��trusians a�a.d some i'olclinp; �►akes theza �oubti'ul producc�rs in th� Corciiil�rsn
rer�ion,
0
L�d�,� �iIB� Z.�:s Ii-a-IA��
�'rincsipal Proc�t�oint� Hc�ri�ans:
Sandstonea: �erea, '.?ior, �i1.� Tniun, �eer��r,� ete., Garper sand
2 9.r�estQness �t. T.ouis, Ste. �crnevie�e(�'eClosk;Sr), ��ississipbi
l�me (oh�.t), �e,diee�n 13.mes�one.
T�9.str�.btztion af Prod.ucin�r-.�ireast
In the area, bot�veen tho Ciracir�n�,ti areh an� the I��ral�chian�, baa3.n
coa�ci�..tidns con.tinued th.ro�a�h �hm 1a�er �:issis�ip�ien nnd c�.astie �edimenta,
s�.nc�$tonee e�r3�l s�eiles� ac�mpriee the �;reat 'bulk of' the iaaceri�l depo�iteci ia
tY�e b�ein. Tho .A.ppalach�.an ""ountaina h�d alreeu3.y beer� farmir_g f or a Ionn•
periofl, a�.thou�h the �►ain tiplifts had not vet taken p1�c�. The up�3.ft af
�h� s re�%3on perm�.ttect r�.pi�' erosiora �nc� tho clasties wero oarrie� into the
bagin �+rhere they f orm a�eries of �red�;eg and lsnees of �end in shal�� In
the eaetern eex�c�e►, the or.lv �3despread sat�d is the �erea which Is found in
t'Iest ��ir�inia, i�ent;u�kv, �?h� o anci �,�!ichi�art. 47�her sands vf local importe.nce
include tha `�ier. `�c�u�r*r. �3ig In���n, �ocs��e�t and I�eener. The lrnvar i'ississip�sien
_____ _._�_r_. .__.�....�.._ �.....�._.
in tha :'�7.1ar�hen,y P1ate�t� repion eatl �e con�idersd pretty thorou�hlv prosp�et�d.
In I��.inois, the Carner sand is of very limited importianee but sug�ests that
ather lo�+rer ��ie�3s�i�gian e��nd prod�ation me:y some tirr.a be found in t"3s
area.
Tn the I1li!�oi.s bae�n, the i'irst ��iss4ssipp3an dego�itian was oi'
sha].e but later thiok 13�estane eer�.es �rere depasitod �,ith unaonf'vrmi�ies
betweez� eor:2e of the pr3ne4�g�a1 �?�ere. Same praduc�ian has been found at
at� the �ap of ths fit. I:oui�s 1im.e�tor_e, but the principal £�iesis�ip;�ian
limeetor�e pav ; s the ?r!CG103?'?Ti a local neme e.p?�1ied to e�r� csolitio member
af the Fre�lc+ni� 1i��stone rvh3eh. ir_ turn, is tha lowermoat formation ir�.
the "ta. Genc�v3�re �;roup, T�+e porosi��y of this pay auEcy bQ due to
de�noeation. af c° 2cit$ �n ep�srie�? �ra�.ns, li?�e s eh€�mionllst daposi,t�d
ean�, or thPse may heve been �� 1e�s�. ��rtiall�; cc�„e�ted at o4e t�.me.
'r7
If the ?�oro����r 1� ori�3na1, it is ore af the Pev� aasoe on rerord �here ,
�oros�i:y in a iimestone raservoir is not due to �roe,thorin�; b�lav+r �:: surfave
oF tmconf'or�it,y. �o��e ��rac'uct9.on is a].er� f ound in the upp�r memt�vrs of the
8te. Gane�viev�, the '-'os:iclare s�ndstane and the Levir�s 2i�;ea�tone.
}�es� of the �gar���, the forn�tion.s ra*hich �tould be ec�u3.valent �o the
"te. Genevic�-e ara �.'�e�rn.i: anc? the m�ain pa�r ie the tap af �ch� '�'oan�" evh�.ch
is epplie�' ta the whale li:�estone sari€�s. It 3s �;nnarally referre� �o as
the ��iss3:�s �t3-� I��e ar c��Qt and is an 3.r�portai�� p�y in eastax•n T�a.�sas. In
Oklahc�ma it is of much mare ��.?�itec� impartaj�.es.
E�'#'or-ta to find p'�,esiesi� •i Zi?�e prodtactian ;n Toxas ?�a�re been
�ana�r�ila.n� until in rece�±t Vears a�rod�ein� -tr�erd ha� beei� lae�ted. alori�
th� �reat �'lr�k of the 8end aroh. Th�e may leed the wa,;� ta �.�port�t dravelopY•
men�ts ir, a re�ion vrhere pracl�etion ha� bc�en lar�ely cor�f'ined �a :i'ennsylv�.nia
beds on the �theory th�t there �a�auld be �ao tf3s�iseip>,:i�ar: pro�uetion, z.x-
ploratia°a to the '��1'! Qn�ur�;er �'arther �tort�: �n.d west ma�� p.1sa u�.aovor
?�'ississippian. praduction.
Th� ""a��ison limev-"one of r'is�iesip�ian age forait thc: oldest Ici�o�ra
�ay in thm T�oek-y s'ot�tain e.z�ea,� #'or_n3.n� t�.e n��ir� producin^ horizon izz the
Fev�ir�;'unburst �'3eld of' 1'�oxttana. Share�rir_�;� t��vo b�en f ound x� the g,�e�r33aon
on the ?�ak�x�-G1en�?�.ve anticline on �he bo��ndary bet�reen I,Sontsrse arir Y'orth
Dakvta, ��ivin� �hie f orxnation a v�ride ran�o f�r exp�.ora.�-ian.
�;�:i:ension Tnto Other Arc�as s
"'he a,ceompanyin�; �►ap, sse F�iap a;�:�. 3� ehaws relatively fa�avv arca�;�s
rrY�ere there has 'l�ee:n ev3c�ence o�' x►� loti°:er '�i��ies3ppi praduction. The
bes�F poesib'tliti�e n.o�r aprear tc 13e �s� -�h� s��.l3is�on basin of �.rontana eEnd
:":or�h �'a'�•ate� �d �he surroundin� territory e,n� :liz the ea.$tQr� p�rt of' the ti�lest
Tex� s basir_. So*�e �m�11 produet3on will dvubtles� Ue s'ou�ic? �n th� f'1.�ks at
�h� �iem�.h� rid�;c and ais4 i� th� Illinois-:inc�iana l�ssii�.
General Goolo,�ical Cons�.dprationst
'�he end of the 3ow�,r �Yissisaip 3.an nay be cons3dereci aa :narking the
end of ane set o�' �eolv�ica3. conc3itior_s ovor the COLIITL'i'y' as e, whole and the
beginninp� af �.�.ot�ar. �at�ean the pre-Casn�rian and the e�ci g�' �he upper
?�iss3.ssippian, tharc were four �reat peri.ada oi' limeatono d+spc�sition Zahere
the lanc? areas �.-�rp low a�nd 1i�tt�.o �edi^�ent ws� c�e.*risd into the sea, TT�in�;
oil-f'ield �err,is ra�:her than strictl�r scie�.�if'ic ` carr�lt�tions �hese �re the
Arbuckle-�'�lan�ur�;or, ti iola-�re:nton, Huntnn-Ccrnif arou� �.r.d �:ie�issipni limt�.
Thare vaere u,.�cor�for�i�:ir� �rithin anc� abave a.ach of t!�ese e�ans9.ve 1�z�estane
forn�t3.ans ,r3th the development o#' pEarasity anc:, �n mr�ny �1�rses,� acc�ulatione
a� oi3.
The :�orioc?.� of` �.imestone d��po�itio�: t�r^� ���rces,:c,�t m�d f'o?la�;ev by
uplii'te of ma�or si�e a1px�� bra�d t.rends enc? by t�.e devela�m^snt oi' b�.s3ns
bet�reen the arahes. �edi-�en�� �rer� w�slzed vPf the hi�h� a�*�d 3r�fl �he bae�ine
vr5�.:th th� dspflsitinn of s�de a�.c� shales crhi�ch car�o� be co�°�c;? �.';�d avc�� ti�.de
areeis but ha.vo t-�ry s3milar charac�oris�i.os becausv a�' ;;:�.,. ?.; ^o�.cl, ne�.t? e nature
of the eari,h mrrcrc�c�nts. Locall�Ts as �n th� l�pp€ilach� ari txrea, the �u.aahitae an.d
the Aarb�ar,°�r�.e=}=iah� �a b�l� of fol�in�;. thc��c� wc;re :�harpe*� struoture�� �k�t in
�;ene�al a�t �klahcnr€� r�perator f'cati1� quit� e.t homo in �he pr�Ne:nnsy3vanian
�ectians of Ill3nois �r ,'est �'c�xt�.s« :'ollo�.�;i.r.n �hQ �rsre int�:�se r�ovemants
alon� -thr :����rztain bolts, ��nc3itions chan�;ed rap3d2;� �si.d su�aequc�nt �;ec►lo�io�.l
histor�- is di�ferent in the dif Parsn� produc�nr� se+�tions o� th�, eo��nt?�y.
�,
0
C�F'I'�..'T� MI�SSIS�IPz'IA�
pr�.nc��al rraducin� �;orizonst
Sandstaness '!Taxton� Cheafer f Aux STs►ses, �ethel, Cypre�s, etc.}
'�istrabutio� of Pra�uc�.n� Itor� �one �
'C!pP�r Pe�nsvl4�.n� a produc�3or. ie restricted �a thr^e ar�a� aztd is
i�portes�t anly in one, the I11�r.ois basin. `t'he La�vn sancl produce� small
r}uantiti�+a ai' oi.I �n the A�.3e&�hony P2ateau re�;ion ��ero the bnairs which
s�tarted to f311 dur3np; thc� '�rdovici�. had beaar:_� �3rsos� comp].etely fillod«
Ctabsenta�nt aeti���y �n �hi� aroa csansisted maanly o�' th+� deposition of s�ds
ra.nc� ah�les ��ith asoil? �i:�r�,T c�onditians v�rhich co�vor-t@d 1ar�;e sectiona of tl�e
t�e.�3.r in�o svramps 3.n vrhich Gos7. beds acctunu�atod,
In the 21].inois b�,��.n, � mare var� e�a�ed .seat�.or_ o� elastice and �some
lir�esto3ies v�ere depo�itec3 ta far� the Chest�r series. �eF3os3.t3.arz of these
�'or�s►tions �ra?ualiy bece*�e reStricted �o th� dee�er parts c�f th� bas3n �rhore
ar�.nde in �he t�pp�r r_rnembers f�rriec! �ic�c�#*�-e��;e�. The �aroduc�n� str�ti�*.rnphic
traps in the lower �se�^bers are, c�f aa��ree, nearer �he ed�es o:C the besir_,
�3ep�3nnin� e,t t:he top, the �s;r� are as follrnvs r
De{�on�.a, C2ore end �alestir_a sanr�s#:one� �..- �':abaeY� i�iver exea.
F"altersbur� enc� Tgr �nr�r��;s sarzcistone� --- eove�in�; a wider area
in tho �outhe*�r part o.�' �he bas3n c��rhher� �hey for�:: ti�c� principal Ghester pays.
Ii�rc?�nsbtir�; and C.oleonda �andstona --- �n3nor pays.
C r�ss ('��ilor, Carlyls, F3rl�veecl, etc) san.c3stone --- ane oi' the
ma�t exteneive p�6�s in the Ches�er s�rioB; �en�raily prQductive 3r� the northern
part of. the baein.
Paint rreQk formation �-- Or5.�3.na].1y �onsidered a stz�ay ssnd at
T�oudon but noev �ro�+�ct3ve i.n �€�c���.1 fi.�,lc�g.
Bethel (?�enoist) se�szc���!-ore --- o*�s o�' t�;e r�ore i�npazVtar:t Chester
pe,ys vr!?ich is al�o widol�r distri'�uted�
Aux '?ases eandstone --- th� s p�z3� �ae ori�;in�lly thauQht �o be
14
nonao�TM�r�rt�i.al i��t '�;es proved to '�e a�oad �nd �.an�;-lived :�rode�cer.
These forra�-�ions ha�o been �ore c�.refully correla�ec3 in t�3e Illirsoie
�a�sir than �nv s�.r,�ilar ser� es e7.soa�ktero in -�hn coux�try ti�.nd the type af produc-
tion of rrhieh they are aa? ex� mpl.� 3.s ciiscussc�d more 3n de��.rl below.
`axt�ans:ion �'nt� �lther �.re�as:
Gan�?3.tio�s s�m3.la.r �`:o +hose Mx. •t._�:E; :�11i�ois basin eio not appear to
hav� ex�stc�c� �:-, this t7.me i�: ar.�r ot?�flr part Qf the ca�zntry. 4ther c�3ava�tions,
s:ach a4, thn (haaohi�cas a.��' ��.r'.�ursl-lm�-�:`:'ichit� be1� af i'alc��.n�, �.p��e�r �a h��e been
lo.�er sa that thick shale series w-ithout the intor-�ecided sandstone. y�ep� laid
dcn�rn arou:�d ��ean, ^here is �:here�'vre, na ar�a in whieh prospecting f or proc�-
uct'�on 1n sedi�en�s o�' Ghes�:vr ^;�e a pear� to be �ert3c�z2arly f e�orablo, �he
bQst '�ein� ara-:o d the s�uth and of the ?lashville do�.e.
!��;�Qr�i �ec�?Q�i.v�.3 Gansi�erat,io:�s:
z'he 1aoe1 upltl:'ts �,rhi.ch ��ecc,r�e mQre �.ntense �n tho upger T.`3s�is: ip;�ieri
,?^.�-:. ,. _'_�_ .,_'zo pre�io�.zs perz :,ds in�:onsiL ied �hF� 1oca2 variations batry6E311 formations
so thai c-�ra.. ��if f�ren� ;�ar�� a" '-,.e; ��re b�.s3.n present. �Y%c?e7.y dii'fero..�,a cor-
(�;y.�v.R.OYIJM '='hus, ��:F, �lve>�r:tt�io;� �:.,� s�nds and �.r�iuerv�4}ns csade i�. :�icsr�: ar lese
cont3nuo�as eheei:s eactendin�: ov�r �ide ar. r�as beca'�e an altern�,tian of sands
s�hich �inoh o,z+�ev�,rd, eapc�ig and ��c3e in�n she�Io dtywnc��,a. '�:•�.s ��.s a,:'��; t Y�t�icn2
de:.���ition�l s-�,°�.ti s*r��'+_,ic tra�� i.n limes�c�ne for.nt�.�;lons.-
�he c�n�'usi.on ra�ul.�in�; �ram 3.mproper oorrel�.��:i��� o: s::. i.���r� 1'or�:z-
ations 3n Ct-��tzo+r.a con�;rr�s�c�d vv3th the �an�.fo�ai��r o#` ear.roi�tions �'au:nc? in
�he _T_? 13n�ie r��si� a.� � t�rf.e>u+a {-o �iie es�re��a1 �caloniQal tiaor'� �one 9.n �he
1at.ter area. �'h��.s ht�� �aid diuir'e���s ?n ene�bl3r.�; o��sorators �o �nrn>� tY�ai .r
ax�,Gt 7o�3.tior. �ix� '.�7e ��ae'..:�.cr�, �t:;� c;raluate tha�r o�aaxlrns o�' find�n� other
ss.ncte 3.n d�ri? � lY�r° f?�:�.:sur�, to ? no:;� •�r-i.�.?�in a fc�r �'eet th�: r?istar.ee •ta those
s:.:nc�� s�ad f�inail�,► -�o iz�tr��?uce c�ec�o�ies in �rodz.ctian throtYgh multiple
c;o� �letiar, af .�c? l s. r'.s a result of v;ri� �eolo�3c�.1 �rork, apera�or� 3n
I3.l�.nc'ls s.r� able �o test a1I �ot�ntial pays on a strt�etura w�.tho�,t the
risT�� o�' m3ssin� two ar three ber�ause oi' a tendency to ce].? ar:y �;aod eand
"5enoist" �s�h�ther it is rel �ter3 to the Aqno3.st ar n�t� f�1c?er opvrators
11
v��ili rer�srrLar '-hE- a�r�*� n�m�"�er of "�'e..�1e��i1�.�n se�zct� ir_ t�i�la3�:r�r��.
�opra�3.��.c��a�. s�r�t�.r�.•a�hics tr���`s r� �-.- 'ic uou�,l�.t a1vx:;-� i;��e,�cls �o��nded
t��� �.he Gho*-!�l�.�e u;�c?!i� �n�i 'k��r tha 1�.r_c� n�' ��r�.d�.t�.nr� �n�o sliale cldcmd.i�.
. �i�ra� thesc� poras�.tv tr�r�e �:r< '}•?'ct:t"�E3Ct� �'�� I11iCS a�' �'olc'in�; �;?�c�� I��.ve
the be�� cht�:.nr��� .�or r�ro�.i�c�-.�.an. Frr�sa�ctin�; for str��ipr�.phic �re:ps, 3n �k�Le
'!i�ht af' c��ar pres�mt '-,r>r�'�r;�'��e �enta�ree �Y,?�e caz�e�v1 cr��re'��tio�i af de�cilad .
s�bsuriace ,�'eo?QMi.e�.l metiao��� �?�!-k:. -��+.e mogt r��'ine�l �eapk�.�sica� p�os���c�:•Fng
�e3a?�.oc? � .
?�e�osifi;7.�snaT s�r�ti�;raphia tr�.ps oi thc� IZ1.in�:,is ("hester t,,�e x�.�ay
bs Q�cp�etr��' �r. �*�r,v �a.cin, nat arl�t art��zn� t�:e ��,z��:,ire t�ut �eala ir tlle baeix�a
e,s grell .:^ ��rse� a3e� 'In i11 inca� �, *�he lor�er mc�rbsrs of �h� C�heat�r teri� �;e+
�ra�3�.ace arau22� �;he mar��ns a:� the Y►�.s3r ���c'. •;:';c� .��.�he� far�a�iozis wit?~.in +�iv
�::�..si� proner., '"'f�� c�,-cle ie �o,: c�7.waya a si�:,�ie on�, }��awcvar. Oscillati.or�s
of t!�� e�►o��e lin� at t?:� }��ainn.in� n'� s�. �,•:>t^ioc' c>_`_= 's�^-�n Pi,1.1'��?� 2:�av� be �peotad
aro�d t?�e ^�r��.�.. ?1.� �he �as;n � a.11:', ;_.: s rati;rr��x� zcs traps e.pnromc�^� �he
~.'.,��1 •,,'; .;� ,nt� �i� o �}�e �yc1c� t�ay ba i;����ezru�t�c? ia,y � �;rea��.er subr,ir,x••�enco
t?�e�� us��r�l �txa.�' tho n�r� �raps �e.y o�ax•1�� ac*�n tne �'irst Qnea i'ar: �c:�?.
12
ta';a^f- T
Tlw� . �'�
a L+�:_ik, Y�.�':
�'rinc:ipa,1 �'r•oR'caci, � �'ar?zonss
��xclsuataasa ."�.uzz� �an�?s i�;. �:':i�: ��a�.ac�i�.at�. areA, T1?.3z�o�,s ba�in,
�'�n��s, (��=1 _,�c�ms. c�:; '!"�rth Centr�� T�xe�. �anc?�s in the �".s.��'al.enee �;r�at�p af
17Q�t�aest r�w t"e�ico �nc? thc Ta�.e1,�c�g an�a �'�7.2iiiE?�118£i o�' C�yo�:x��.
T,�mesfones: �`�rs�� C�.t�:-�-�azreirs�, `i'arl:-�.n sx�c� o�h�,r 2ir�c�sta�e�s �.�.
F'AnE3e``, �E4tJe(?;t7 0�' f'i• �.ai-:c?'€'�, ,�'ar�'?.r. i�'a?1.,, �i'.E' a azid vt�'�E'.�� ?.�i= �.;:,�c,�^r;: •"=_z IJpz`'�h
`�'6�Lfi:' ,�
+'°!.fi',�Y''�.'c'it�'� � t�l? O'F' i`aOt�L'C � Y':^' `�Uiz 20YiFr t
In �t�� �21e�i?�.r_-- I'lt�tc. �u rca#-� ��, �'c�rir�;�;J��c�i3axi prod�3c-ti3.on is l�r€;Gl ;r
I3.�iter? �a �;h� c:er�t�:sr�l n�rt ��" �he b�s3x�. ��z dca��s�au� �x�cier the ii�tle
�"Gml�:arc� ar F�±rr,t Ccrw ?''t�n �+� I�i.�Ih.�n�-�rd sands vf �;he Cone�e.u�;h f'c�rrr��,�ia�,
th� "'urr_it?:� �nr3r.�� r�anc� af tho t'�.lec�h�a� ar.:ci tlic� "r:d r�n;" Cosr t^vn. ex�ci "���
s�r�c: � o�' :,>f� � o�fsvi�.Ze �ra tl�Q � os� im.por�:r�n.�;. '.i'�iere �are a�.$o � a�w:ber• of
in�-�:�bec:�?�,f; �;�.� s�.nc�s a.�<' sor::Q of' thc�ss procj.tace c�il. �ac��i=° .
�a: the "=�set�rn '`ni er� or Coca.1 ras�.r, pr:i.rc' � 4 3� :'e -. ..._ _: _>a� 5 � ': `} o�:
3� round n.'!on.ro �-�•e sat�����ex^� c�.^.� oi t�P r�. `;��'�: ar��icl5.ree. "M� hi�her prod4�cing
�ft71C�.S, ii::: s'�°?.'•. �i� �'`'?���.iG'`v"� r�.Ei:,";)U,^:�.s �;;a?�, �L)s,QY" �''ELI`��.G6•r 6.T'E3 1.'OL'1S:C� �Tl �'i�iE.' Y1oR'�'ihE?T'21
gr:7:�n oi' a��e�1;<s. "x, a,Fze ' o'��.�.son, I,aF�re�.co�-�.l�e an:" °silenda3.� era�s, the
�roer�e3.Mi� x:arizons are xn�i�l:�o o£ I'ott�F•�.ile a�;e r�xa. ia�cluc?e �Lhe :rric���6pozrt,
?��.ca�t�. �an� Rx,cl�ian�.n e�nc�s. �:Iar_s� the "�uain t�a�ii.clin� i�. �'rre G�nira3ia ara�.,
s���c�: prc�ucti.c�� w�s �'v�,nt' �� t'.�e Fet;ro ser�d an�? n3nar �roc�uc�EiQn has been �
c�':,�:�.1,n�� fram s�r��* Fo�n��T�v�rie�Tx ear�c�s in the �estez�ri parL ns^ ti�s b:�s3.n. The
pr�ncipal P�r.nstrlvsn'�en nroc�uci.��; har�,son Sn Ine�ian�. �s ti�Q '�'«nsi'3elci sand o#'
�tk�e �o�ct�v5 � 1e �r�v��p �ut t%4r� �r� el:�o soaeo pracucin�; hori�o�s a�ee tri�.s � eval.
:*� �as#;ern ?�sar„ ':or':t c,;�.st tlklt�?oma. arc3 �n.e� ?.'cs"�lester b�a:.n and
e�anctin�; �cro�^ t��.e 3aa� ��.�z� �:r '�'4a�zz��t�,uqua �rches a�.� ti�s buried I':�e,ha
'"oi��ta�.rxs �.re e� se� ' c;:; af s�nc�s wh�.ch prad�acec �st ot t;hQ oi1 in t�>..e carly
d�;rs Q�' �he cicr��e:'! o�„in� o�' �ha '` e��ern Trzi����:�cr "osl 3a�3.n. Gf tl1c; �„r7�
�lambnr of nrc���c�n� l�oriz!+r.s, �-he �s�sald l, �._.o, St��.�.a&-�r �r `i'����3•��sra, Ls.,yton,
3.3
i ; :.Y.;1 y ;?Y'13 � :Sr � ' n1�2-W i:'r'�1 y ti9p'r,'� t?`S'!T?1.7 � t'" .fliaC� �'UY"';.';d8�a �li��'1C:;a 9�.'+°"F` "��?E :.r{7d'� '.I!!li7QT'��i'i'�
' i�"'i1Sl3,u • `�'':^; ; F�'lU(i6�Y'3.?1€'; � �2'2Ci£ O+' r.'t.'��QTtW40C� `.'Oi2�'lf'.,� pT'-+'''+3Ct� fro�r- �4he �?�12'G£-.'ilc:
s:r�g?. Z� �vrtherr. Ci�-�a?�oma tha I?�etiz-e.�� s��.nc� i� e�?�.��' ��o ��x:� 3.isi. �nc? t�rxrus
_,.�,_____.
i;�ie sct�th oth�r sr�nc�s eor;F� in, ���=<.��41 ;a��; '�z{3 ���1����:, �e}xor•��, "�.ir.n�:r�, �'e�? I�orY,
�;�.1 '';.F.}�n. `:�'�'�c�r sc�,+:'�, as ir. I?.Ii;�a� s, ���:o nr�duc��nc ;�arizone ter�d to
l'� d�e�se� in i;'�.cs �c�ci;iCan• en�' ��.,:> '�t>oc.-, ���'�r_„i.?cr��se, x� ooso� Cra3rr�eil,
TS>�:���s, ��': ?h��cs�ar, a:.�' Icrr.r.jx� :'e;:.a�.st•�^ceiza�wax�. a�;e rz��:� ��:,}3e Ftinc3��a1 ,�rot3ur.�sr�s.
�'�ie :nore ;� ��o��t,nnt 1,�.�� r,xociuc���.on ce�ines �'ro� t�3a ��ttnsa�s �" : �-:--Zanein�
on +��e Ce-rtr�.1 �'�nsa� up'ti.�� ,.�,ore b�si.n aon��i.tic�x�� do �at oxis•�:.
"'��e �e.��3 �F.xi�r .'+ st�ec��s� 3.on �'ra� youn�;er to olt�er paYe :'ror� r.ot•�th to
90t3�'.,t1 ��.�*'@� ;���ce a?or:�• �s,a '�en�a erch �xfi i� th8 �e<i "-��rer di�.tr3ct, �3th�u�h
i� 4kl:�:hc�►s .nosy of ��h� �a,�� are in t%� �lenn, Da��j�;:-� .'r��liir_� r�:r ti'r:� :"la.n��s
of the arch is, KifJ!'19'L'�3�-, re�u?-��*��* 3n di.�cover��� �n t�_c olt.�or �3�:r��run : eri�:s. -
Z71 '��'?P. -,*r1C`?�T!l �'���6 �.''�'�?� '6��'lr3 ''!!9.:!:''. '�€1`rC �:'E� :,'� 'Gt"_^ ( _SCO S?i1:t!G vYlf; ' G.*'.)±l-; F9.�.15
�.x.„e •i.�z -i;�� ''c3r�.' :,era�� �7P��'k1f1FJt� ��nainl;T in �h� ^at�gur �.i.a-�r�.c;t �o �;���: ���.,v�i:.h.
"'hc� 'iinn�lt:sa for.!�►►aui�r, �s.�}�,e�. prr�c?ueas £rc� sev 1�a1 serds i� eae-c�rn
"�:��xn � �•��; � s s��'? �,° i-� :��-�4� r8sneets tQ �`:hF.� ot?�er Pe��ns��-vaniaia �rarl��c�n�; hc�ri�
zons, b'� tha "��a��; .�, �,-::�►�.ch 3s an :t��:po �ant �rodc�r,in�=, hvr-� zon in Centrai and
vr�s �ar:� °`���rcr��Y.� i.s *�o1�c� of a��t�+�� �.r '�alanke� t�encl anc? ex�c�nc�s o�rer a��ide ran�e.
��;:�;G17.9:i.;5: �:2'E'J '�'�Fli:;'.' :'�pc:Et$S
��r�s�ects �'ar ad�3i�io»�,1 ''ennsy�.vana�n ��rvduc�3.an in �►�v c�f tl.c: basine
are sz�e2l �. caus� o�' tha ini;en��.v�s c�ri'?in� i:h�t, has �:aken }�i�.ce. Tnis ie lese
trus afi -':'s.:ti, basix�s #'?.€u�in� the '�er�� arch that� o£ the dis��^�o�;n �o �,h� e�r_t.
`"ha '�."3.r+:el�ass proc�ur,�:��:�y, :�n ��.• �ern `��rer�ing anay ux�end dcrcv�� c`ne e�s� ea.de
of �'�e �en�e�r ,;��.�; �;, ar_c3 sa��A �II po�1s ?t��ro a� rQad-; 'ueen fouad ir v�restern
�ansas. �'E3XiSiC�""i _!'""flGiliC'�"'lU?} n.a�- l�w. e�pec-cec� arnunc mo�t o�' t�:e Foc, °,ro�3ntain
basins. ��'uI-r�.nle �:,a�rs a� C.�nen� ar!.c� productian ;n �;ar�bQr Caurxf�y, ','�sas, provv
�h�+, tho �!ar�i.ns o� the .Ar�.�eia��-o bag'r,. cnnt�in� 1'ennsy].gar��.ar �i�. �r_r� :u�her `
�xp'�ora�ion �2t�ir. t'ne b�.s'in ��r '�e expecteci to #'3nd e.c�d�.t-�ona� i"iel�'s. In
th�e ��li.P.a b�sin or "ansae can�itionG ap�er�r ta have �iees� fevorat�Ie tar
Fenr.s �rlv�ani e.�� e,ae�r^t�lq-��.�ns �7.tho1?PY� nc�ne, h��o yst �er�n �o�n�.
14
�Pne?^al �eolo�7ic�1 Co�sid�rat�.+�.r.sa
'��ost of the f iel�e prodizcin� frorn sand are in basins 1�r3.ng near up-
].ift� ���o��.�+�a �tr �;�� A��alachian f'o1���.n�;. '�he wict� dis�r�.bution of
Penns,yl�t�r�ian nrodz?etYc�n �s �?tae to th�� ��et t}�at t�3.s fblcl3.r� �ava� �rnore
wides;�we�c� t:��mn exy�.r other in th� t'nitod Sta�es. Tn r�ao�t ar�e.s, the z��pa1-
achiar_ revo?�tion be�an in the �`e�=nni� a� ".'issiseip��ian hut the culr�in�.tiQn.
pv�_nt �:aa durii�g; the 1'enr�s�J.vania:n. At this tim�, -�he :�ppalachiaiaa: ,�ze,chi�as,
b��.r'-s� Ar�uc�les, °'.ichita� �.n� o+her domal or folder? areaa had conai�eraale
reli�;f anr? vcpre sub�eeta�? to s�rc�,� eros4.on. Ccmte:�por�neoe.asl,y the low s�rea�
i�: xrhieh i;he Be�?iraents w�re dep�siYtec? srvak more rapi��1�,► -�hsn durzn�; other
nerioc�s result�n�; �r a thiel� �I�kornation af' �anr�s an:? eh�lc3s �aith so>ne 1'• r.:-
�tnn.e. �"he Eubsir?enr.e ir_ �he b�sina r�ras ascil.latory so th�.t at �:z�es t�.��,T
vaere upli�'t�d a.nd t�e rocentiv c�epa��?te;c� secli�e���s rre��c, sub�ectec� to crosion.
�':here the uppermo�t ber�.s �ere 1�.^�ag�onea, ;�:�rasYi,-.- �a�^.� daveloped, in r�any
inetar�cF�� �?ormit�;i.na� tho aacin_:;ulnt3on o�' oi? ."�r�c�imes Iar�� ere�a l�y
practio�lly at sea letei a�d in �heee eecti.ons caa3 depa�it� were fot�r�d.
�.5
� ;:.�:i� �1
...,�..�.r....«.-
Pri�civ�l Pror?uci.n� TTori�onse
`�andstc����sa �'h�e'��sra ,�aB sand and �hallc�-: c►i1 �r�ds in southern
�2aharsa+ i?e�.a�rare, 'Yates �r3:c? athsr sand� fl�n�cin�; limoatar_� h� ��*hs 3.n the
Pe�nian be�s?n.
i�2r�c�e�c�nc�s: ras a�? oi� pavs in the .'tichita--�.?.ban�r in the Texas
F�nh.e.nclle and er+u�.valent horiz�ns in t��e T�u�;oton �;as fiele� c+f F�ansasZ porous
sanee ir_ the r�e�r �or�, �€�n �n�?r�s and ?�'hitehorse of' the �armian basin; ?.�bar
fbr�+a�ion a�' �. ��9.ng,.
Distribt�-� �� �*� of' F�rc�d�*e in�* -'+reas a
pez�r.^.ia>�. p�oc3�ao�lon in the � nited Statoe i.s vanf'inad to three dietricts
of 7}hich the Ferr�ie�n baein a�' �'oxas e�n.d ?7env i�exico anc; �Y+e "=me.rillo-??u�otan area
a.re the =�o�b importent, ?'he �rod�einp_ hari�ons here reprasent the f3nal ata�es
oE' f9,ll�n� of' �'�„^.:Y3 '..�t* �^c�r�.n� �sadir�a�.ts axad thes,r �rv ov�rlc��n by a salt;-
&.''2�?�j�'t'�,'tl3 sericas �3,�-.h red bc�ds aup�r%:mosec�. The �rodve3.n�; li�nstones and
�.ssae3�.�ec� clas#;ica �eco�n� progros�ivc�1=► �►oun�cr frozn north to �=outh with lizne-
s-�on�e r�� dolosnites �rith easoci�.ted �;rnn3.�e �rash of '�;ichita-43bar�� are for�ing
the� prineipal �a;Ts i� the Panhar3c?1a aasd e�uiv�,ie�nt ��bQr� of �hd (:hAsc� and �
`7eZ1�an��an #'o����'-:��r_s ��oc�tlr,i��.,� �;as a� :?v�-��tan. .
M?�e C1e�r T�ark is no� e,� yet ex� imnor�ant pay bu� #'orra�, the doep horizon
t�� �asso� enc� Sharon �"id�+e anc� a? sa presd,a�es 3n �he 4`restbrook .�3eld on the aastern
ri�^ vf the rms�� and in the ne�evl�� �isco�v`sred Lub'�cac`� fiold.
The prineipal produc3.ng hor'.i�on in �he central �ar+ o�� �h� basin is �he
Sen �rir?r�,s iir�estonc 7n �•=h�.ch xnaat of the �:ator-Andre�r�-� Coi�nty productior� i.s
foe�nci.. Tt alsa nrdd.uees S.n the "lau�h�er and S�inole f icalaa and is the
principe.l pav at �iaeco�. Sn ihe ea�atern part af' tho br�.s�?�t �ho San Ar�dres
also forcae �he doape*�
prUdueee in the I�.tan and Cha1�--Se�t�:? ee fielcls. It �.
p�v� in ?�s�r T.`exico. fitill £arther s�uth and wes�, t��e � �hitohor�e group is
the �ai� prauuc��� horia�ox� i� Yates, �he Grane-Upton anc�. ":;in�lor-ba�rd-��aas
Cai�nty trerlds anr3 3n �"eti�r �'o�*zco. t��z�Rr of �ha fielc•s groducin� fras� the a���hita-
16
harse li�eeto�es an� dolc�ite� �.re �'1ank�d �r3.�h :impuro 19�.*�es en�.. �v�3.t;h sands
rovhic}�. s�rr�c��;oe w�t�Ch o31, perti�ul�ry �,n �'�i�ler County, Texas� arz� Lea �?oLmt�r,
�'7BAI M'FX1bON
(�n the weg� flank of �h� �oa� �tocs'l�on h3�.�h Proc�uct3.an is abta3.ned £ron
t?�e �e1a��r�re sc�n.c� whieh �.� e�,uival�ant to the Zcr��er part oi' the :3an ?�ricire�.
'Phe lmst st��;es o�' basis� a illin� a3.eo provide so�e prar',,uc9��r; sanc�s
in tho �er3 ^3.ver diatr5.ct, wherr� �e�^miar± �rodutstion is �'ound i� '�e�.ma �nd �dilra�,'o
This is aont�..n��o�a� vri�"�: �'nrznie�rt produe�ior in the Azaar3.ar�cc� bas3n, zna�.n3�� at
Pab�isr�on an�? in tha Ghic�ash� �;�.s f iel��.
Tn "'yamSn�*, pe.rtioular�;�� �rot�nc' tl�e m�r�in of tho �i�; Narn bs.sin, tI�e
�abar 1i�o�tpne of P�rmian a�e pria�ucea impart��t wuta.nt9.ties of black oi1.
?��s��r:�iar.. into �th�r Areasa
The *^act �•,�ha� r��st Perm� ar_ �egasit� in other garts caf' the i'ni�oc�
St�tes are of car_tinQntal ori�in pra.cticsa3.ly preeludee the possibil3.ty of
#'ir.�3-�.r.� ad�iti�nai area.� �roduc7n� fram roek� of this sys�c�r.�.. There is,
hcr�raver. an excel].Pni pos�i�ili+v of axtan�ii�:g knov,�z producin�; belts for
consic�ersble disi;�ncs�. Ir. ;,�,�n,r ofl -�!�o ':����st. �'eaces iielc�s thar�e h�� been
1itf,lo dril� 3n� belcrw tMe Ll�3nBri-IYiQR-i'. -?rQc�i3�:�.i"Y�" hc�ri�on so •cha�h der�ge� Yermian
pa�rs anav bP f^�mc� to exten.d yc��th of thoir prasent ka�c�v�na. 13mits. At th�
�a.*�� ��7,,�, +�,�re i L� !� ���r��.i: arc� E�etarean the :dest Te�as and i'a.nhsnr�le f;lelds
ar�d extend3.n� 3.nto r?evr I�Rexiao �here littie prospec�ing has been done. It
is imnrobable f.�ai: thie re�;ion wr9.11 be fv�� barran of producti.or �n view of
the lar�o reser�es f'oun� in f ields a�ow on tha outar ede;e af the prod.uctiv�
area. The dseper parts oi the basin, 3,y'sng between the �vtor Coi�rty fic�l�.s
and Chalk-Se�t�les, rzav �lso prvve to be not �oo deep to eontain oi� on strueture.
'��ri?li.n,r_*, ie d�sclas4r_;* a ntia*�ber of northarast-sauteast tr�nds alon�*
�rhir..?�� -'�'r.e��c? are 1ar!�e �'ie1`�� a� _.' e�ue.l1�► l�ar�;e gaps. v:oro discoveries may
be expected alonn t�esa 3�r��:^ of folc�in�;.
In view a�' �he lar^�e g�rac�uction fram t�he prolific Zi�ne f ielt�s, �Y�e
7e1�+rare sn�c� ha� not �,c��n prospeata@ to ar.y �reat extent but pro�?ue�i;i�n has
been four�7 a1on� the r��r�;in af' tha western b�sin and more mey bo sxpecte�.
1%
In fact, fih.is s�nd �rovi�es �he best knmTm possib�litie� f�r exten�ir.� �radua�
�ion into southern i'vevs Coun�y an�-� �;he �rea to tho sac3tli�rost.
Po��3emn oi�. ma�J he encot�n.tered in sotwtiier°r OI�Zehoma both ta the north
anc� sou�h o#' the 'e�iehita-,lrbuc�le rnc�untain ��1t.
T�. ' E�e `'ockv �^aunte?n �rea, ther� �!�.� beer_ lit�le :i�torest in :�bar
?��.a�ir-o3.? �i^o�uction unt�l rQcor_t1;�r ,�.r�°�o�� t?�.ere w�.s suf'fic3ent de�and ta
pro�vide a r�arlrc�t :"or the o�1 �1r��c��r found. Search fbr T�sl�ep an� '�aai�on
Q�3. �,�4�7. unc'o�ab�edl=r i�r!cover a�diti.onal �nbar prac3uction ix� sevoral ot tha
basins n� wes+ern "�yfl�inp.
!'aeneral. Geo1o�'iaa1. G�r�siders.t��n�;t
As +hc :!'az-^�ian �'c+rmations represent tha last m�rins �eposi�ts 4.n the
''i�-Continen� arn�, uo �ro�uet�.on can be e�ncted abcavo this level north of
�he A�p�lachiexi-Ch�achita-�(ox3,a-3aicones bclt. This dae;s no�, of course,
inr.luc�e �h� �e►c�r �`c�ur_�tain dis";�ic'- ��he°��� the �aas?n� did no� x"orm until ],ong
�.�'ter th� Per�i.an so �'�a�`; c�c�.c?.�.i;a ^,_aa vrh3ch ,�rova:i� c�' i�^ �:i:c� i"a ci�_�ozt•txnent
durin�; �Yae Ponns,ylvaniai> arc� repeettQd in th:� e are� �.r. i;ho i;'e�so�oia,
�
F�:7
2'?�Z:^S�iG-.Ji7'' �SSiC
Pri�zci��.l Froci�aci�a�; Har3,zonss
�andstosaas: Gotton VaY1e;y o#' sc�uthern Arkans�s aa�d northern �auisian�.,,
S�.mdence ari�? T'orrisnn o�' tha '�oe�.�y �'oza��tain state�.
I�,.r�estc�n�ge �ma�c'�eru�er of' se��t"nerra Ar?-arieas anrl n.or�horn Lo��isiana.
�'�is�r�.bution o#' Produc3np� Areess
�'o1lo�ai.nT the Apna3aeha an r�avolution, �ther� was widespr�e�d arosion
af the 1a�nc� surf�ce v�rith cieposi�ion oi' :�alt in th� 1'arm5.�ar3. fallo�red by red
ber� deposit�.c�n. `�hie �ont'nued into �he ?'rias�ic but dur�.n�; tha �ura�:=ic the
eea i±�va�od tho continent fror� the �'uIf of ?1es.ico snc� the '.ort�� PaciFic. �n
the Gulf ar�ae.x the �'iz°ef sedi.�s�ents la3.c3 dov+m. tivore re�i be:?s fo�?a�•rcc� ?3,.� sal�
�•<•hieh is �erlair. �;�;- the ��saekaver lx�estone, th� pr3.rcipal pro���,cirit harizon
i� a 1�a1t r�' Fie1�?s oxter_d�n�* parallel to ��ze c�ta�e lxno ciividix�; Iou3.�ian�.
#'rcx�n Ar�-�s�.� t.-�+?� �cst af' tY:e pror.uction to the r.:�rth� F'ailQ�r3.n� �apositidn
of' �t}�e 5�ackovor lirn�s�anc�, the s�a r��treater� ar:� r�d beris f orm the overlyin�
dero�it;. TY�e �.ext�, marinc series, the Catt:on �'al?.ey �ro�uces alont* an eren
narraurer bclt, •bhe pr�nc�p�a1 f�.ald containin�; tnis pay bo3n�; at "huler.
Tn thc� ^oc�ry ?'�aur:'tain. dic�trry c�, tha ` ur�de�nec of �1ure.su� c a�e averli�;s
the Chu .p;��ater Triassie red be:�� and pradueQs in the ':;3.nd �'iv�rA �reen ?7i�rer
er_d Fo�°r,�er '�iver ���sine�. Prc��?uction in western Go1or�.do anr7 i�ah fror� th�s
?�orrison s�a�;�ests tx�at it mey prvve pro��.:c�ivo aver a z�uch :vi.der area. 7n
I�or.tan�, f;�,e r1lis f'orma�9�oa�, w�,ie�h is equ3valent �o t.?�e 4auz�d�sic°�= �?roduces
e�: ReT�in-Sunbtar�t -±T:��dia��l�r abovo -���� i�nconformit:� sa��� ��t3.t�t:, Jurassic ir�yR-?
;."ieriss3.gpie�n. bec?8.
�xtene3an Into 4ther Area�:
Ther�; is p?'et;tf+Qe.1.1y na pas�ib3.Iit3� of f indinr� 03.1 in �lae '�ri�ssia
a�y�here �r.. tha �'r.3tec� States.
�'Y1a�"ee h�.�'e been n�erous a-�te�pt$ ta e�ea� �Turassie prociuct�.or� vvest-
war� �'rcr� �l�c Ark�nsae �re� �nto Tex�� but �rithout e�aacess. The limitin�^ factor
�s
seem.s f.o be �ho ��stri��v�Eion of poras�+y vrhirh �rababl;r r�sulted f'ro�z erosion
c'xxrin� the peri.oa th�t �-he formation v�ras uncovered by the re�treat of the� sos:.
Tha sozat�-c�rn l�,r��t o:f' t�a5.s ratreat ia not ?ri~o;�n. To the north af the prod��cing
�,rea, the form�.�;�an wed�es o�at ?�e+�een avcarl?rin� '�ods n?��` �h�� _ �1do�� :j9�:�nn�ylro�anian
roaks belo�r.
?�evon�i rz�r3 �orthern :�art c�_�' ';��:e 's�s� `�'�axaa baszn, f ec- -��ro?.ls have
�en4tr�.t�ac� �hc� .h�x�sseio and practical7.�► nt��ha.n� 3.s kno�az� ni' its occurrence.
I�? u�exico, �:he �roc�txcti.�e r1 Ai:ra liar.+es�ane lia� baan thau�ht to be af tlur<:�>sit�
�,�e hut �a�t atat?�or�.t�es nvea plt�c� it 3,n thc� r'ret�,ceous. T'e�'3�it�1y Jure.s�i�
rtsck� ha�;a been i'ounci in ?!�exjco anc?� Qi1 has ��c�n ro�arte�y S.n -tsier�: �ut tllere has
'�e�n, �s yat, no c���rts�,tal prod�1c�iQn f'rsm. t'nis systern. The pa�si'ale a�tens3an
of R1ur�,ssi.c pavs :;outla and 1�reet vf' �4xkansas is, thQref'ore unkno�vn. �ast 4f the
prod»c5�� c�re�. in Ar�-ansas, t?�e .7t�raz�sic has not baEsn tes�ad to a.*�y Qxtent.
T��e n�:ar�hern Paci� ic e����:4r�eni; spraaei xni:o �h� :,:oaky i�our�taia� at Qa
dur��n� rpnex Jurassia! c��zr �,at� vr���ien ta� ;e tne -.;� li$ .sazd �undanco f'ox�atirar.s wea~e
� .
d.epoeit;ed. '"hc�se� axe f'd�aza.d in a1.1 of -�he �aaeirie �n thc� nort�igrn and sss�ern
pai� oi' �ha araa, oxtenr�3n� iz�ta sata�I��was�er� Sou�i� t�akota, i�orthHresterrt �iebraska
�
an�" c:er_firai r.o�fhsz�ri ���ar=��o. As -k�he #'ormations were c3��c�,�.t�d on an o1d 3and
sur� ace Y��,� csn a�'vana�n�* sea, the,y pra�vieie x�u�,�arous }�o+s�iY�i3s.ti.es for stra�i�;raph3c
�raps �g w�3.3 as f'or pro��vc�ion on stru��ure.
t'ho "`orris�n 3.s �ai.r.iy a t'r��h-water fax7r�ation sna is nn� expected to
y�.o1cZ �^Lac'�: oii, Tiav�>�var, th� fec� �:h�t i.t daes ��Y°oc'uc��; t�.� �i�SOT1 Creek in
nortY�w�stez�n GolorAda anr� ��± �:�n� 3. ,��o1s xn titeh makos i�: tt possi'bla ob ject3ve
�.n the wes�ern ps.rt af �he area. �'arther ao���h, �;he Jurae�ie fbrmations aro
maf.r_i�r red s�nde+ar_ea en*' 3.i.�!��i:cnes �c� are n.ot �7�:TJ�C$$d 'i:0 yield product3.an.
Ccner�.1 �eai.o�3ca1 Cor�siderat�Ionst
The f ec°� tt,at th� r;re�.ter part of the continent 1�.y abava sea lov�I
dtar3n�; ths Tr9.��:sic anc� JlaxasG4o per�oc�s mekes �he harizons unde.rlyin..�; the
Lo�✓�r GY'�t9C@OU$ o�' particular i.�:portance as potent9�a1 e�rati�:raph3.c traps.
Ov�r the Grer�t PlQine reg;ic�� fraM �e'or_tana intp north�r� C�a:'.ai the underiving
fo�ations are limeEtOnes wh-ich range in a�;s frar� i}evonien into the T'en��sylvanian
�xrov.;�';= r� �: *�.c�ca ranPe of pas��?��e oi1 res; r�aoir� of ��ricY� or�l.;rr t�� �.F�c�i.so� hae
vc�� provec� to be 3.r�por�an� o -
Yr_ the sou�hr�cs�ez�* �art of' the cauntry ��h�ro both eystems are made
e�p ra��3rtr o#` c�ntix��ntal �'aans��s, correl�tir�rc �.re d3.:�xicul'� �a� surface
�;Qc�'?o�*y g�c:neral?" �in.diea��s 1itt3.e vr no�hi:��; o�' the po��r:tie.l�.�:ic:; o�" tho
�znc?erlYin;T rocks. '�ra�1er c3epenc?�nae :�u��, therei'ora, ��c� �plFxccfY �-.� �:�ophvsioal
metho�s of e�rplor�.�-.:io:� or �tin �ns�: �'�;:'!li�^,P thrnt,��h thc� �.sesosoie b�ds �,n:�, �.r�
the T'errr._�:ian t��.Ri�, t�k�rc�a;:r'� th� u�.darlT:r; �� :'ex�*�ien red b��$, g�.lt an�? enhjr�ri.tQ.
21
LU'iiitiFc C_i:LT���:�Ut�S
��ri�ci�a��. ► Y'Q�L1C;:1.='.r' �;orizonss
r�nr?stonegy �-�luxv, ��'oe::ton (Travis �'<sAk). L�ota en� �u� �3ank.
L��.m.�aton�ss ?'�orii����nra�, 1?odees�, and �'li�;a, or F'Qtt3t (G1�n
rose�; '��.�.�a �.n� �'�var�F.
�is�ri'�u+ion of Pro�uein� n,re�ss
principal praduc';ipn �'ron I owor CI�Bte.Ceota� besds 3� aroia±-�d the nar�;ins
a�' t?a� �'�.st Tex�s e=nbn�.n^ent ,vhi ch ext.ended �nre].Z e.r���x�d thn north�rr_ slope c�f
t�+e S�.hin� 1?p�ift �r nc�r�h�res+ern I,oiaisi.ana. '�ho earli�set deraoeits �vvers the
�as�ton ar Tr€s�ris k'eak �arzn�.i-3on Z�hYeh ;�r7'vc�,.�U -ir_ T"r�^��, Charnpa�alle �.nc3
other �'iol�s in ?'.!xaior_ Cot�ni;,y, ar�-a?��s��, with AO*^G' mirtor �roduc�3.on in �'arth
I�o�isiana. � xecen� �isec���•r�> ._�^ ".r�r,rl;n Co��xty, Tex�.s, �^.�.y vxtQ�c? �evelopment
of �:h�� fors�aaL� �,� c�ns3.�iera�l�r, In. tho s�ries `'t�rraerl�,� kroarn as "C�1en �'oee" tha
lawr�st- limas'-n�+� -^����er, +�� "Ii�a or P�t�:i� is �a�t an �.�npo*�t�.nt �roc3ucer in
Ar'- ansas r�.�i; i� a,� i�*�ort�nt �av on the no.rt�: e�nc? east �'la.n!:s of' t.i� S�,hine
�p]ift. T3�e �'o+�rssa �n�*?�er car.,tai�as ecberal ir_d3vid�:a1. pay 2a�es wh�lck� vield
larrr� n�z�.nti+�i�� ��' o'.i ,,,� p;�s �� �he tr:i.-st�.te Rodessa fi�1�? and. in other
po�la ir e�a;atQrn fiexas �1on�* thc� loro�er �art af th.� �rostern flank vf the basin.
'I'}ie uppe!^?�ost -�c�^ber of t�e 7ao�rer �'retaoeous, the r�luxy: h�.s � wi�e ran�;e o�
hv�irocer'�ona �'ro� ��r �?�s��'tlate in t'�c� �'?�r2��1 :�7].l �'3eid„ -�:,„.,��*h hiMh-r;ravity
or�.zde at '�uit*��.n +a low,�ravitv su3�'ux-be�rir.� cruc�e e�t T�1c.� and :�z�l�hur T3iu#'s'.
It r.oror ap-�esrs �-o be �t;he m�s+., w�.�?r�sprea� paY �.n the i:auer ^r�tr�ceo��s Lut -�?:� e
ma�,r �� c�zac ta 3ac�U o�' p���p�c#:in� in the lrn�er. zones.
Thc� '�ead� ii�ne ro�veQ� in a fevr amall Pi�lds r�ear th� `=°sxia i3alcones
f ault �ore sot�th�vest flf thQ main T?�e� �'exaa diatr; ct. T'ar�her to the eauthwPet�
ir. �ht3 ro��th �antral 'Cexa� �i.strict, F�ztother L.crwer "r�taeeous limes�o�e, tho
�:dw�.rc�s, is t;ha nrin�i�ai t�ror3uci.n�; horizon. Y,',o:�t of tYia fis7.cis procluoin�
f'ro�+ t�.e �"r�v�ardv ?�"TlP. 1is a7.on�; faults but a n�her ai racsnt cliscovaries
in:�3icate th�.t �h�� horizan r�1a�• pqy aft' in arc�as not �ssaciai:eci with faul�in�;.
22
In tho T'oc' v''auntai.n r�re�, tre Lovr _�� Crf=taceous �ea �va.nced northure.rd
into '•'�,yomin� �rhere the i�-ote� eand is a produaer a£ �;+inar �tt,portnnce �:rau�c� �;ho
F'ov��ic�r �?iver ar_� .,an� "iL-e�• '�aeibs. `'�E: C'�;�: ;_i�.:.z� or `•san� t�rs�t sand ot T�ant�na
is the ba�r�� mc�►her of' the �oc�tcn�.i >�ex�--:a':-s.o� erhich was dcpo� it�:�r' by s� Lawer
C:rete.ce�caus eea ac�c-e.ncin� fro�^ the n�r ��. �T- fo; aas the �:�r�nci�S�I �av �t Cu�
'�an,- ea3� �. �inor c�ne a.t i�e�vin-��`u�t��;rai:.
�'��tan�ion Tnt4 �:t�her Fireasa
':'���: i c�4J�;r :"rot�eeous pa�.t� �s ?,'�?ovm a�r� pr�scm� �roduct; on at-ruet��.:-�: �ai�k►in
�i7E1R.��.ri8 ��.lc�nc fa�11t� both mei.r?3n�.1 to b�sins anc� in the �3e�per parts a::r? as
streti.�;r����h�c �TEl�S fcarr,^.i�c� as �h� eea a^vancprv ��ta �he basins. .A� preserrt
i.t pro�u�es �.x� four ciiSf.r�,�4;q� :ir! wrir��l�r sc�tt�rec� a..�eas. In T'ca��c�, IJaw�r
Cret�cseous 1 i*nestan�� w�re the m€�3n pr�ducers ia tho oId f 3alda of t!-�e a siapico-
�'v�?�n e.rea and these h�.v� been oorre�.a+ed �ri�h the >c1�ar��� lir�estc�no of Toaa�.
"�l��s �t���e��s �. poseinle cor.�ir�uetitir �r�.tY� thc� Sa.� Antonio ar�a. -�;c,�,:,vr r?rill-
;n�; a�.onP t�1e '�31cox trend in Texas and I�uisi�n�. has a�;ood ohane3 ;:�^ finciin�
pro�3uc�ivu Low�r Gret�c�o,=;�: ?3�•'s a.r�c� th3a er���.�ae �i.s na�, #:he at�,�ec�+iv� of' mt�nv
wilc�cats ir the activa ':a�t '"c��as plav.
an a w�r: ' c� -r ���+;�l,t�i:� ar�*�., rel.at4.oMs ar� aa�can�he�t ob�r...��re,� `�'hr�re i�,
�..n aof,'zTG: r..�rr,-�ai..�t� ��c� �• z��^dor �;a�= �;it?� an e�.tar�aon o� tne Cut �anic �trat3�rap��3e
trap e.s an o3i jec�a.ve� T'hie is A rcrcarsed trap g� Gi�t �;ank v�rhare tY�a .t'ormer
s�io�o lin� is on the �;ov��nstructure sicie and the upp4r 31z�3.t of �he field is
f or!^.�er? by a transit3an f'rorn poro�oe sant? into i.�g�rvio��s £orratiax�s. °"his
sug�;�ste i?�e possi"b3.13�:;r of ather tra��s to the we�t n+here whn dips �re ravorsed.
'3�tw�ert �he are�s �ahere tk+a R' �atenai �.n� the La�ota prod�a�e the Lov�acr Creter.eous
for�-�at��ns (knavm as t31� '"loverl�r} hav0 na�t l��en aorrelat;er.? d�i'initoly with
eithar so that there ara� a nu*�ber of ir.tero�t�r3.�; bosaibilit3.os f'or strati�;raphie
tra�s thr����ot.�t sn�athez�n �Ranten�. sr�d northsrn anc�. ee�atral ':.yomin�; in the I.,o4�er
Cretaceoiae.
�c��erP1 Crevlo�►i��1 Cansic�erat�or_se
`�'he x:ow�,�• Crataceo�as €'ox�nations, corsi��re� as �. whvl.a, a forc' a�
manu car�r�.ic�ti.ons as an�r �ro,an c+�' roc�:s af aimiler axt�nt in the� z'��ited �tats�.
23
.
3�'or t�lis reason, their dev�lapment rtas boen irre�;ular. �he rc�cexrt incre�se in
the ne�^�l�cr cf ,_�er�m o�ject'�vc� in tM.3� ser:ie� �n �e�t Tox,as �.ndicates �the extsnt
o�' �he no�si.b�.l'�.ties a.�'ford�e� i*� at?�+er �zre�.s. T� `T�xs� thsre are sevare�I.
i�ncrsnfc�rTl�t�es in #-he see�;��r c�L�a +o t'ho ��ecQs�ia� �d�ranae� au�ri re�:r��.ta of
tha s€��. �.n' �;,,�t, a�' th��e '�r��.ka repressn+� �?�ossiblQ ?o�.i19 -:'A;^ th� aectrmzzi ,:-
ti.a:� of oi.l.
`nP_:� "��.?r�' '-�'^' �":^ �'�f,�'�' ''��' � f7�'d�,� �,'" . _:^�:.',C;�"c � , j7c�z-r, ti�r., r�� .�t)?7�"� !?' S'f; bf'
��''+OU'��'i %G-'2i�",iF�.�. .Ai?'£�:S�1t:y n:n�t3�'� i'i ,."�,,. .�r, ' 8,7,r2 'TGt", r7@T"�F:', ^•"16L1!'E+& �PL?'7�.C'�;' n�":;
r��arc3i.n� ��ssR.tzili�`.�ies ir: �h�r aro:� i;,�ossiblu 3�ey���r? nai.;��;�la?r o�;t tna#: as
�the �er.iE� th�.ckens -�-� �he east *.�her� i� is %naEm, it i� ?�rac�ice,lly certair.
�hat deep c?a�3.31i�:K t��.wa �acate 3.t �a�t af -t�ie vatai�zp up13�t.
24.
__ ___- - - _ �
UPr ER. �r":.�"i'AC;;t}t�"i
P�3.nci,:��,1 �'roctursin� Hor7 zanss
San�stox�es: "�c+odbine, `'o�io, ���t�., i��akran�re, �3lossvm, T'�,c�,tach in
the �'�st '.'exas ��s�r� �nr� �.�:s ex�ens3c�n in�o noa•t2�e�^n Loui�ian� ;�nr? snu�herz�
�.r?�ansas; ^u�.,,�.l�osa, ^elm� ar�� ;=;utav� in l'is�;�ssip�i; ;�;c�varro :in. �Qu�h CeY�tr�l
Tex�s; ''�t�-ote, ?"ur ��y„ Frontiar, �`s►ZI Creek anr� I9:e�1e in t;:e �acl�y '..duntain
�.r�ra; '�esa '�.�e.r�s ar3.c? �'3ctured Cli�'f� �.n �'orth�res� ?`;ew i:'ex�co„ �znd �tt� s�n�s
in ��.e n�rth*�r�a `,ar� �na,�u3n ita�,l��r d3.strici af �alif'ormia. e:om� of' ihesQ
hcsrizor.s, 2�9.i�'�C?i�'�i.�'" '��1f; �c:�?^.'.�� �L"'€' :'C)")0 ?_ '�;�_� i:: .. _ ,_,�.;=, ():, t:U2'.'»_:C�Y"'6 .Z"..4, .
683�"l'' 1)�C?�E:Ei pf' 1.jt�t,c",f"'t: SC"sY°yv`? r
S.%meRt�r.r_a (�nalca�?ir�; ch�s`!T�)a Paixzo�a sr��'. F����r�+F> =;�rs rc�c�':- :��r. nUrt}�er-n
I oL�i�ianay ?�a1e sn� l�Us'�in 3.rz Sc�vth Gentra3. Tex�s. uerpentini: ir_ South Cantra7.
^exa^.
'�3:tri',ut�.an o�' rrc�-�uci.�� AreAs�
�'�ie linper Creia.csous s�as �.rnrat�ed �he ar�n�3x�ent �.ro:� �he a�.or�h,
extend3n�► i�ato `,rinnesota., '�ansas and the ?'ooky P�',ountain statee. Gener�l.ly
rpc�rs'�in�*,� t��i� em'�az^ent ?:�na� ��nt5.��izous3.,r ;nora restricti�� in si:�e, the
lavraet fs�r:re,t3on, t'.-�F �`'��o�:^� s�n��tc,ne aaci��t,;nr? �he �;raateet srea. �'hor�e
�►e.s s�i?? n �or�ne�°•}-�.or� �c�.�:h �hQ s�a, howero��r, in the �resterrxr� �:�art of the �rea
and some m�;r'trte beds are i`ojanc� in t���.� aec�or in tre ►an��rtnost Crete�ceau�z anc�
�.r. t?�e Harlu ?�'ocsene. `�'he i��sine T��':�.GI'1. I�1P, ?���+reen uplif'ted �reas throi��hout
this r��io� , w�re t�h�as araas of' c�enositior, i*�volvir�; ac�QancQs a.rid retrss�.ta
oi' �hs �ses v�ith �he poesible �evelo��snant of strat3.�raphic tr�pe around the
m���;i�s and of blen3ret sane�.s on strezct�are �9r3.�hir_ the i�asins. The �,r�.ncip�I
ble�.l�o�; eat�d 3.� the ?ie3cota but 3ts c�il possibili�iee are i�t�LiC�C' I?;4" ths fAet
that sr�bsea�aent; r?.o�'r�r�at?�n a�c� erasion lias �xpos�r� lar�-� outr,rppe of' this
r�er=��n��ls �p?1r' Ebt the etzr�'�ca en� it hs:s b�co�o-� lar��l�,� fille�' �i.th, fresp,
v�at�r. ?� pr�cic?e^ �he pri�aiw�1 sot.�rce o�' e►r�esi�:n c�atar in tho F�otae,
f?a�r��ka an�? Y�s�s, s�� f, ��rh3ci: r,�kas it eu� 3.mprob,�l,l4� *�;�sarTroir in �:h��c
are�e. Fo7.1o��i.n�t the deposi-�'c,n o#' ��re �iancos sh�le, t�o n�ex� sand a�
25
i�phrt�nce is thQ �'ecrcastl� or �eu,'�-��r. �h3.s e�=�z3 g�rocluces in f`�.c;? �r^ �z��,,,�r,
the Paw�cc';ar '�iv��^ �a�� �re�;i; ?���rE;r� ��aein� and in Ca��ar��o. Th� �`rontier
for�a��on proc?�,c�€ �'�rthpr r�r�E;.,, bc°.r.," i-~per'tant aroz*r_c? thc� �'ovr�er "ivc��•,
.���t.� ', �""c?rn ��s�},:->. :��nc�� fae�nc; ara�'nr, the ror:r'.c�r �`i�rE�r b��i.� ar?c' to a
��i.: „t� c e��ro9 3.n c�t?�er pt�rt� c�' ,':vor,xin� abave th� prinei���,l �'rv.,*ic�r e�and
btit �.z�. the� t�e�m� fcsi�r?�•t�.on ere �n��. �.s fihP 1,�,3.� �ree� san��. �'�ie ':ia�7e
��nd,�-i�onc� i.s �;h� t�ri��r,ix�Q� �as��ror���c±�n�; r�ser�o3.r 3i� G�sn�.r�l anr� �•�st�r�n
ld'��tana.
i� C�.:�'o�a3.^� i;�� tM�±c?� �h�.eQ �'ozw!+atiar_ bf' TT�a-�e±� C.r�t�c�+nta� �.me
._._....-.—
was �ho �1�c�s�, i'or�^a,,ian dgposatac3 a:"t�r tho builc3in.� o�' th� ���.et R�ns;oe
�a��i.ch � e bei;'! ievoa tA Y��?�rc� �^c�rs;, �a: �.iL3i i��.�:� i'or o3.2. To �'�te, no�aavo��,
it; h�� vialderr? or?tr p;��, bs3n� the princ��a1 r�s�z^,rvi.r :�t� �h; fii��.ds arc�unr?
San �'rencsisro *�a'� anr� �:: the ncrrthez�n ��a°t of tha San Joar�uin �'a1lr.y�
hro��n::� the� F?,�'_►:' �c,�,s�t;, i;�'e��a ��r� �.?�roc� major ambav`;sents r�urin�;
t'pa��r �retacQo,as �imF3s. ::� i;h�s ��stern.+:�a��c df' thE�sca amba,Z�-��.•�nu�i tl�e •?io
rrrsns?e br�a3�zs �f �ic� O3'i'" �)T'dE�i1G1T?�' �'orsne��ic�na are th� .Atx:��in c.ir�1l� zvhS.cl�i =.���s
partia'17 y erocled nrry or to �he depos�t�, an of the T:�;�lur° �2, a�rreat':ie.��-c�
vc.z�.canic x oel-, 1s�ca' 1�- re�'c>rrec7 to as 3d� �nt:�.r�e+ �r��it�}x t�.s 1�id ct.rn:�n �arz �Y�e
;��i�tin �r_' al�o narticzi.l�✓ aroci�c� Ue�'or�a i:�ie c3opoy3�;3o�z a� Lt1e Tay�or, anc�
s1;r�sT s�nrls �.n �he �'av�r�•a for�sc��.on ��h•ic�?� �;�a�r ;�i,:� correlav�l �rri-�h �hF3 "aca�oeh
far�her to i;he easf:. These proc3l:ce ir, ��'scc; :�ar� -�ni;��,:�cs �?�.sf;rie� but �i�.vc� not
�
v�� bept� pi•crve�? ��r�r��te-�ive wt� ���» i.rti� coaatsl a� �_a��sp
�'Izo !nir?��Ie E;r.ti��.�r,n�nt, at �?-�r�ant �ha �oa� ::��s�or�ant, �.s the °�;f�.�t
�exas bac��n �rh9.ch ex�en�s arol�n� t;he nori;h fl�n.k af' t?�e Sa'a�no uplii�, merTix��
�B9.th the ?'isr=�seipryi �nbfa=-���;nt. �e�c�stion �.n� �his ba�3.r� b��;an ��ith the la�ing
ai �hQ "��c;o�7��.re s�n� �rhiali �rae par�t;ia�'1v erad�c� pr�.or ta tho depc�si�ion af
�he nvpr�.v:i.riR =�.a�1e T'carc�. �rincipa3 pror?ue+,3.on f. rom �h? s.i or�a�ian a.e> �lan�
the s�s�:c�rn sic3e oF the e�E�sin in t?,� ' ast Texas f'ield, on mtruc�uro �rith�in
tYie �as�� aa at T't�n, �'a�tr3�5.ns axz - a��ier i'ioleis an� along fau�i: linc�s 3n the
�'exia f'�u?.t �one, at �"ex��., Pau�e'! 1 ar3r: othex� f ie3.c?�. AUo�e thd :�r"-�+�t�ne, s�:.nds
2fi
�
in the �'�ueti.Y�, Ta,�tlor �nc? '"AV&�..*'I'O �ro��ps a�°e prp�uct��rc� lucal�•,., fo:-:��ir�
in so�ne :� ie1K?.s a seri�� o�' mu2tip�e pa�ts. ",'��es� incluc�c� -Gy�c `_�ol��o, Uza..n,
^tacl�r�n�, ��'�ss�+�t �n�� "�c��-:o�?i of' �svh�.ch th� RAwt �.amec'. is �he ri.��;;. ��c�Q�
,.X7r�..Z'k:L! �t�� �iiiiU.�.a�. C��t�..i.t� [•..t4�.ch }7.L�.Y �Q�� Cfl2"�'��.f.���� �����i� L/1ti� �'1�1.ii��' �.� �
3.as�- :Y.-:�;c�r�:a�nt �rociucex� 3n the '.;ast Te�es aro�. b�ut i� thc� princi�al ��s psy
mt ��onroe.
I� the T�igsi�si.�pi emb�,yr?�nt, ��+>���°c ;1�t� '�oc�n r.on:-i'a�•a:�1e �ra;ais� of
pror�ucvion i"rom t►,�e `.:'ucc�looss �a: r-... ,..,,7,�s�.a1 ��ro�uc4io:i Izas davelnpo�..
A� t�±is is i:�c; ar� �m�.�' ,ln, ?�c,t*ra�r�,,�, a e�oc1 pr`"BPP.Ct'.+ �3E19 bee� f'ovn�? ir l�is: Asaip %f
nt�r�r �;i�.e, �.IAt�:�a ``Y.n�;:� li�^c>^. "'1��� ';u�a•:r :�.s tho �7ri�cipal producin�; zone� et
`�fn;.'�'e,• �rhor� sevc��•a� ��r��'3 P�rnr���cc�.
�rt4r�s3o�� T*�ta �thc�r 1�rF�asa
@`iith t?:e o�.ce�atio*� o�' the '!��.es�issx���i. �nt��;r-�i��?�, t��o ar��.s �rherc�
�h�I� o�� T,���a� �"re�tac��rax3e �ro�?uc+�ion masr ��� aY:�ected ha.�a aeen t,iorc�u�;�:3«
��roapec�ec?. .�11 0�` f�e b�z�j.ns r_�� p�+a�ucir_� ±'ra,r �'ormatic�rs oi' �his a�e, hcr�* �:.�;r,
�'1f1�T'f. f'tilf: '10:5�'�'i'1.,'^.t�Z' f}1' COYif;;?:r�-irt' �.'Tt'o�i1�"t?_''i�C 'k'i�?)E?�' �T'C3�"+�Cf',C}i1:"> raE}11U.^'.,�'iS• •
2?
_ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _
::;�i(; �:;i;:�
l:�ri.�p.cinr��. i.'r�c3�.�cix��arizanss
�
�an�3s s �'i�lr,ax, " ,arta, �'a�u�-Cocic:i2elc� r�*�� ��fc:�lray(Jack�a:± j :�r.. �h�
��xas Cnalf Coe.st �-istr�c�- a�id Lauis3.arse,; ''ilco}:, �nc3 r�e�i.,c,rous s�,nc]s in �he
CIa_a�oz�xie �:�:�- ,Tack=on prot�ps in `o�:L�� Texas; ;`i�ca:� (irxelud�r.;�; Ce.r�:�izo) 3.r�,c3
'�,:,c;e.�. Ci'��t in as'',8.5'� `I'�3Xt�:4; A�r�n�.? (ra�ch�ll an� �cAdams aones} �n �hE� San
Joan�.��.n iTa1'?ey af C=:�1if'cnrniaf tha '`r;*a�nos a��.'- a-th+er zonoe �i.n thc� Tejan in
tho coe.st�1 distriot; r�f ��1i�'�rr_ie.; �n�" gr�nde in the i���ac�h farma�tio�� of
west�rn Co? vrado a�c'. '";;vo�3.n�,�
"�stx•i':��t,�.on of �'rorlt�c��,�^ �r�as:
`"Ile ..i'cox �;ra���, :��rtictllar�y t,,e (;E.'.Y""'��c; fb�,�'��?.�n a+ +�,e to� �srm�s
kroum to �araciucs n� 1 in ��st Texas "but �ro=�i,� °'��. was un�r,:,:�c;r 4a?�+�l,, rrittre�.l,
a 1s' 1M1e3? �'ie3d, bein�; ��re larr.est 1)�"0C�2�t=�u>�. � ome �ar� iz� ��roduotior. was
i'o�n.c� e�t C1Q�.r CrE�'- anc� :Jo�'s L��ke z.>; T4x�s :in 19�7 �izt li�;+�1e i�.terest w�s
tak�n i.r_ �3-�;s arer�.. ";o�,�ver, in 1�3�, �;afl�a �ro�uc;ti.ar� was fat�d ixa -�iz� :i3cax
e�t T'ol�, I_ouisiazt�-., :a���� :in 1°40, the ?':ilca:-.. tirQs also �`ou�d prvciucti�o �� '�i11 e
Plr�t�c�, ,°r4igch �ta�? �'orr�erl�✓ prociuced f.rc��, uh�. 5parta. Cloeclt,� �'ol�orrir�p� this
�were a ne�mb�r oi' discovarias in ??ari:haaAt I:auisia�a an�~ a�l�y at�rted �1ong;
the whole of ths '","ilcax trenc? t'r��. the A"issisai�pi �'iv�r i:o I.a �::al.le C�unty
i.n �;ou�hwaet mex�s. �'zm�er�tae �iscoveries ha�e bQen m�c3a alon� this trend end
the fnet haa been e�stebiis'he� t?��.�- the wholc� sectsan o£ �':°i1.�ax sanc?� r�a;v oonte.3n
nroduc�iv+� r.sembers.
In f,he rlqit�orna �;roup, th� '�u�en C� an�? c3ches memtaors oi' tha P�ovr!.t
^elr��x: sta?�,�*roup �l;ao prorlizced sr,iall nuan�it3cas af a�7 3n �ast '�ex�s �aut *?�e
prine3pal �rQc�txct�on developod ir. tha Cocl�f'ie1.� membar alor1^� the !`�a1.f Caast.
Tn I:oui.sian$, �'ort �3arre, �3anr. rof't anc3 o�hA� fiei.ci� produce fra� the Cnckf i�ld
e.nd �Tillo r�1��Eto and o'�h.er f`�alds produQe frc�m the"S ari;a w��ich is the Iawest
sand iz� t"�,a r�rou�s. '?'ne 2ar�est f'ie3c�� praducin� from the Cock�'ielc?., 3a Ccsnroe.
Fro� thia a,area to t'�Q southwest, the Glaibar�re� belt inores.aes i:� wiclth, al.thau�,h
not 3.n pror?uc�tiuitv. The Pe�tus sancl ���c�ber is the me.in pa�y �.n Bea Count�r.
�
�EiTi+a$ Qf' YE3s*It�� t"'�OZr '� C�ia'3'�c4i'.� �,ptel "°ryt'tl^t', c�1.'='!Q.^. •'�f�'P ?)!`Ci�t1C8 f�i",J'rp; �;�'lE3 ','7Cj:'{`'C?]^Xl
hql� of' �'1.e1�?� '!r. `'a�,t�?�west '�Ax�.�, �rut �!a�tr �.��aart�nc��s is ft�r o�r�rshr�dowed by
the t1ac�l-sr�n �az�r .
'T_'hc �1t�c'�snr i� ;��nt�t� 'lan�ori;*�..nt 3a� Sota+�west T�x:�e, �,-:hvr� se�:-e!a +��.s�inot
eonc�e �.r� �'ol��ri. `!'hose irr.l�7e�e th� �)fHerY3. s�nd (C�ci��c1? � ti��hir_h a�°o�uce� in t?�e
(:ole fi��c?; thn I.c;,•{ar ?�ir�,�irlCt ��nc� (C€�d��ll.) ��h3�� prac3�:ces frc� a n�nber of
fi�?? �3� �� " �hh �nr? ' �a*��.�-a r..nz�r_t3.�s; t;h� i'�ar = `iranr'o s�nd (x,��"'1+�c�y} �ro�ztzci.nn;
�-- �E-1*f' fi �-_n ^�.r,+^y '-?'n TO:!�1€a '.'��C�t*?fa 6Q71C.� �'�C}i1,rv�r) ?7TOf?t?C.f..T".k" �l.71 �IIV`3� rOlt�''.':'+ry �;s1C'
i'�o�a�rn?�ent ;'�e1.1a e�n� (l�c�;lro4rl a1s� proc��ze'!r�� 3.n t:havnl Cauz�tg alon�* e. ��FI�
�•ne+, of the Ia+:a+� ?jaa.� =�?�;d�e ed�c�; '-�:A Gharno�?�v e��<nd (1`.icA•�lro- } nraducinR �.i; �e?�s�?
rist�az-s a��nr� fit�� �o]� ��+nc� ('':?i31;r�t�;} nroc?=,�.r.�r�; in '�eb�+ ai�r' �`�uvnl ca4�.,tic�u.
�^�e�r+�^or r-rth tk�cz f�vort�ce af f.'h� JF,e1-��r,>� c}Qorsaae� �.�?�' it i� no� an 3.mportaxit
nroc?��c•��r F��.s� of' I,iv� Ct�t- f'o?an#:;c�.
1M 'F�'1� ``(1C�'t� ?''Ot1?"°?'E'.�" �T�E`, i;hF, nnitr {1CF??�; �rQ�??t.":'�.QY; Cf3.^.1C:' �`T0;7! �&T)�
2c�nees in �?�.r-. �,'��;at-nh frrr��.#-ior �.t- Tf��*-���:�-i��,: Coio.,� e.nc�. Iprer��� �r� �a��tl^ro���ster�
",�'�romir. n�.
The C'•�?,flc,rr���, T'or.e:�� ti�.a�s P.rtaduc�3 nuea�:t-�'-���^ c��' oil �'r,�q• �'a�� �'a�ch�ll
zone ir. tn� '',or+,re�et ("rfl.? itz�e r:n�' �"oa��r_��a �c�s� �'i��.�'s. `� iE af' �c c,.��ra�y
�.'!1'''�I"�fl.�''tt'': �l^ {"?^t.� ?"'!. Pr1.amR TC?73P @,��; "�ffl{`°a 9 ,^,.:,t�rl ����.! E • mti�� ���'Z'C':':08 q.t : �F;31 �1TI� S
�
e�nc� in the "'� �ea� at- "�.rc���'�.?a, 'bo��. �n Vr�ntura Ca2ir_i;;r, x:;�rk �he on��• �_.ocene
proc�uc+.ior flrom t;�e coastel district ofi "alifQrnia.
�xter.� � on T�ato �thc�r Are�s z
r�±e� '"ilenx trenri o�' caast�I Tex�s +a.n� I.��:zisieud.� is un�er�oir� ra�id
develo��nt at thic ti�c �nd n�rr fi.alc�a can be ex�Pctc:^. `?��ne of' the oxisti.r�
�'��?d^, ,�„�E� �c ?�+1�� �'±-,�:�,,. An�3 "heridan. a�a ciis•ti11�.t;e fielc3� of lar�e sipe anci
�-'�r�r� is �l���r� �,�s�•��,q'! i"�, o�' f 9*��'in� v,.l far�her ;?ou�r� on the sl-ructur�c� in
figlrig p� �#-j��� �'VT7a• `T'�'!E3'!'k3 ''LS i'10 ", ,P,-„- - {�.K'OX ?7T`O�UC�1�]r, Fi�'10111� 8�0"r�
on the �»��:. Si�c� o�' t,hP "iss.s�i�� 7"��� r, '��-��t �t��� prod>>eti�e ,.+ilcox tran�'
h�s r_o#; r�c�r frnm� i.� `'is�issi.���. vc�t. '"ts axtension �o i-ti�� so,a-t:rnvost i.s
also r�+ thoro���rl�r �x}aloraci.
2�
'�he �'la� ��orr�c� �7!c3 �'��,^�-son �*,i'A1.7D3 h�ve i�e�� ��rett�,T thorc�urhl�r e�c�2ored.
throt�r.kat=t +'�e coas+�.l ��: a".r,,' ?-�t.t1e f ur•ther c?evelopmer_t +� :hvse zor_as can
'�e expsefie!?.
I�: +%t� "ocs��y `'t��anta�_rs a?-c�a, tha ':';sse,tch �;an Y�e exx�ec�:ed to produca
ac?�~i.tiar_al �i.'� arc�iinc? t�hR �rar�'+�s�� c��' +h� t�iY;t�a anc� CrrO(.'.'•1 �7i�;sr baeir�s.
�'he hi�?� prodl�c�;ivi+;� of the �'ovens pa,ys a� Coali��;a, eouplsd =�;rith
tneir lae4- c>r ��-nr�neti�;.'�v �Zserevhers is Fo-�a�hat of �a. amrst�r;�t. CoaZin�*� ia
bnli R�pc� t-o 1� � �r t�� :9r?�§rf? ?.�n�s of the� Y°�ooer..n sr.a€� �.�td -tha �'ormation si.�ks
rapi�l�r t;ow�r�� the ��a�n, k�s��n? 11,4?�3 ft. deep �� Kettl�� �i11s an� �roba�].,y
ri��3ar� ?n�0�r �'t. �t Ru�na �'`i.,�-���� ''a.I1s. a�te graa� d�+�.s�';�-: �-zas, �L:-�e���fore, ��rezrented
e�'or�t�a°� vrrit-hin th�, v�.11e�y. �ka the e�at eicle, n+ ��°?a�.�;-�T�le, ii ie '��an••rn to
.�a„c�� n.= .,. �'�ni�' 1C�,�'�''�J .fte �n-� t'�c��? are nnae3 -?�assibili�ie9 .for s�ra�;i!�aphie
�z-,..,r ��c��-� -_.,is si�"c-, o�' thQ b�s�.n.
in �ir^-�=; �:erritorv, Pr��-�;�:st ha�f, :i:� ' ;' " o, �; :"n:w oc _��: �3ro��zetior..
alvn� +ha eoani;�1 �Q'� i e:rs :�� �rerron end ":;ashii��^t�n.
a
30
0
(?LiGti�t:s:,T'3�:
�'ri.nc;3.t�a1 r ro�uai.r.� "ox�lzon� s
Stancln: ?'vmc�:^Q,�� sax�•j� 3.�� tha �1'3.rksburg 9XlC,i L'i'?t70 _.Q�"�'iLll�y3.il£1�
He�sroe�e�3ne. �nc� ?�iscor�i� za:nes ;n t.h� �=�ali' C�ast arer3; 6�iyVpe; _.. : c;��, ;>>>�;i#.tt
T3ar��ra �d ''�n�u�^�-�e��rhall seei;or9 of �he �oes���". F'i��rict of Ca7.�.s'�arnia.
"istri'��ui�ion �f I'i•a�lue3..i�~ ,4retxs �
(h�;" o� th� mos� di�'f icult probl�^*�s o� tho 41i�oce�c. o� thc, �^�ilf Coast
;�t i�� cor.r�lat�.�;,. Sti�^.e autnoritie3 s�art �csul€�•iy i� I.o�xisi�.n� �iacQ the
i��.SC;OL`1)�S 2'7''ii> 'T'' �;'�� l.r;::''?" `��.0('�l9I10 Vi�lf�.6 �.?? �`,iUUj:�1 'i'9 t�&t :�QS?i0 �Ep�U";�.S�3.R
�7�.AGFi ��,� C'���:���,o �.� �;.� ��?ie ';'' i�*oc�ene. In this discuee.ion �ho bounde�r,y be�areen
�he C31��oo�:xze a�c� ��.c, ""��c�c:tic3 �� ��taoad at th� b�.�e of fihQ Cataho�ala ar�.� t��e�
�qp of ti:he T`�.scoa•`�i� ��o^��c�F, ;,cne. �'�e U13.�*ocene ia �e�neral2y nonraari.ns on r�ut-
crnn 1.n I.o�;fsi��±a ;an;�! "��:r�s, a2��� ��a�h in the e�.stc�r�n �art; cf tno area �a�r�.ne
��i.c?-sb1ar�* �arl �= c�*-c� �'oxand a'� �he surf'ac�. xl�e Vicks�urt� i'or-��,� thc loyre�t �^r��vp
3n the �li�;c�c�n.e r,�n.� �G�O:??86 pro�Tr��a�;ir�'_,y �care s�ua:r�y td the T,�st, a�rrnin� �.
7�ur.bbr o�' i��pa�s�nt p�,y� in �h�a lo�rer Cru1t' Coast and �aeatl� Texas clisi;r�cts.
It nror�u��rs t� t�ia d�pp �a*� e,� Thom.r�san =>��� i ierc� JuY�etior_ but ia r�c�i� other-
wise i�porte.nt i� the.up�ar Giali' t'aast di��Gric<;. "i'�:ic� Mast i�r�rtae��; Vic^_�s3�,xr;�
aroc?uc�t�on ec�:��e from �. �a�lt eariendi.n�; throu�;h Ji;r: d�ql�.s, :�rooir� an,d iildel�;o
oc�tmi.•z ee 7n `�o,�`'`'�. "'aat�s, �rh��^e 4�� or ":o�e �'icka�iar�° :�r��'e �ar.clQrlie a ^ot�3^^�
af pe.va in ��he .�'rio.
The mai�^ be9.� o�` i ri�a g�raductio�� ? ies a1�o�� �a�e ilic�sbur�; ir th; g belt
�.nc� e�ten<?s ta th�a eoas4, form�n� �hc �a�e rc�sercoire in some �'ie3d� arci under-
Ivin� '"ar�►inu1'in� �nd hifiF�er pavs nb�.rer t?�e caaat, Tha rri.o is the mc�et
3*r art�t �rrad��o3n�; xone 9n f ields sucY� as �exot, Refi��,io r�nd Tom Q�CQnnor
as Fro3? as 3n th� active J�ekR�n Goun�zt �is�wic� a_nc3 the oId s�lt dor.:� fiQlds
�o the I:oui�s�aria `'t�ta I.�na. �'era 3�; ac�a�es to be an impo�t�nt pra�t�cer.
^�Za apuer !�XiToaono, 3ncluc3in�; th� �.`.ar�*inul3n�, '£etaros-`;o�*���. na��'
�i�cor?�is pe:vs 3.s c�f v�r�ab3e 3�+port�nce in �the �z?:f' �`oast are�. '�'hQ la�re�t
31
paY, �hv '��ar�;intzlina pr�ducss a� z+lour �Iuff and nther fi�lds a.1on�; tho coas�t
a�.� tha �elt aonta3nir.� pave of this s�;s is brae�est at th.e vicinit�� o�'
Jaa�son Coianty. '�sr��.nu1 ina �*ocluction e�ends 3nto Lnuisiana e.t Jen�n.in��s
anc� �'oseo. t�ere the upper 413.�aaen b�3t le�ve�s �he coast and. in eastorr�.
I4uisiana e�Ten's to 3-he n�rth f.'rarn I��c� ro�tchartrain.
the �Ie�eroete�3.na pe.Ye Rre more see.tterod the.r�. f,�-.E �'arf�inul3na Fanc�s
��r3 arr.� �o� ass i��ortc�n�:. The*t h�.ve nat boen rgported sout� af ���aeces �ourit,y,
�ut produco fro�. s n�±ber of fiel�?:� in the Sax�t arQa, an+? in a f�a; 1ocalities
in "afut�ia sn� '�''ic�:or. ia. c^ur.t3eg. Yn I;ou�.siena, �h� I1e�eroate�ina praducea
Fra� several pools �., Jon�'erson D�.v9.s an�? Araa�'ia par3shes. The '<�riscorbi.s
�rot,p is uni.mport�n� ir Tex�s but �roducas i.n � fev+r Lou�.�iana iiald�, �.r.!cludi�g
Chax�rlov end Basca.
'�he C119.�;oaera c_' Califorri3.� i� con�i�lc�r�^c� �;-r s�r�^�3 n�:��=.�er.� e-o '.�.w:c�.ude
the �re,yenh��*en shales 3n tha "ar t7oaqu?r_ *��.31ey. O�thers p2ac� th�e f�rr.e:•fi:����r:
7.n. the �ov�n. Tn anv aT•Pnt, there a:pnears to be 1ittle possibilit�r of find�.x7s-.
:�:�iaah OI3�acene oil in thi� �istriet es t�.e Rreyenha,�an has not been faund
nroduotive,
The e'ee e, of t}1i�;ocene a�e�, prac3uoes ix� the �rentura-Newha�l �ne�
S�n�;a rarb�r�, c?is�r3ci;e �'ormin�. the lowest ��.ys �t Capiten an� '�lwocad �.s wel�.
as the pr3ncipal pev ira s�iveral f3elds in eastern Ventura Count4F. E�<-;nerallv;
fields nroducin�; .i'xam hi�;her f or�!at3.on� in t?�3s araa havo not �e�n dr3.11ed 3nto
the Oli�*acsene �o �:h��; ii aen �ae cons�.dered a potantial reservoir over t�ie �*hole
Qf the crrast�l c�9striat. C}n the oth�r h�nc�, in. �he Lo� An�s�.as �asi� wells on
s�ruct�re have p�ssed throv�*h the l�iocene and have f'ound the �espe either
barren or m�.�s:ing; at Ftiahfield, '�o�^inp�ut�z, Torrence e►nd. other fields.
Pos�ibilitv �'or wed�;e-ed�;e proF�u�t�a�: an thc� �'lar�Ts of' schist �i�hs is, ha�c�J�ver,
�,resent « �
�t�nsion Zr_t� �''ther hr�r�ss
Any
�vell alon� the r�ul£ Cor�st which he�s tha i-,ocexte as �n ob jective,
obviota�lv te�ts th� Qli�vice�a, but to dat those wQlls have �enerall,y found
the forr�atian tcsc� close to the outerop to �rociucse. The producin� Oli�;oGane
32
ma�.;- bo campare�? �-, ;;1�; �,. �.,c-�' f�e, c�" o�ror�lappin�; shin�;les �rith the best p�;;-s 3n
the s'ickBbur�; to the soutl�raeet an<? �he �`iecorb3s �fiy to tha nartho�.st. �'Sl�a.at
ha�;_�ens farther easi; ;� si,ill iazil�no+�n. 41:f �;oa�€� product'lor *�a-- d5.e o�t
altcs�eth�r at t��e "'�.s�issipni River ar it may d��cend ���in �tep-13?�c3 to�v�ard
the easi- w3.th la�°Tr�r forma�? ana prodnoin� �.r. ~lorida.
C�vlf'aeard, sn maxi�r sends oome into the l��.av+rrt ��etiors, frax�anirsF; ,�rQc?tac��.ve
�urec�Pe-er1�*ps that p�t�s maSr be �`ounc� at a1mAs� ar.=- r?c��h irt t�:e C1i�oce�ae� �t
Ieast �ani�il tnd aecst�oa� h�� bec�ome eo�pl4tel�- s'__�1�;, �.is ,�;r�seap ha� nct ?�ePn
test+�c� �1'- �'� �.aara� the Loi�i�i�a �'rulf' Coast �rhero v�ells ovc�r 1",00°� f�. deep
are st �' 1";� +'� e`'iocene «
Tn C�1ij'cf2":1�0.� t�e �Ii�ocene apr��ars ta have �;vad chanc�s frsr pradt�c-
tion onlv in the e�mbs�=ments �ncl basina in the coaeta.I d3atrict. The thick
marine sc�atio*� in sirni'!ar emba;m'-�n�s in �re�o� sn�' �Tashin.�an ma.�es thls ;�roe�p
an ob jer,tivQ in these e.reas �rhich �ro the onl;t ones in the i3nited Sta.tt � under-
�?�.in by �er�:� ar�r 1'OC7r8 wh�ch are s�i' 1 u�ateg�od.
0
��
�41��TT t7T'�`�T��`T'
1.: l.:J>> `_!�d e.F-::.J
?'rinc3.�a1 ProducSr�� `ior�.z€�n�:
`'-a.nc�ss "'��c'a%er, �'e-��c�t, '"emblor, rtsr�or.s, �hanac, Jacalitos, U'tche�ain,
�err� �iv€;r a�td "an Jaenu'� c� a��s 9.?� �an Joer�ua.n �'�17.e;,*, �aliforni�. '?'mqueras,
fi�-n?�lor, x'onfierey„ �'o�elc�, "e}?etto, an� Pico in the aaastal d�.str3et af
Ca�.iaox�nia. Pu�n�e, '-'epet�o Fan� .Pico in thv 'I.os �n;o�es ��si�.
I.euticsular ?�iaaone sanr.?� w�th ��me �'l�c�oen �ro�uc�i.on i*� I,c�i�i�iana
eza� Teaas.
�istrit�t:t3�5.� �f :'�-o�?ucj�r�, .t'trea�a
T�; t1�F, �`r�n -Tt�er�uix� '�e.11�;cr �:ha lawes� pay in the east�rn half o#' the
?�es- :�, � s; � � �'<�c��F� �.�,r.e, �. �ax�c?y m�cn't���r of' t:ha S'���rns �'orm�.tion c�f laarc�r
" � �r;=,� , �..�,s -�z.o��t2c3,�.;� a�; ,ac�p�hs af' over 1��+,�'� �'t. ,tn �'io �3r�.�o, �ree2ey,
e.�.d :"+asco. "'o�erd �he oaeterrb. �'l�:nk, �ha '�ecic?er also �ro<'uaee 3n ?'ou�d
'�ou�ata3.n v�ii;�l a sheil�Cn�a?' e�n.c� �,on.a, �fh� Jewott� a�ave it. In the mi�e�Ie
!�iaQe�!e, the�?'emblor �one i� the principal pay at iiettleman and a2so producee
,n the neti��1�- diseavered �r��aa of f ia'!ds north oi' Coal.i:�ga, TTe?�, 7c��;c�.l-.'-.�,:�.
T?�,is�.n. Cit-�, etcs. ?'k►e Stever_s �ons, of uppor '�iotsene a�;e, �Si•pd�lc:�.^ .'_>, ,'•��
Qentr�l �c-�r�t of thQ basi� at Cara.al, ' lk �Tiils, `�tr�zr.�, C�reeley and o�h�r fi�rlds«
Plic�vene `aroduotion is li*�atact �v t��Fu e?.�:,e;� of' tha ��s� r�+ri.th -�he
f'har�.c 2onee or -�'�� "'tc'�era�.n pr�c�ucinr at FrUit�calc�, t'.-�c .T^celitoa zana at
'"ern rront on =1.c? o ti€�a-; sic�c rzrxf� '.`�i,ar{av-�un�et, Ccs�iin�;a� �o? Mi�.c�a and o�her
�'ie�.ds on �he �vest. �'h� wern '�3.veP zone c�f �he .�en �'►o�tquin eIa°r praduce� a�
F�rn T?iv�r anc? ather sar�.c�s �n +�ie i'or��.tia� are prnd�aotive at T.1k '�ills snd
R,asne. tl'a.sta Hi iIs an ths eve�gt. �
Ir. the Santa Rmrbar�e seetor a#' t�e oo�stal d.istric�, t�e Pliocene
prodiaees at Summerl3nd„ tha �on���. at �.'2waoc� and the Va,�ue�os in al1 f'i,elda.
The �:�onterev is e.�.�o� �he pr.ineipal producin�; h:�rizan in the Santa �taria dietr3.ot,
A11 proc�uation in the '�enf;�tra dSetrict is from the Pioa a�d Re Qt�a(Plioaeng).
Sorxe fiel.ds in i:he V'entvra-?'e�►aha�.� d3.stric-'� �raduce fr��rz the g�.co ancl :�'.ape�tto
b�.�� thc� ?`�odelo (upraer ���ioQone) ie �-he pri�?c3pt31 pe�y, Tn the ios �r_�;cles B�.sin,
34
ex�ept �ar emall pro�uotion �t th� tQp of the schist, all pat�s ar� of' Yliocone
and upper 2��iav�n� �.�eo i'ioi gro��v�ion is less v+r3.de1!; distributE�d thexi �that
fro*n the rene�to anc3 �'c�ert:e (upp�r �•`iooene).
On the CFulf Caae�, �n�ia-A are a l�r�;e ri:nn�er c�f 2snsin� �=�av� in th�
"`iocene an� a i'e�rr �'ie1d� proe?uce f'rom the �'liaoene. is�;��E�r�1].y thesv f ielde
are close to t�se coast. In the Sautheaat Lal�isiana area, ev�ry field praduce�
�ro� th� �!iacene, excsept �,�est �11en an�? L�r�known �:'e►ss vrhich are at thQ svuth
scig�e of tY:�s O�iryooene be1�-. Tho t=?iocene belt nexrc�'s to -the �est, t�:c� last
import�,nt �roc3uctian bnin� in t�he �sucet arc�e� in I��uac�es �ounty, Texas. 3n
the e��tern �?istricts, �:he ;��.Ys ara �?is�-ri.bu�ed thro���;h �he ""iocene and thQ
9xre�;vlar3t� of the s�.n�is r��kes corralatio�7 dif't'iault. `Pcn+�rarc3s the west,
ho��evor, the pa=.�s are placec� in �he �'a�t�al�ou? �� (lo��sr :.�.o�one). There ie,
thus � rise ix� the a�p of the upp�rmhst�ps�rg frv� .r��� i:o c�a��, as �Y� �;i�r:�
c�.�e of the Uli�ocene.
`�-tenQion Tnto Qth�r Ara�ss
�ec;��or r?ri1? ~.?�.� i.n. the `�an �3oarauin Valle`�r an�? coastal distriet of
C�lifari�ia 4s ex�eoted ta �'in� ar'dit? ons�l �+3o�ene anca t liocone p�,� s. �'hare
�re alao �om� ;�ndri?.l�d �truc�ure� in t�Qth sres.s. The best ohancFs for
clev�slapinp; na �• �rodcxetion in Ga13.Parnia appe�rs to be to the r�orth �f the
�re:�an� prn�?uain�; e�rea ir. ths �an .�ea�,ufr. Valiey. The ��aperial ual�ev ha�
be.en proi��ectod L� with no fa�rorable resvlt�.
As product.- on in Saratheae�: ��auisiana c�oes not ` �o mueh north of Lak�
Pontchartr�a�,n, �.#, ia annceiv�able that the b�a�st pessib311it3es for t��iocene and
Pliocene pro�?e�cstian farther east ara of.fshore e�ian_� t�io cantinex:G�.l shelf. I?o
ind� catibns o!' reoent pays havo been �'ound in T,�iesiesipc��. anr'. Alab��. to d�,te.
The� presenoe o�' �rtes; sn w���:er 3n theae f'orc3ation� ma�kes the Atlaniic seaboard
sn ur�3?.'�e1�� :i cxca for r�ros~cactin� •�•nless wa17 s Qre carr3ed bela:�� the t�tiocene.
reneral Geolo�*ical Cansi.�?�rationa:
All f'c�rm�atz.o.-�s �'ram t<�c: '�pnor Cre���ceoue throu�h tha Plicl, ." e are
�a].ie�t Anc� basin f i.11 anc3 �he ��olo�ie�1 histor,y af the areas consasts of
3�
a eerz,es o�' �,d�anees e;n�' �€�rea�te of the sea t�:i.th n.u..*�e*�c��s a�xa�� unconi'orm��a�s
�.nd eame cc�nt9.iieni�{t_1 caepos�ts. "These i�.ercaso in vol��ie in tre up��er Faart of
the so�r�:ion in e�n�r c��.str3.c';. `",.,r�;� •���c; arF,as con��ain a�,reat n�u�.t�er of �+rec3�e-
ed�es c�c� erosion�l trPps. i'ear the' mar�;ins of tlic, Cal�.fornia ba�:i.n;>
�truct;ural =_�av�+�rr�s h�.v� been sharp �ut el�e�arh.qra s�rt�c+urss mre �;entile,
exoe;�t �here salt do�:es hc�.:ve '�een �ntr�.zc3ed 3.r_�o �h�s r�l�tivolt,� .:af�: se;'i��_cr._�:c.
'�ie �e�arch for aa.'I an str�acLurt� ha� Z�r�e1-- c�asecT in tl�e c�et�ela��er� are�� and
is nc�ti-r bo� n� r? � rec+ed to �;hQ traps �hich �zre no� r�f'� eeted a� tha surf'�co.
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Fir�;DBC�OK C�F' SOTTTFy ��ii.'i;?2TCAI'T +i�OIGGY
"I;�lz.r�m F. �Tgnlrs�.._r�3itor
Ti?11?r�rci{-tr r)f' ('.1T1(`1r121^�'l.� f in.('�,�pni-i�(?}�l0
�i���rin']!',�1 ,5`r1C'.'iF?i'zT ()?' 4,1?iF?`•�C'Ei
�,��;1+,��Sp 6F
Jt7nP l�, 1.�56
(!��,stra �t nn+e� �nra memn; r n=�r*� 1�
rE?f':"rf?1'�( C�� � _'
/. . , . .. .� - `�r�zClrets
��sa rf, e �
- ''`�*no�r fn ,tn�tes
. .... .........................
((1-vi� T�tle p��e, dPc!ic�t�on, and.mPmrer�•of.+,he•Soizth•Americ�n.�eolo�ic•• '
*"�p I'p'mii;+,p� �}�p,•; �.i+�,a ;n 194g1 �
PRF,F4�:E ((ri-i-ix)1
bv '�Ti.1 � iam F. ,Tenks
1. Tn 1P4-F the �eol��*; c�l Sor., ;e+,v of 4�neri.�a�,s�n+ +o its T�'e7 1 o��rs �n.� tn r�anv o-(-rFr
�^eoloais+s �n� �ra�n�zat��ns a nreli�^�.�,Ar�r rpol��i��� ����3 �f Srn�th '
���rica (I ��-�rsen, 1Q451 .
a.. Tn 1;ti?F ZOZ�O�;di_7Jm .rE?�.rS �iYl F�111�t"P'�(� Cr)1n���?-+-P,P�....��'a'}'l�rr�� a11t� E?rl�tP,C� T1P,b1V
�r �-i f T erent r� ata from ea�h �o�mtrv.
b. rrPnr�*.e ,"�� �+.ose �s e�,t�r �t' +rA �eo� o�; r T?ap nf �o,ath P.meric� as��mblFr�
fhP d�ta, s.........., and s�arm,'++ac� ��'�ral dra�'t a+ the �n� of 1948.
c. The colorec� veoiomic map, on a sca�te of 1:5,p00,000, vT�.s Auri.isre�? in 1950
bTT `�he �eolor�i�al So�-i.et-r of !�rneri��, �n co-on�r��i�n w�+h +he Amer�can
rreo�r�ph� �al Soc� etv and� +he TTn� tec� St-�+f�s �eolor�i.cal Slzrvev.
2. A s��on� c�ut�.r nf +p�P �n�arF.e� �nut-h !�m�:ri.c�n ^-eolomic r.T�p �o*�m�t+F�e .�..as to
pre�are an exnl�na,tor,y texf to ac�omn�nv the map, ��Tith siz�mari es o£ the �e8loa�v
an�' �ri>>cipal� p�e�lomi.c x�roblems oi each �oizntr�r, ,+,nFrP+h��.• wi.fh seet;ions anc3 �
�h�r+s �.�ahere ne�es�arv.
a. ....�nterest �n it wane� lantil early 1954. �
b. ��- i;het t-i�e th.� nro-jF�ct 1v�� revi.v��, and the present ec?�+or was �t�kec� to
asstTn� resnons�.hi l�t..� for its �atabl� c��tion.
:�. T�e co-oper3ti.on of e�ch ( ia,ut.horsl l�n< r.arei'1z11�j aoln�. ��,Pr hi s �ri�inal
pane.r, or, in man�:r cases, �m��- 1 n nomnl etely re�ri i-inp� i t � s r�ra+ef ul � v
�cknow7ed�ed.
�. Tn a fezv �ot�n+,ries TM�u�h ne�^r �^r�rk ha.d been �1�nP s�r_re 1Q4t�, an�? it seemed
th�+ t��e ne�nr inform�t; on shoi�.l.� bP �n�i� ab1P PVPn thouz*h it c�oas r_o+
�ppP.ar �n +.,he map.
4� t��fti�r717m1"1 ?�Tl PX'3Cf SBryUP.T1C'P, l5 nhUl,C)�?SZi% i�nl�0<'�.i�"�18� f;(�"?11"rip5 in,7i'f}'1 lT.7JC�T"i�flTl't
arAa.� �f Prec�-rrri an sh� �l�i r��1�-s, 1-i'-e �razi.l �n� the ^-tii an�s, are e�.rl,y 3_n
+he Rolume.
�. Tn �n�t of +h� �r+,; �1�� +�Pr� �_s sp�c� �'1:� ref Prence +� +.�,e �.�bo1 s us�c� on +he
�Tealo��c p�at� ni Soua-h �m�ri�,a., �n �rr?�.r t-o fa��.�i+a+e d�re�+, re�'�rence hPtvveen
?"'�A ti11(j i'P,Xt . •
6. n':�nv fia���m��,+a1 �ro�lPms nr �oia+h 41m�r;��n �Pn]_or*�T Fm�rc�e frnr� +�e separate
SU'T'TMfly`�Pg 'T_1 �he xQTlf1�0(l�r.
a.. Some oi the ��s+ d; fr; cl�}.t C'llt�('P.�']l +7,_e PrP�e�rlbr� an.
b. '�Tork �vr=n� +�,e ��st de�ac�e, especi��l?r ;n Rrazi.l, FrPnch �Tiaiana, �nd �iarinA.ri,
h�.s �5�n�v�can'-]�r ��va��ei� rnar 1rro,�r�_��aP in i-he �';e1c� a.r.d h.as �I,-ea�V caused
man�r �hanc*es .in c��+inp;, •,•�,;�h h�c? bePn rasP� a.lm �st en+,;l•P��r on d.ee�rPe of
me+am�rp�ism.
r.. T?ad;�a�.t�vi+,• �TP dPt.erm;nat;.ons s� f?r tishozrr no ,-Pr�r n�d Pr•�c� �n,�r�.
on +,he �ont;n�nt. a�' �n rocks
�. Pr�r1 e-�s o.f p,-Pr,�mrri An str�{-� p�raphv, 1 �n�_�; St�n�P correl ��?.on, an� bro�.d
t"��`�n� � his+��rv arP sti_] 1 lare�PJ�r 1,nresolrPcl.
- �-
e. �om� �:e��unorphic rocks in t.h� or���n� � re1'-G of. �Nestc�rn and
r_cr+h�rn S�n+h �meri�•a h�ve �P�n �onsi�erP� +o hF Preo3mbr�an.
1) In t�� raribbean rant*es sia�h ro�l�s no��� annPar to be 1 arme]y r`esozoi �.
$. T?o �ooc? evidPnce �f' PrPc�.m�r;en ame ;n +r� ^�nde�n b�l.t has bP�r_ dis-
clos��l.
1� There r.iti�h of the r��+,amor�h�c-;a�nc�o„s t-�rr�.nP anne�rs +o be P�leozoic,
an� some oT �t ma« be ��r��* TRe�,azo�c, *��+�mnrphoeP� �„r;�� +.hP ia+e
�re+acern,s (+�+:s m�l-�n� Becessarv +��� r���hAr �a�u� s�m�'�ol, p1�m, on
'-'�� �eoloo;ic 1'���). .
'�. That thP c�ncapt of r-,n .+,inentQl dii''+ � s accen+e�? �v manv �*A�7 o��.�ts in
Srnath �-��r9_^a i s nnt surpr� s� n�^, ''�,� '-hP cont�nent is �n� o�' the pr�ncip-
al �ol,r�es �f e«-id�nce.
8. �TF?7'F' 't1�P r071f�?a�£�yla,. et.S'�"el?1 lS ,.,�C�F?lV �E;�-F?ZOpE;fa� , i_t1-�i ;'f:G 5+7"a"E;"LfTY'a.T�'f1]_r'
and f�oral sina��3ar^�ies wi�tfi'Az"rica.' , ' ,, � �
b. ���r�, too �.rP t:h�� i�.ileozoic str��t,i�.raptiiic �nd faunal sequencPS so simil �r
to +hosP of o�,'���r sou+nern con+,i.nerits, a� w��7 3� FLL]]TIP.Y'OUS �9�?i ox�
�irect�or�s of Paleozoic �l�.ciation:.
c. Tf eviaer:c� �or former l�zud .-_n '-1_� So��a_h .�'-, '"�:, re��or. c^•_i-�,;:�nes to be
�.ss�mh''ed, le+., ��-ep�:�a�'•_� ��olo�^i�t"s �at-e ful.l ��+e �r_�, ;^r�th tti�e
rr���l�,.c��.i�+g� t�,cr a,ll �,}'1P. da�a. +o ��T15V7�'r '�;l�g Qupgtiflri rr��pW?r�
�. ����}?11f+ �7](�'"•lnr7m? r�{' U1]n�'r nn,�f-,+0?O?.0 S�rS�;e�me: ec�"T"S f:0 =13tTE adv�nced e�reatlV,
'f;l�� 1 p•�TPr �Fi! POT,pi_('� C,XC',P,pt: ? 21 .�1�"�'P21'�",i218,� � S S'"� � � £i.Yl r'l7�_P"Rq.
R. T'Ate7 r?P,�"?.�lP�l S8C't1.012S nf' !-11F+ (',�rq�r�; ' ?r ' +h
.. '111 't0 S1�_l'r� 211 Y'OC 6 17? P,
corcl;.'1er�.n rp�^Z�n north of Arr�ent�n� ��z-A ?�een m��^�,rP�, troi�T�-some
�et���led fa�anal 5+1��?ies ar� �vailable. ' � � �
� ?�s�i'"7E" o?' r2ra,Z� �� an loti^IF T' P2ZeO7n1C 2'r,C1-•, T g �.if1'i r1A1.�. 1�E^�.US�' c��' 1:iClr
•
�f f�s,�;�s�
C. �'�e efnectG C1{' �?]_F',!?C111� 9T1 9�"'rl �'f'C'•OYI.� i111 �� cf1.71'�ls�T1CP,S fi?'e T'O�" C�E;s]?' SOUf�'1
nf r^� omhia, ar.� �z-�n ;n +he n��rth,�r�;�i-ern nar+ �f t�e con+;nent; +,heir
{;'CAYl� S s�"E? . 17?7 rE?rf?,1?1. .
,�. rY12 Of -f'�'?P :'InSt: 171�'�'rP�'�'�Ilp p�"0�7! P.i�S !�f' �-.h.E,' lRP,S7Z07 C`��1'a rP_.1_'1f17.0� C nf' T"JaSt',P,i71
c7i1;'1�+ l�^ipY".0 £i COt1�r�T-77� �-1�F� lai e{-r�1')1?'Fi 071 1{' zT�� r£in� �TTL '�p'� A�U?:071� �T"1 'n +;.me
�r.� 5pa_oe.
3• r'-17'�ZJ cTU?'?�^�_C Z70�(!9Tl'�'.'riC'��.?,'��z� �_E' 110�"i�"�.F' �_Tl �'�'11�_8 '�Yl!� rolom�i_�a..
!�>. Z;�f;P, cTll?'P.-�;, C T�OZCHT'� �l?1 �.?1f� i'^j'7'UF�z'" �.C'f'�Sr7 {:�T� ��.SO ()r'C`llrrnrl ��_7?1£* f�%18
P��i.f�.c �oa�t.�:��n*�!��xx�r�v���.��:�s�z�ig�c�s��?�sas�.��rR��r*��:�g�-•��:��s[xx�;�x����
c. Ser*Ments �f the P:�e�ozoin Ar_��an �3fNni i�h appear to ha�*e t��Pn ;�'�ru�P�' a.t
y+riC]f;��,* Spi;�r'?'4'.r?�1 +:,.,eS� AT)t�`d?"P,T�+'1V 7"-�?]^'�Pm f'rnfi �'a�"P �Ti;�'�S�.ir+ n2' F'�?'��r
�re+aceous '�;O la,i;a !'t^P,i;SC.e(�l]S. ,
10. 7n �n�rt3r� �u1 t?�ese and. m.an�r o+h�r nroblAms �t �hou1� be n^�`er� +M��; the�r
are re7.�+,ec� �+-o some of +.he ori�i_n�� dif�"icult;es ;_n �+re:��r�n� thn �eo�o�*ic
T�ap o�' South .�merica. `
a. The rrol�lems can be snitrPc� cinl•- bv a �on+inia;_�� exnan��on of areal mappir.r�
prntrT'�1T1S.
11. The ^ec�lo�*ic T�Rap a� ��ub7isred �as �B�'Tl rri{-jgi7P,l� for, amon�; other th�nr*s,
be� n�* too detc�i.l ed: there �re pract�_ca11'y no bi ank spaces in i-hP zvho) e ef
Sot�th l�merict�.
a. Cince extrapo��t��n. o�' �Po].ot�ic kno��rledfre can'�e clone �•r,+h some confic!ence,
Mi�=^n suf�� cientl�T broad meolo�*� c�i.z-� s' ene, �_t se�med bc�t+er to �:ive
� r��s�re� nrP�iction of +he sreolo�;ic n�.tter� th��; tb �e�e blan?�s in
thoce dimi.nis�?in� arP�S �r.���h h;�ve no+ ..�+, �,P�n ev�n �Po�raphic�ll,r
explored. .
b. 1n +hP unl;nown areas, �c �n fhe �r���, of Bon�;�?Pr�ble control, +hP
reolo^�;_c P��p c��.s a nro�ress rP�,or+ on +h� s+^te of ��nn•�,1ea�e and
i;ri�l��n� a.hout South American rneoloa�v �n 194£?.
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TT7l�VE?T'ci�-tr nf Vn.''IG�t�;�T=3�';'rnY1C'n�'jf�'''Sa.S
1. `T'hP, nrP.SE',Tl?% cl�rllr+171^P, nf' ,�'n17i-h AmP,T'��'3 �S TIlE1�T!1�,' �'}'1P, Y'ASil�t Qfl '�'1'tc A71f�F;Q21
PIOt*P,i1F'Yl�g z+rl-�ir1'l �P,?'^Tl �r ?7?�F�r_,S'A71nTll�?'1 -f;;•^E'� (;C7Y;�;�.`111F'C� ;n+�rm;t+.ently throtaah-
011'F {;�P, Tc�Y'�ia.�'t,r� rE'3.rYic�1 �. C��'n!r�X ��". tl�P rinSP Of �:11E? P�].00t?71P,� ?p� �P,T'G7S"�
84�ri a.'t 1"�2'2Serif.
'�� Thnllf�ll �'�'!P,SP, ?Il()�rr�mprf;' 7'P,T�rP.S921'� ny��.m'il-il�,r f�c� (',1f?S'jlcr i- �1-
BC ,0-07'OF*P.ri1C ''��"1'�S2
�Y? '��''n P,�TO�la'�';1021 nf' �';1'?P. ��2507.O�C lil'1!�F"�Tl ^'f',OS'TY1f;�lY2AS� '�"!'lr'Tr l"dE`'t"P', �'!Ot C1T'Ct]iT1-
SCT'��P.,Cj �;O t;�'1P, ?"7f-;:'�;E?7'11 f2C+C?P'P77P,S rllf; ,nrf+7'P, f'P1�. ,•.r'{-11 �-qrt,r'Tlf�' ij]{;P,I1S1�:tT t%}lT'017.f�'l1-
OU't '�l,E' ,.nr�'?nl E? Ct�ri�"'Y1.P,ri't', frnr� �-}�P �'-O�.,ji rA pF??1111riSU� ��'O �'`inn ��OY'Il 9ri(� f'�^OT?
UE±('; f'@ 1-0 `T''i� �_r� .
�• In �:hP ternSf:F7'�'] �E'�i- -F.l�,ntr r2Sl]�'+'P,(� iyl t-,l�p Sl]C��;S"ZT@ Utll�i'�; !'1f' +!1t? �i_f'�'P,T'E'Tl't
-nolmi:a�r r�n�es �aah; ch n�r�r f nrm the so-c�� I A� Andes.
4. 7'n the extra-�eos�mc•7�na1 �r�as +�ezr res�a)tec� in �x+�ns;vP stabe,nnt;�nAn+r�1
fr�ctllr;n� an� ;� t-h? �lif�'�reni;ial UT�17.f't an�! down-fav�t�n2^ of :�roi-.r3c�ed
r�miOriS.
�. �;�+,h ir +�.e 4n�e�r. nnc� extr�-4nd��n are�s '-re ]�cat�on of +-he mo�-ements w�s
c�n+roliec�, to � �ons�dera.ble C�P.P'rPE� 1�•, +�+e pre-?+,Tesozoic s+rlacture and his+.ory
o�' '-!�P ret�s.ons cnncerned.
6, Thp �'ro„t; spi �ce( ( 3A� 1 i s an �+.temp+, �� ;�� �t l.�,e ma�n �narn�o�truct�a�-al re�ions
or nrnz�;�c;es of �nt�+h Amer;ea ���r.��h e�n }_� cli��-;��v�.shed ac�eorcl;ne to �.re;_r
;n+-erna� c�ns'-�+.,1a�;�on �n�? �xtc�rn�� rel�e�'.
�. A��+oSt a71 the units can he sUb�3��r;r?�� �nto stab��rov�nces nr_ beth mornho-�
lo�3c�1 anr� s+,ru�t;,�ra1 �*ro�,n�s.
b. Th� F','9S'�P,!^71 �`c�r i; i i�r�s n�' p�rn �nd �01 ijr; �, r1 ot-+,�� �� 3 s; nc�i e uni t
car. l�e slab�i--ide,a ;rto �+ 1��;;+, f�„r subpro�rinces, �nd +,�� ��st�rn �
!'orc1;1 � c�r�;c of �o11�mb; a 9.�+,o n�t l�s� t.han se�en or ei�ht.
C. R'1�F'SP, S11����iTlS�OY'S� }'t03TE=�7P,Y'� i-�01tCt'�'? 0017�T@Y?�P,I��; £iTl� l75(?f'U� �71 �l'^? r7PfQ,11P.C�
5{;Z7C�V C):f' F73.Y'�"1C11�'�7' F].�"P.S-1.S 'pr717]rl �3s-E? n1l�q('1]rE?rl �h
%. Zri �I-�� � .}.� � _ P OTT�'T'�1 � l7l Cfll�"P,.
� C,'7C��aT13,,��1'1 nf' i-Hp T`�l�ii rill 3'�'�'F+I!1�'� l.S r`�l�P }�r'i.P"l..' +:n C���..`3,C�nr].Z�
P.A(�'1 rcrri.f�12 lI1 �;F',''T78 Of ii-,� mA;n e�rej-PmS O? l'O(',�5�
((nnm�ra7 s in r��aa.inc? er of '-r; , � r fl,.
s o:� Pr n. e �m +�xtll
l. �'=„A�.•�n� Sh� �l.d
'�'9rlV �7'F�('',1T^'�Y"'371� 7?��r?,ajA �Tr��r �,��,_i��ll���Fr_r� T,',�}.,�-�OY1l�P,rO� r�'1(a 1'1fP
�'��yl'r+isi7'r'l�ra-i�7'�17111 .�'^P,('R"n�r� �lI'1 a.� (1T1m nnr+�inrrl p?31"t� ZEi'f'P PrG'C'�'"1?'^ri ti11 �TT't'�11�7t3�
a.7onp� �Ot7fti+�7'ri t70•^C�P..r� CO�-f?7'?Y1�. 0{+ �nn1-;pnp+ql TTrjpP1^ "')-;'�.S�'1C�T'c�1's�.�?Rs3i �ri
C"f1�;1'?1 n�?'f;� l'071?;i21P,T?'�7i! llpi)8Y' �'E;rf',i arz* Fl� nY1P' COEiEf
C�• rf.?7'11.IY"-3.� '�i?"'17i 1 i.�'_1 ��7 f��.�
T;qrl�J' P7'�c'tiTrl�jr;.,r� ���'�1� P1^f',C^.Yr�?-�v�iap�T�fl1'�`-i.CB^.a-rt»aUa) ?��OYl� P,3S+;PT'Tl r�.27G�.
S^"+�'�"'n ��r�?erG� la+e Pr�c�mhr�an(TTatizma.) ��an�* north�rn �nrcler; co--�r�n� of
coni-;n�nt,�l T?pr.er �ret3cenus(P�recisi al�n�^ ,��st�rn �n� sol�+hern bor�'ers �
3. Coa.s+�l "r�zil�ar. Shi.eld �.
�'a.rl« ?�r�c�r,�-r; �r�; m� �? �l_ e(T�art�a�Pna) an� 7�+e(1�"i.n�s-?taco' omi)Prec���bri an
a?c���; ,.,�e.��-Prn 1-�r.,'o-�� p<.t;chzr covFr�n� �f continen+,al T'PP�r Triassic(Lower
Araripei, mar�n� Ttaron�an(�°os�ozaro), �n� ,,,�r=ne Faleocene(?,°�rie. Farnhai ;n the
nor+,h �nd coilt�n�p+�.� �;�cene( Itabnra.� )� n the �entre
�'—
-4-
4. �m�znn ���s�r. � �. ',°-. _
Tp,�-�y' cil1�?'1a71�`n1'O.T^?�F?-1-351; Iotiv�r fi.17� �'1!�a�c ?�8T'011i.slTl�Tr,ac(`l77'1]—T'1^ArP._
('�,r17a�� �Tl`i1"i71E' `n;-7,.7]e �c';1Y?SV1Z��-I'i'IA1'L�T'�£i�1ll���; ??1F17'i'']G' �'OC'P7lP..� n]1^'OCE?11G'�
T��C10E71F'�1'._2"�r�1S�� `3rJr� Pli.O�,�l�e��t3T"^�'1r�5� �-Il +h�=, F9�+"�'n (;xf1"0P1i'I-Vi
c�r+�nent.al Pli�r�ne(Per�sl mracli.n�* WP,S';�"7AT'� 'nt.o hr�c'rish-vTa+er faci.es.
5. P�rnr�ir�� �?.�s;n �� ';` ,
T �,°,.Ar e; �,�ri an(S �rra. �r�n�3e); I oc,��r +�n� r�� c��'� �; rP,VI� ni an(F�mentei ra-
?n'1o'A�� tt)s11'771F', `iY!<� (',OI1{:P,7'�f�1 !'�'Lla[�IP, �P,I1''"�S�r]�'o711.921��]�177.�� CO21f";11PYli-q1
TTp-�er P�nnsvlrar_i.an or Perm;an(Pe�?r� do Foao�; eontent�l T'p;�er Trias�ic .
(�?u�,i.n?�o-P��+�� �ons); Rhaei;;an ba.s�lts; cnn'h�nent,�l ?TPo.r,omi�n(rodo-Cor��a);
c�ntir�n+a1. SFn�r_�_s�n(I��.*�ecuru); m�r�ine 1o�.ti�er P";ocene(Pir�bas� and
p1;�cPne(Ti�rrPir�si �n nor+,hPrn �,a1f �
e. �ao T{'rancisco T'�.sin
I o�..,�r ���uri an(R�?�bui l; �ont� nen�-al TTecoms an(T'ru^iai.ai
%. �'��1�;iP ��5�.71.
(`rni''�"P?^i'91 �3"�hI'1�11? �I3iTr3S—P8�"�D117'Ol� Z,p'^7P,7' Gi1U7"_AYl �,.5'&��1'rP—T'I1ti��
corf,�nen+al '�'eo�o�!ian(m�71�A�or-rab'or_.loi
8. Ba��-SPr�ipe ?��.sin
T(lirr��^ ;;;�„r�.an??�iif1S!3 �?r7'i_S�; con��n�n+,al TTpnpl' �'I'lflSS]C�('7!'P1^O
Dan+.a.s-�T�+orai; cont�nr:rtal a.n.� mar�ne m;+��n; �n_*T�ocom; ar,(Rro.+,�s_
_
Jap�ata); _m.�r,nP Trp'Pr �retacen�as(�an+� ,4m�+ro-Tl�as); marine Paleocene
(S�o S�Y,ast; �o�, c�rtinental P].i.ocene
9. P�r�n� T�asiii.
�'nn��.n�nt�l �am�r�an?(f'+�ma�ta�nlin soi?t�^P��t.; Iou,r�r Si.l�arian(�aacupP) in
the z��st; Low�r nevoni an(Parana); continental TTpr,er Penns�rl��ani an �r Permi �.n
(Tubaraol •;,r;th mar�.nA inerc�lat'ons; cont�.nen+�l Permian(Passa Do;s�;
cen+.ine.n+�l T?pner Tr-i_as�ic(Santa T."�r� a-�otuca+,u�; 1�h�eti ���s�l.ts(SPrra
('7era11; Rh�e+.,i�n or loUrer Ii�ssic red-be�s(�'a.iva�� cnr.tinental ITpner
f'r�+,�c;e �i� s ( �i �ta rla )
10. Co�'umb�-�ui�b� Ra�in
f'�nt-�ren+al i's�mbr�an?(Ja�,ac�i�o); �r�'ov;c�an(f'-�rum`a�-Ti-:anucumi)
l I. C�; �,�i tos �;raben
I9.+.P prA�,�m�r;_�,n(m3�P,.�G); Lo•�,rFr Si7tar7_an(��rmen); Iower ne�Tonian
(Santia�oi; c�nt;nental Up�er rrPtaceoi�s(Por+on)
12. pen�.-Chaco-Pamnas P]�ins
Svhsi�rface: PrP-�ez�onian ian.�noivn l,ut prnb�'o1.r present; I rnver nevori �n;
con+3nent�l Permian; cont=n�n+a1 TTpnar '^r�as�ic; Rhae+;an basa'ts �n sot�+,hmast;
mr�r�ne a��l �ont;.*��nt.�l rTiocene and P1_io�ene; �o�TPred ?�,r cont�nen+�l '�iar�t?rn�r,y
13. I_lanos-Acre Plains '��
__� . � ; �
Subsiarface: Pre-Tr�assic unknown but probablv pres?nt; con+inent;al T7poer
Tri.as�ic; marine ^retaceovs anc� `�'P,1'f.�arv th�nni.n�; clown and hecomin�; conti.nPntal
tot�r�r� �'�i,aa��ana Sh�.eld
_ti_ rSA r?`. 65
14. r�r�bl-�e�n ��n�e ( (xt*11
Scarce Pre�am�r�an?(SPbczs+�nnll; 7nP�-amor*��osn�? mar�ne mi+h�n;�n_
''�oco-o,flnir�racasl; pat�.h,r co��r�na� �f m�r�nP SPn�r_ian (ps�r+lt•
me+amarphosPd), mar�ne Focene +� ' '
. �Z�a1e A°i���nP ar.� m�r;ne anc� non�-�.nen+�].
Plioc�ne
15. �tr�neai�e3��n �ndes
T�te prF��7^hri.an( I�1P;,� a.s-Re11 a,r; sta-�?ucuchq�h-i 1; TTnn.a,r C7na�ov� ci an(�aParo�;
��;�i�'�� �P�ron7�n(t^ombozr); cont-,�n�n�6�1 PPans�rinan;an(SabanF.tal; marine Perm�an
(Pa1m?rito); con.tin�ntal T?pn�r '"r� �ssic(? 3 �uira); *nar�nP nl�ocomi�n;
pPrip��r� c�l co�Ter� n� af' T!�arine Senon; �n an d�ocPne and aont,:nental Oli�*ocen�
to Plif3cene
16. Fa7con �re�
'""�rinP ',�,oc�n� to A'i�cenA; riarine and mrlti.ne�nt-a1 P]iocPne
17. �'"��•�c��bo Rai sn
1.��r;»P rocer.e; enn+;n�r..+,a1 (lli�o�e�ne +,o Pli_ocenP
I�. roai�ra Peninsula
Ia+,e PrPc�*��rian?; m�.r�n� PPr�;an; �on+;n�,^+�1 T•pr,�r '"r;�s5i.c, mPtamorphosed
?��r�n� '"it;honian-TTeocor?i�n?
1Q. "iorra. �?a fi�z.,+,a �.?arta
PalPoz��c n!!'�(in!nrr�h'('.S ?�T!(j ;y2a T"1a:7'?rE?�� L1�f(`�'?z* C'r���c+,.�pi,.. �r' r`.n71�'.i11F.�Tit;fil 1'DiJP.Y'
R'1'1 H,5"7 C
'�. �'���� <,rr� ^orc� i 1 � eras of �'o� ambi�
1 9'f'.G' PT'P['�T111-�r1_fiI1��1.i G_'�'1 TMIP+:r']'"?r'1^j��'li ('S—�11P�"�''".P� � T�l.'a'�1 P!�!3m�1"l fl21� (1T'f�OVi (`i �
� rllC',lnY'�� �T1(���P T?E�'�T:'1.£i11�F'1C�1"A��'3—r�A('ti11Y'�.—�!�`fill3l]r8�� C'OI1fi71F'1l�''3.�. PeY17'1`."y'�.Z'AT11817
(Pi*�ir�I); mar�ne PPrr.cvl�an;an(�ach�l�l; �ar�r_e PP�-mi.aar� c�n+inent,al T�pi,er
TT';�"�-i('�('Ti7'O?'1� i�F��"f:1TR� 31'�C� �O],C�iT1'"CS; *f1E3?"�I1P, "'7.t�;Ori?Il—''TPOC',OTI713?1��f�i1F''Zs�—
Tr���F�1".,� P'IFlZ"?1n �P.I10]11.�71�TT�.11e�'f�—r?11P_.�RIU�1(,'�� COY1�lY1_�.1'a�"9� T;'OCE?21P,�rU'i�l�sl:'� �I1 i']7E,'
�out�, mar;.ne(!"u�s�re) in �hP �or+?�,; ���tchv p�:riphc�ral. eozrerin� o�' continental
0?� �ocene t-o� P1 i oc�ne � � �
�1. T oi�sPr F`a�.ada1 nnn-res�r '�epres�ion
T;"�iT'7.?1P TT71'�r'-- '''ri`1..,�'i(: tinrl iTO.�(`�.Y1�C�� rn�r,;i�f' <Tld7'�"1C�j P& ?'�I1P. T?cocom~an; �mar�ne
fo l�;^�.rk; ,t,...,..,a+,�r r,��ei�� +c� -1.'_��c _-.
2,2. ^��'-ra1 CordillPras of �olorbi.�, and �;'�St,Pr11 ��,.����A,.�S of rct�a�or
Precamhr�3n(r��z�.morras-S�bu�!d.�V'} �z� sn,a+h�.r "olombi� and a7o��* e��t=,rn frnnt
�-e +�1A T�'Cll�r1�7.; a11 c�nr�; � � c2'�� T^P'�;'�ml)7'i��'!OSB� I.o�.�rer �.Yl� T'Al�tm2" t�ci�..P,07,n� C� M�"1'f;� O�U13�
;n+.rl��?�d �'r �DOf�C',{'nT11C' *f1s3SSC,-+c� t?�'�t^�I1P, TTp'�P,1' 'r'riti�"''C R?'+� �rO1C�T1lCS�PA\Ts1P_�P�j
Tft","'11� �`TPf�COm�A2'�. nn� 41?��.�171 �7l'+'T'U�P,� bV �'Pnon;£�21 f�'!nri.+ag nrira zrra.7ll+'Pg� p�tClltr
�c+��er•�Rnc* o�' ��n��nen+�l ';ocPr.P(?Tm; r� �.n� cont,nPnt-�z? F1 �o�er_P an�' vo1 can; �s
(''�'�'�; �.) 3 '�l��+Prn�r,y t� rec�n+ �.rolcar�_r,s.
`!�?� '"jo,Ci;n._71 n0"f�l � � F+ra,^� nf' f nj T„ �. L`
o '�' � �nc� c�za� ori �a:�-i)1
ITr!t��rt'pC'-FlV vno�rm. Sc�r�� �
me.amorn�ics(Pa�ebmo;�?) in �orth; m�ri_ne ?'-i.t'�on��n-
_ �---_
�`TP,nCO?[l� 31'l� Rlti� �rie UA?7P,Y' S�rit�y!i s1Yt lri 1'1'�c? gnt]'�'.}'1� (`1-F f3C�0US 1111'1^?1���JP.,S 951�
?'Li�C�'"ti1'P.S.
-F-
24. Choco-�;s�neralc3 �s-Sectiiura pelt( "R�i i�rar �eosvncl-ine"1
PPr_r s�-ltran� �n( 9inotane) a.n� mar� ne T?Pocorn� an. �n� Senoni �n � n the So�zth;
m�r?;ne �;oc�nP t-o mi��le i+"iocPne; co�+��Pnt.al_ tzpner P!'locene unc� Fliocf�ri�
25. "�e�i-ern �'ord��leras of Peru
Paleozoic an� mari�e TT-��^r '^r� �ssi.c �n +�p n�rth; ?Tnn�r �Ti�ra�n,ic �rol�.�ni ce;
m�ri?1P `�'1�;�'lOYllsill-?�T0000MT.t321; SC`�.7'CP p�'f'.('1'�F±g Of' Cc��'1��71r'17a"�� ,�,f?71�71?3T1, l7p'?P.'r'
`?'pr�-i �rtr arid 7Lt�t-F+rri�i7'V ZTOZC�7?? c`S
26. rFn+Y•a' �r_d ras+ern rorrl;7lera� of n<".tz�R�1;�r;at an� nor+herr Ar�en+;;na
1�.�-e Pr�ra-rhrian �n ,4r�?•.,+;�n� and snia+r�rn Perli; T�';r�a]P���?^amhr��n Zn
+he s n,�th; Or� o�r7 �; an; ��ic3 r' J e S i.7 izri an; I o�rer nn� P"; �' 1 P?`Psron� an; con+-
1Y1P21�'!�� �"iS��Sc�pni;�n� m•�ri71P Tri.f��lp PP21'']SV r�nr r + i rl
: l�T�r.ian; m� lo�•.�r o m cl 1e
"er*nian; enntineni-al upz�er Permian; m3ri.nP and c��nt�nPn+a1 TTpnPr ^riassic;
m^r�n� lo�ver I ias�� C' 9.riC� IOi"��I' no��;er, c��n+.in�nta] ?R1[?�] P, �"��Tri firi� � OW�7'
TTF,O('nTf1�3T1� ME�7'��'IE: "til"'Pilti_2Yl i'O i:021��C1�71 9I1� n1"riT?.E U?�'"�P2' eP.Tln71�f111 iT� +;lZq
nor+,h; c�nt�nenta.l Senoni�n �n. the sot,th; cont�n�n+al P31eo�ene +,o plir�or.ene
�n 1-re nnr+r; ���-;t�nen+al Tniocene
?7. Or;�n+� o�' Feru
�rcloz-i�i.an; m�.rin� �+�i�d1 e Penr.s,rlvani �n; m�rine lo����r t:o m� r� '� e r'erm� an;
n1�Y'�I1P, 1o��.�er 1135"?C� C011t1Y1211i'?1 .�"P,Ct131'1��72-T��U?'9Cla_11� C(�Yl+�.l"��11�:31 "'eocom�ElYlj
m�r�ne 4p+,ian +o S�non�.an; continenta7 P�leocpne; cor+�nen';al ��oce�ne to P��ocen.e.
?,F?. ?'una ?nd rlltiplano of �'hi1e, �.r�entin�, ri�7;zr;a, �n�? Peru
�on+;nnnfi�l rocer.e-Olio�ocene�rOY'OCOrn_}�Uy'� j�C'� 7 S> i T,T� OCf?21P, f;0 I'P,CE'�'1'�;
Z*Ol r�rii. Cg
29. Suh-Anr�ean Dara�es of �o1i�T�.a and northPrn .4���ent�na
(?r�?oT-lc;an in so�.��h an� n^rt�� �x+,re*nP+;.�s, T�;r���P G,'1ur��n, Ioirv�r T?avoni�n;
('^-1'if�1181'�+`d� PPrmiA71.; ^Ol'1f ittn_�1�� TTT)tlF�l" `^ri���iC`� rnr��,! ,E,r��-.�] �TIC)('�?'1n o��rl
P1 i nc�r1P .
��• P?^lt1C.`17)T'=1 !",or�l-i.7 ] era, a�' r'}�i � n aprl ^rp`n+�-f-i17`-i
SCt37'rP �Y'PCa7!1�Y'i *�71� Orc?ov;.c; �n, IO�.';��',]+ T12ZT0771 s371� 1'"i cc,i Sci P'�l �21� a11� F�P,"�Y?SVI-
4'd2?"-311j ?!1".7'l"1C, ?Tp�Pr 'T`7'13SS1C 'aT]C� tTO�C3711C'S� m�T'�11.P. �Tl7T"-lSS�_C '�11� 401.C'�ill'CS�
7?1�7""lE', T;+1�nI"l.lA]'1-TTE�OCOTfII�ri 3I7C� VOZC3Y?iC'S� 1�.'r*P SP.YIOT'l�?11 '(;a"E:�1t��'1-�g iri�7'l��P,
l�F'G0207.0 SPqttence; SC£3Y'(`e Cnri-�ylnn1-al �a��icy. �Pn0Y1_��'1 a.n�. ?��iocen�-I'l�oc�ne;
i?ocege +o ''Ioi�t�,occ�ne ,Tni _:,_�Y,��,� .
"1. FrPcor�; � l Pr'3 r,P' Ar�eni;ina((xvi.-�?Ti.i)1
� Sc-�r�e Pre�aml-�r�an; l'�;r�-ile �`amhr�an; ('rdo,-�:.cian; r�iddle �i.7lvr�an• Iotiver �nd
. ,
r�1C�f�1G �P,VOII��I1� TR%?7'1"i0 �Y�C� C011�:?Y?P,17'f'�� 1'?1.S."iSGj.P'�l'3.I1 3I1(� P871'."'SVZ�'�r,�HA� COTl'tl-
n�ntal p�,�n;�n; cen+in�ntal T?p-�er Tria:;� .Le, an� �olc��n�.es; cont�neri- a] T1pnPr
l'�i o�Ane and F1iocFne
32. Pamn�an ''ea�es ( ixvi. � 1 �
T�'-e �Y'2C'F3?�'!l�ri3p� 17'�'�'r•.j��+ Cn'-GT'�PTlE" O? CO"11-�71(;T1'f;c,{1 1t!'15"1S�lp'71r�.ri� }�P,I'�7?S"ZZra"�;_'�p�
P�rmi�n, 3nd Trp�,er mri assic on wAs�-ern part; c�nt;�ner1-1-a1 TTpner T"� �c�ne and P13��ene
iTl �I'11-r]"7f1(�UT7f3�11 Vr��_�@�rS� ZO(',^'t:�<�21 nf' 7'yl?'�P'P,R 'LS S}1n1�'21 �1V full ZlI1P,S� 171?:P1'V2T1.�T1�'
are�s c�ashed
_�_.
33. So�� .+,h�rn 1�; � � s ��' �'iaPr�� A� rPs
G; A T'.," . � �
Scare� l��e PrrcamY�r�an; IotNer S�11zr�an?(rizr�m�ial); I:owPr rev�n,.3r_(�'entaa�a);
T^a.r�ne �n�? cor.t.�r_�ntal PP�nian(F�_11�hu�n�o); p�+�hj* coz*Pr�n�- of cor_t�rent�l
?apnF�- T4ioc�nr; contin�n+�i Pl;oc�nP ;r_ +�� ��1]eys
�� . T'or+,?�ern hil � s �f Fuenos Air�:s
1:�?;P P!"P,Ct1.*'!�ri �ri� mar�ne PPnrs�rl?�3T17 F�11� C(>?^;'�I1C'Yl� �1 'r�'? OCP21P, �21 a;�"1P z;A�� e'�r5
;iF. S�lz+'h�.rn 1��ndoz� pe�,inn
(',f)ni;irlpp'};cll. SP,11nYl1an.� �71�Y�71(' ��31eC1C,"11P.� Cr"'1ti17E',711;�1 �;OCE11P,� COYI'i.'Yl�Ilt:�] U}�TJ�T'
r°'O('P,I'lP, EiT1� $li(�C'?Y1.P.� I�(�hrP.7' `"P.7'{"19T'V f(? 7"P,C'PTlf; VO1C`3Y:1rS
:�6. P�taTon� an �orclii' Fr:3
.P�'P.C£iT'l1�Y'�t�ri� SCE,t7'Cerinrt:h Of 4:i� S. I,sLt.3 T014�F'Y' �td.rirl jTpper?�P£i�f;0^n1.C; n1�7'�T1P,
Ti�F`'1C',� ,T1�]"�RS'IC volcani�s, r'!fl]"iT1P, "'l't}1CI1��''1-r?�0007!!1�Y1 ?iI1C� ma.rine SC:21711'!3I1 1.T1
southFrn half; roc�ne �*�l.��n�ns i.n +he north; mar�re Focer� �nc� lozrer (?1i.aocene;
]�r�e �_ann�r SPnon�an �ranoc3,'�r�i-P b�+hol�ths �ntru�'d +he T;thoni3n-TTeocom-ian
;�7. Coast �'ordi?1Pr� of t'hile
PrP�amti�rian; Pal.eozoic me+.arm�rnh;�s?; marine Juras�•ic anc? mh;+�li�ni�n-
"Teocomi.�n north of �oncepc�on, ini-rtac�ed bZT la�e Senon�an p�rQr_odiorites; pat�hv
co�•�r'nc� of marinP up-�er Senoni�n an� 1ovrPr Oli�ocen� aion� �vrs.+,Frn bor�'�r
:�S . rT�ri-h�rn P�+a�*on� an I+�s�� �� f
L•�te? PrP,CE�711�ri�n� �onti_nFnt�l T�D?7G1" Trias: ic and Trolcanirs in north;�i�st;
up�-,er .TurasGic valcanic�s; cort�nental upner renom�nian to !'oni�.c,ian; cont:�.ntn+,al
!1p?1P.�" Senon�_�n; m�r�*�e nanian-P�leoc�ne alona� e�s+�rn border; con+;_nPni-�1 mid.�le
1t�iocPr,e � n the ivest
34. Soiitrrrn Pat�oni.an (reseado�i ?v�assif
Scarc� Prec�ar?t�ri.�n; �on+;nc�n+,31 T?p�er Triass�c anc� volc�zn�cs; upne�r Juras�ic
volcanics: c�nt,:n•n+-�1 lapner SPn�nian; contin�nt�1 rocene
4�. ni.p T,';.�crrp '�i�S1ri��XV1i��
C,ont�r,e�tal upner Senon��.n �n thP ?�rPst; mar�n� nanian-PqlPocene; cont:inPnt�l
�',OC",71P, t:n 10?h,rFr (lll_FO('P,17P, �?1 +hP. ZnrP_,S't� fiA1'�nP, L�Ut�PI rR1QC'P,11F' 'Yl '�rP. P,c�St; mar�n�
P1iocPne in thP e�st and cnnt;�npp+,al ir. j•he cen+re.
41. C.hvbut RaS�n ((xviiili
r�:ari21P, T"ig�',iSF�.17T1�?�21� �'�I1T1S,r1�?i�11if1Il� 37!!� ��Y'TT�"aTl '71 {:�'?A .'Vrmg�,j illfil"71P I�ASr?(�
3?�(? 104JF+T' POP'P'CI'; C•'l�i'�rlw?1+;�] Up•�Y' �Op'�"t'1^; CO�'f i_YfPIlf81 r:P,riO7f?E17]�?Tl t0 i'O?1�.�-
c� an; c�ont�rent-al upner Senor.i an ����+h *�arzr.P ; n+Prc�l �t; on(P.FaPs+ri cht� s�.nl;mflr�ne
D�n' s�n-Palroc=ne�; con+,-inental �ocer..� to lowr,r �1 ��o��ne; -�arinP mid�l.� Oli�o-
ePne; c�n+�n�r_t�l izpper O1�a�ocPnP ir+hP ��rt�!east; ront.ir.Pn+al m:i�r'le� r,�io��r_e
�n thP --,PSt; *narin� tap'�er r�;n�nnP and Plio�ene inth� ras+,
42. S�nt� rrizz T�asin
?."�rine "�?Pocom� an +o Alt;� an; marin� sznd cont;_��ntal upner ��nor.ian; r.:arine
TM����'�e (115o�ocene; cor.t�.nAnte.l un>>er Olir�ocene; cont�.nPnt�l mid�'le hTiocene in
"EY1P WP�t
_R_
43. F��klanc� ?slands �
SC;�7'CP, Pre�a�br��n(rane ��"er��l�+h), Io�v�r T�ev�n��n; cont��en+.�l P�rmian
(I afori.an) .
, � _ � • - .
... . ,
US GS P . 31
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 31
PRELIMINARY REPORT
ON THE
GEOLOGY OF THE ARBtTCY,:I,E �1ND WICHITA �IOUNTAINS IN INDIl�td
TERRITORY AND OKLAHOMA
b�r �Toseph A. Tta..f'f
wi.th
AN APPEfiDIX ON REPORTID ORE DEPOSITS OF THE �ICHITA MOUNTAI'1S
b,y H. Foster Bain
ITnited States �eolo�ical SurveV
ChA_rles n. �"l�.lcott, Director
1904
((Rib. ref .: Pur. oi th.e �7. S., �+��V 1953: *31. Prelimi.n�ry report
on the t�eolv�v o_f' the Arbuc?-]e and '°Tichita mountains, in Indian.
Territorlr q.n�. Oklahom�,, by J. .A.. Taff, with an appendix on
renor-t:ecl ored�enosits of the TM�Iichi.ta l��ountains, bv H. F. Bai�.
1904. 97 np., 8 pls.))
'f
i
�._,.a...,+�_---.�. _ ._ ___...---- --"---_ .. __ .. , ._ . . �... .. _.:�.�__- - - -._—�-- - --'—.'_�.._.._.___.�.._.�---'--. _._'.---- ---- --_.___. __')
- - - - _ __. ..--�-- -' �-----__.—___. .,,__ _.._ _..--'-'. .�:
-1-
US GS P . 31
PRELID��I��RY REPORT OPd THE GEOLOGY OF THE ARBUCKLE AND 'NICHITA
AdOUNTAINS IN INDIAN TERRITORY AIrD OKL.9HO�A
bY Joseph A. Taff
TTnited States Geolo�ical Surrev
Charles P. ?��leott, nirector
PROI�'FSSIONAL PA.PE�i 31
lgn4
((abstra�t notes �znd }�rof. paper 1/- Prof. paner f'ootnotes
oap�e references))
�.......� - brackets
............................................................................
((Pa�es 1-10: Title pa�e, contents, �nd lisfi of illus+r�tions)1
GLULOGY GF THE �RBUCKLE PfiOUTvTAIi�S ((17 _,�� �
I. INTRODUCTURY RLi7`APxS((11-131�
1. The Arbuc'�le A�oizntains consi.st of a. modera�elv elev�te� +�ble-land c�r
pl�teau in the east-cen+ral part of the.Chickasaw rTatior, I'ndi.an Territr�rv.
a. The piateau ranp�es in eleva+l.on from 1,30� feet abo�e sea, in its
contra�ted we�+ern part� to %5C1 f'P,P,f� at the east encl, t��her? it
coalesces with the b�rderin� olain.
?_. Geoloaical]v the 9rbuckle Moi�ntain re�ion consists of a�reat thiekness
of rocks, composed chieflv of lime�tones, which ranve in a�e from middle
(;ambrian to Tlevonian, an� t��hic•h are succeec�ed on the bor�ers b�r an almost
e�ixal thickness of ('arbonifernias conr�lomerates, shsle�, and sandst-ones.
3. In the cer_fral pArt of the di�+.ri �+, unc�nf'ormai�l.v beneath thP �a•nbrian
strata, there is a mass of �*ranite, �r3ni+P_poroh�rr�r, c�iahase, and
associa.ted cr�rstall�ne ro�ks.
4. The u�liftinp^ and foldinm of the remin+� occurred brevirnas +o the d.dpc�sition
of +,he Permian "RP� Rec�s, v�rhi�h tvere deposited. across �+ on the �ves+.
5. ?'he rPar�na� of +.he Arbu�kle unlirt is apnroximAtely 1�T. 70° ?"l.
6. Sixtv miles to the northwest �re thP i.�iichita 1!FotantQins, in southea�tern
�klahomq, urhich �.re nh?Tsi.or�ranhicallv in. m�rked contrast to the Arbuekle
Plateau, beine composPd of' � ra.ne^e of rur��ed mountair_s �n�? stra��lin� neaks
an�. h�l]s, set jn a practicall�r lerel nlain.
a. The '�iichit� t�plifi't bears in approxima+ely the same cl�re�tion as the
Arbiac�-les, �T, 7po V�T.
b. It cons-i sts of a central mass of ir�neous ro�ks Urhich is �artia.11,y
stat-t-c�vnde�, unconformably, rv a thick section of �ambr�an and �rdo�ri�ian
s�n�stone an� limestone.
c. The Str�tj.�rrElp�I is in all essential respects a renetition o�' that of
tre Arbuekle u�lift, as far �s colalcl be determined �'rom the rock exr�ost�res.
d.'�'he �u+li.ne me.p (fi�. 1, n. 12 ((abst n. lAi 1) shov,rs the geo�ranhic
relations of the Arbuckle and '°'ichita. mountains.
8. �ecatise of' the c1o5e strati�r�.phic, litholo�ic, and s+ructural rela+iors
of the two recions discitssions o�' their �eolorr,y mav with propriet,y be
brou�*ht to�ether in a sin�►le renort.((11))
7. The name Arruckle I�otmtai.ns, a,s ased in th�s rep�rt, includes t.he elevated
conn+r�� -invol.vec� in the Arbuckle Z!�otantq�n uplift.((12)1
�. The name as it is izsed lo�rallzr is a�n�ied to the hie�her western nart of the
unlift, �hiefl,T avest. o?' is�a�x'fi�shi.ta n;.�er.
9. F�al7 exoosures of a.11 the o1dAr Paleozoic strate, v�rhich �re found in the
m�re elevatec? western part ocnTar also in +he eastern nart s�zrrol�ndin� a core
of ie,neovs ro�k.
10. Pe�ori an ?�?lfi �gr110T11f'P,rOt1S roc�ks are involved 1.n t,he vnli �'t, but li e ch� efl,y
5.n a lo�°rer nlain bord_erin� the moi�nt�inoi�s c3is+ric+.,.
11. Qcross the north�estern part of' the Arhvckle A�o»n+,�ins arP l�zte Carbonife_roias
an�1 PPrmir�n st.r�t�., �.vhi�.h are sec�ar�+.ed from the o�der rc�eks b�r a�re�t
unconf ormi.tv.
1.2. Cre+nCP.Ot�S strata also lap across the southeastern ancl southwes+e?-n sides of
the unlift
_ 2_
13. A b'ri-�f discussion of +he �arbonif�r�t�s an�l �retace�,�s �eolo�jr i s also
incltar]ed in this report.
14. The t�eolo!*y �f the Atok� ancl Tishomina�o quadranmles h�s been s+ild-i ed in
detail, �,n� thP result� have been pu?�lishecl in f'olios 79 and 98 of
the GP.O� 02'1C At] AS of t�e tTn i ted States .((121)
a. These c�uAdran�lPs exten.r? from lon�:i.tude 96° i'o 97� and from lat�tudee
34° �0 34° 30', anc� include the eas+>ern and central parts of the
Arl�uckle re�ion.((12-131)
15. The remainin� portions of the remion, �rclude:i�-in the southern h�lf of
the Stonewall anci the northern three�-folarths oi the 4rdmore qua�3ran�*les,
h��re been sur�e�red in special reconnaissances.((13))
16. In this wo.rk the format-ion boun�aries were f''94E32'SP,(j C.11fj m�pped, end
the rocks have heen 9tudied in the li�*ht of the classification already
establisher? in the surzrev of the ac�,jo�.nin� Tishomin�o and Atoka
qiaad.ranples.
]7. nr. G. H. �i.rtv and. R�r. F. 0. TTlri.ch collected and studi.ed fossils
in coox�erati.on ��*ith the s+,r�.tiFranhie �vork. ?"di.t�oi�t their _assistance
accurate mapp�n� could. no+ h�ne bePn ��complished in mizcr nf the area.
18. La�^ae collections of fossils tvere mac�e from all the limestone formA.ti.ons
above +he Camrrian.
19. Less abundan.+, f�t�n.as occiar in the ba�al Caml�r�an san�stone, in the
Svl�an shale of the �i.lurian, in the ne�on�.an chert, an� in the
Carboniierolas rocks, vet the fossils are amnle for rock �lassif���t�on.
20. mhe �las�i.ficoti_on of the nre-�arbon.if erovs Paleo�.ic rocks snd faun�s
�a�s mt��'e bv AAr. Plrich.
2,1. Pr. �. R. Richar�?son ancl �r. �eor�e I. .A�?ams a_s�i.sted in. +he survev of
that part o� the 4rhuc�rle uplift �rhi�h ;s in.cluc�ec� in the Atn1_ra
qu�dran�le.
22. A l�.r�e nart �f th� survev of the Ti.shominr�o quaclran�le is the work of
�Rr. Svdnev H. Aall. .
II. PHYSIOGRAF'HY br TFi� ARBUCKL� 1�OUIvTTAINS ((13-17i )
A. G�PT]��RAL TUPOGRAPHIC FEATURES ( (13-14-) )
1. ?�hen considered in a br�ad sense the Arhu�kle MoTar.+ain di.strict is
coextens�.Tre with. the area in rovvhich rocks o7.cier than the net*onian are
f �und .
a. So considered it forms a rudel,y t.rian�tzl�.r area approxima.telv
30 miles izpon each si.cle, w�i�ih �n a.rm extendina� t�restward from the
so��thwest corner.
b. It is lonaesi- ffom nnrthwest to so�athw�st, which is the aenera.l
d�rection of the uplift
c. The botmdaries of the .re�ion mark only in part the limits of' the
�an ]. if't.
2. Sinc� the remion was uplifted late rarboniferoias and Cretaceo�ls roelrs
have been denosited across it a.ri� nrn�r c�nceal the olc�er roc�s bv
tanconformahle overlan totivard the northt�es+_ and southeast.
a. The C;retaceolas s+r�ta itnon the southeaet dip te�Tard thP southeast,
b. 9nd the ��rboni.ferolas on the opn�si�e sic!e d�t� t��r.�r�rc' the nor�hwest.
c. As eros�.on ?�ro�*re�ses these o�erl�pp�ne �enosits u�hi.�h once
coRered the re�ion rece�?e, �*��ina_ r� continuA]lv hroader section
across the uAlift.
3. Pre�riotas to the denosit�on o�' thP !'rg{;q�.80VS the older rocks in the
re�ion oi the upli_ft were warn dovm riP,�rlv to a f7.at plain.
a. Si�ce tre Cretaceotas strata ha�e been remo�-ed this pl�in has been
nreserved as a lo?�r Al�te�u in the harder rocUs o�' the cen�ral. n�rt
of the uplift, while the softer stra+a unon +he sic�es h9?re been
eror�ed to lower levels.((1S))
4. Thus the ePntral ��art of the unlift whinh �_s here +ermed the Arbuc�-le
1!?ountain district remains �.s a lol�v sovtheastwardlv incline�? plar_e, ar�th
dist�nct escarpments f acin�* northeast ancl southwest.((13-14))
S. The western nart of th.e .Arbuc�rle ��ov.nt��ns reaches an elevation of about
1,:�F� feet �.nd � s 40� feet 9,�04P, the nl a?ns on each side ((14)1
a. The �ra�e o�' the Arbuckle Plateau toward the s�uth.east is ere�ter
than that of the b�r�?erin� nlain.
- 3- US GS P. 31
b. As �, result the two plains intersP�+., alona the Gretace�us contact
on the southeas+ side
6. �n the northt�restern side +.�,e thicU c�eposits of Carbonifernus
con�*lomerate�:�.nd "Re� Reds" sed-i_mPnts continue awav to +re northwest, '
mak�.n�* the brnacl ple�in \�Thi�h passes +,Q anr� arounr� the 1^Tichi?-a R�o�zntains.
a..The descent from the Arbucir�.P �.t011T1_f;�31115 �restt�ard to this plain is
incosi�er��le
7. Tovrard the southeast the Cretaceo�as pla�n extenc�s with sli�ht chr�n�:e
ofl �rade from the Ari�iackle di.stri.c+, tov�r�rd the !'ulf ec�ast.
?. ThP �inor toAor�ra�hic �e���issof the Arbuckle ?�ount?ins are due chiefly
to t�e t�ar?=inrr resis+ance of +,he f�rm�tions, ,�rhi.ch hQs resulte�l in diff-
erential erosion sin�e the removal of' tt±e �'retaceot�s rocks.
9. Ror�3eri.n� the mountains upon the southwest si�le are five forr_iations
exten�inr� f-om the Ordovic�an to the l�asal. formation of the Carb�nif'erat�s,
which are composeci of hard limestones enc� soft. shales s+ePpl.v unturned
ar_c? dippin�; toward +,he southwest.
a. The Svcamnre, Runton, an�l �Ti�l�z l�mes+�nes, the f�rs+, +hird, and iifth
for�at�ons, respe�+ivelv, from abo�re, are hard rocks makin� level-toppe�
narrow ri�laes with +heir crests nearly in the level of' the Art�izckle
��ount��n nlain.
b. iietween these limes.+,one ri.d�*es� the s�fter 1.'Voodford chert of the
De�roni�n an�l th.e Svlvan shal.es of the Sill�rian outcron in wonded 4£311PV8.
l�. On the r_ortheastern sic�e of the �listric+.. �re similar ri.dp�es ma�e b,y the
same forrnations, except�n� the S��camore limestone
17. Retween �hese belts of alternatin� rid�es and valle,ys and tcr�+rard the
axial pe.rt of the unli.it the broad plateau proper of the Arbuckle ItRountains
is chieflv �n the trun.c�tec� ec��es �f the Ce�mbr�-Ordovician limestone and
the reduced nre-Camhri.an �r�nite and. porph,yry.
12. In t?�e more ele��ated nar+ of t-he unlift the small streams, because- of their
steep �;ra�es, ha�*e etchecl the border of the plateau into a frill of dPep,
short �n3�e�e�.
a. This borc��-=r er�sion is esneciallv m�.rlred neAr the anr�e o£ �ashit�. Ri.ver
�vhere it crosses tre Arbuckle �oiantains.
b. V'dashita �i�Ter w�s, with�ut �ouht� 1.???l�nSPf� upor_ -(-he ro�ks �f' t•he Arbuckle
TRo1�n+.,ains asxa�c�a��x��xicia�xm�az�Rxam�na�x�a�a��x�cxn��xisi¢a€v�s�$a$�x(ino
omission)) from a former nosition in s+.rata vuh�c.h are nrnv rem��red.
B. HISTORY OF THE PHYSI�GRAPI�IC FEATURES((14-171)
1. In +he Arhu�1T1P rdotant�a.�ns +h� rocks from t-.he micidle r�m�ri�n, the loznre�t
?rnnt�m in the, reaion, lap t� micl�3le �'s.rb�n3.ferous, wh3_ch F!�'iP, f�rmed nrevious
to and a,rP invol�ed in the unli�'f, are well exnosed.((14�)
2. The �*eneral phvsiot�ra�hic histnry is learned from the extensi�e Coal r�easures
cor.�lomPrate in the north�n+est an� s�uthwest sic�es of th.P re�i.on, the later
"Ped. Re�s" conalomerate across the wrst er_d, and +he �'re+�_cP�us sedame.nts
arr�s� the southeastern si�e ��' +re t�blift. ((14-1�) i
�. �n.l�� a rrief �iscussion of this his+or�T can be �i.�-en in 1-his paper. ((15�1
4. From (`�m�r�_an ti•ne lzp to mi�dle �art�on3ferotzs the str�tip�r�hic sucePssian is
rePularlv conformable, ahow5nr� that the ro�k beds ram�.i.ned practicallv ?lat
dtar�n� sizc�cessi4� neriods.
a. There were probarly o�ci.11a.tia�� ��;hich brou�ht the sediments to the starflace
of the Pra+er at times, and �^a�*e occas�Qnr�for sli�ht erosion, which will
he c�escribed in the discussi.on of the str�ti�raphv
5. Ab�vt the �niddle of +;hP �arboniferous periocl, ne�r the be�innina� of 7�Ri.ssiss-
iz��ian ti^�e, the rc�eks of +.he Arbucicle I�:�o��ntain re�i.on were unliited and
f.olded, a:nd moiz�t�.inolzs cordi.tions resialted.
6. nlari.np; and followin� the uplif+., and Y�efore the enca of f'�rboniferous time the
moiintsins, so far as �an be obsPr?red, were �rorn c�ovm to moderate relief.
a. nv.r�.n�' th�s time trick deposits of li�estore �or_r*lomerates, derived from
the Sillarian, ('rdo�rician, an� ('ambrian rocks to`�rtarc? thP hPart of the
uplift, were lai�l clov�rr_ -in the bor�erin�* f'erbonifProtas seas
b. As erveior_ x�ro�*ressed, di�rin!* la+,e Carbonifer�us ti.me foldina and fsu.ltin�
oceurrec�, as is shov�.m bv t-he infol�ina and fataltinc� of some of the e�rlier
Carboniferoi�s conr�lomern+es wi.th ol.c�er Pal.eozoi� str�+�.
c. �?emnan+s of this Carhoniferotas con�;lomer�+e o�ci�r in the present nrbuckle
Platea in a numrer oi places and conce�l the v�rh�lP n�rthwesterr� eYtension
of the uplift.
� �,
-4-
7. The nearly flat limestone aon�lomerate, �rits, and_ clays of the ba�al
nortion of the "Red Beds" rest unconfor�ablv upott the Coal MPasures
c�n�lomera+e an� acr�ss the ex_treme western en� ofl the Arbuc�le
1!'�ol�ntains. �
£i. RPtweer_ �-re PPrmian an�' tre rr�taceo�as there is no rec�rd of sed-
imen+�tion, anr� it is presumed tht�t lan�i c;onditions nrevailed.
g_1; DEVELOPMENT OF' TH�; ARBUCKLE PLATEAU((15-161�
1. The hasal fo*-mafion of the lower (`retaceous li.es acroGs the soia+.heas+-
ern sir�e of the A.rruckle uplift, on A. neRrly smooth floor, comnosed of
�*r�nite and in+erstratifi.ed �vi+h +hi �k an� hard limest.one an�? thi.r�ner
limes+c�ne, saridst�ne, an� sha1P forma+.ions.
a. This forma�:�or_, �v�ich is sliahtiv i_n�lined towe.rd the so�atheast,
is composeci of the �each and near-Ghore denosi.+s o�' the Cretaceoias
sea, which trans�resse�l north�var� a.nd m�s+ likelv l�evond the re�ion
of the Art»ackle ARountair�s.
b. The nature of trese d.eposits of +,he Cre+aceo,as an� of the fla+ floor
ux+on v��h�ch they rest si�r��ests stronr�lY that the lanc� ianon v�rh�ch the
Cre+�ceo�?s sea advanced had been re�u�ed to a l�w peneplain.
c. i�(h�teverethe conciit;on of the nrP-�retaceous la.r�d, it apne�rs that
the Cretaceot�s de�radation reduced all +he rorks from the sof+ shales
of the f;arl�onifer�lis to the massi.ve har� li.mestones of +'he Camrro-
Or� ovician and the �ras�ite to a nearltr f1 �+ pla�a.
d. The basal Cretaceovs formation �rras rapidlv eroded to�r�arc� the south,
in the �l�rec+ion of the drainaae and of the din of the strata.((151)
2. After these sands were remosTecl from the roc,k f'loor of �rar��in� hardness
on vRhich they haci been denosited, differen+i�l erosior. pro�lt�ced +,he,
toz�o�*ranhic forms of +he Arbuckle ?�oun+�;ns and the rordPrin?� Aarallel
hi l ls an� �ralle�Ts and etchec� nlateau. ( ilfi-16) i
�g, mhe �le.in of the ArbUcirle Ii.Rountains when pro;jecte� southward oasses
�er_e�th the Cretaceoias seda.ments, ann.roximatelv in the Cretaceovs floor.((16)1.
4. A.s the soft �"re��.aeous rocks above the Arbuckle Uplif't were remo�red the
streams v�rhich flotirpd in them with�»t obs+ruetion toward the south �escen-
ded and vvere imnosed upon th.e harci roc�s of +,he Cretaceous floor.
a. Thus 1�Ri11 �nd pennin�ton cree�s and. R1iae anrl ?"Tashita Piners were
i.mnosed ta�on thP Arbt�ck�le ?�otar_tains.
b. A.s �."ill and Pennint�ton creeks and RlltP T'i�*er �re near the eastern
end ��' the t�nlift frori U�rich fhe CretacPrn�s ��v�s last remo�red, and
do not flow be«on�? +he liriits o? t�e Arhuc?-1e Pl�te�u, they h�ve
wic�d, shallow vallev�, Pxt.�ncl-irr� s�U+h����r� 9.n Paleozoi.c an� Creta-
ceot�s strata �rith verv sli�ht �ncrease i.n �rade.
c. ��Tashi+s� RZQe.r, hou�ever, flo�rs i.n a lower nla.�r for lon�* distances
- in +,hP soft r�c�ks beforP reach3nc* and a."ter i+,s nas���-e throumh
tre Arbuckle A?ountains.
�l. These soft ro�ks were �vorn down mare ra.nicllY th�n the har� limestones,
a.nd the r�ver wr�s r��iiirecl t� k'P,PT/ �ace in cuttine� its cleen an�l narrow
r�orae acr�ss the Arbuckle �?our�t��ns.
B_2; PEPIEPLL�IN OF PROBABLE TERTIARY AGE( ( �.6-17)1
1. Tow»r� the northeast �nd sonthwes+ there is a descen+. af 1�� to 40�
fe�t from the nla.teau in the Arbu�kle �ryountains to the �ener�l le�el
of the pl�in formed u�on the softer Carbon�f?eroas roeks.
?. The erosion which. prm d,�ced this lower nla.i.n has unc�verec� and ohlit-
erated a lar�e part of the riarine Cretace�i�s nlain northeas+ an.d south-
v?e�f of the Arl�aekle distr�.et.
3. S�v+,he�stwr�.rd, iT� +,he �eneral �lirection of' i:he �rainap�e tow�rd the f7ulf
of T��exi.co, this plain descencls approximatelv wi+h the �r��e of the
rivPrs. �
a. A1nn� +_,hese ri�rer vallevs there are elet�ate�l remn�nta �f o1�3 channels
slir�ht7•r belo�r the le�*el of the nlain
b. R'�'IP,1j cont�in deposits of f?'?"f1VP,1 an�l sand, simi.l�r to the ItIRfPrl�l
transnorteci ?��r th� ri�er at the present time.
4. These denosits oc�ur tzpon the �orn s»rfaoAs of' C�rhoniferoils, Cretaceoi�s,
an� early TP.1't7.f3T'�I rocks .
_r_ IJSGS P. �1
5. nr.or_ anproa�hi.na the Terti ar�T b�rc�er �n s�u+,h��stern Ar1�ar.sas and eA.s+,Prn
Texa.s thP,SP, �ra�*el denosi+s bP�c�me more an� more a�+ur_dant an� fi_nallv
crnnP to �n end or descenc� beneatr la_test Tertiar,y c�enosits bor��nin� +;t,e
Gtilf coa�+.,
6. Farth�r to�rard the northeast +hesP ele�Ta+ec7 Ghallow and side ri�er ch��nPls
l�r�n�: n�arl�r i.n the pene�l�in hs�r� b?en stu�?iecl �n�? manned, al_on� Canac?�an
an� Ark�,nsas riv�rs, frnm the �ves+.Prn ?��rder o±' +he Creetr �I9't1.OT1 t� the
?.rl.ransas line i.n Snc�ian Territ�rv.
7. mri_� nenenlain stretches wesi�rrard �n�� l?�lahoma. an�' n�r+h�rrard across Indi.�n
`T'e?'].tC�T'V.
�. It has a lowPr inc].Snation t�vrard the solitheast than the mar9n� Cret�cenias
nlain rovresented_ ir_ +,he Arhl�ekle Pla,ter�u. ((16i )
9. "'orth�p.*ard the horizon of the latter nla�n nr�,jects abntire ��e lea��; v*hile
the f�rr�er �ont�nlaes nearlv flat and. i.s now nreserve�? +hrott��oiat �onthern
anc� cer_tr�l In�ian Territor,y in �lmost inmzmerable level-crested ri.de�es
and. hills. ((16-17i1
a. Tl�esP r-idaes a.nc� hills are sup�or+ec� usu�llv bv be�s of har� rock, and
+heir cre�+-s occt�r a+ eleva+.; nns ��nroximatt�hF �'�n �'Pa+., ((17)1
b. �utsi�le the moi�nta�r_oi�s reu�ions there are fev� h511s �;fhi�h rise abo�e th�s
p_�ener�l 1.e�re1.
c. The�e �re ustaallv tahle-li.'re and are nrntectec� bv �'] �+., anc� hard strata.
10. In +he east.ern nart of Ind�an ?'err�t�rv the Ouachitq T?�ountains rise above
thi5 nlain, As clo �.ls� r,ert�in � sol�ted mountair.s in Ar?��nsas STa.11 e,y.
a. Ir_ fihe �uach�+.,� �..���nta.ins t'��s nenPnlain is renres��nfi.ecl by t�ride, f'�i_at
�a17 Pvs �,�hi �h ha�*s be�n nroducP� Un�n thP softer roc�ks.
h. In Arkan.sas ''a])ev the mol�n+a�ns which risP ar�zTP thP nlain are li*nited
are�s �rh���e thP rockC o�riar �r_ hr�a�3, sti�n�la.n?1 �'ol.c?s ��n+a-inin� +he harder
and thicker sands+one s+,ra+.e.
e. These motantn.ins rise �bove i-hP �l�in, as monac�n�c�1�_li?rP emin�nees r�nd
peaks, to e'_t.evations of' 1,7n� to ?,50n fPe+ ab^4e the sea.
11. lhe Uri.de dz�+ribution of the stzrfi��.al �lenosits f�071nP,r,i-,P,�1 tvith �1�' riQPr
�.hannPls, btit �1i�1�fl.,y �enresse� �el�w +he pPnPnlA.i.n, t-he;r rPl�.+ions to
the rinre ahunr�an+, a�rarPl �e�os+i.s nPa.r the Terti�rs�, as alrea�?V descrirPd,
and thP tui.de�preacl d�Prac�.ati.on or the hard an� soft r��ks to the sa.�ne rrener�l
lerel supnort t?�e h,ynoi-hesis +h�t the siarfa�e n��a.rlv re�ched sea les�el a.t
the time of i+„s redi�ct� on to the pene�lain sta�^e. �
�_�; RECEI`�T PENEPI:AI�jATIOI�T IPT THL BROAD VALI:�YS((17)1
1. It woul� an�ear that si.n�e the forma+ion of th�� nrnbable Tertiary neneplain
the land has bP�n ti.lted sli�htiv t�t^��.*�' the s�tatheast.
2. In supnort of this it is orser�ed t�a+ tre lare�er streams hr�ve descenr?ec3 in
softer stratQ, +,o der,ths approxim�tin� ?�� feet l�elo� +he a�nPra.l lenel of the
TP,?'ti.arY nenenla-i.n, cutt-in�; for +�Pmselves wid� an�l f]:a+, valle�rs.
3. These �*i�?e val.levs ma�r be consid�red to form rudelv a lo�rer neneAl�in
renrdsent.i.n� the presPn+, sta�e of erosion.
4� ?'he smaller str�e.ms tri�u+arv to the lar�'e creeks and rivers have steeper
�r�.das, eSAP�1£i) � V t.o?^sar� thei r snurces, and occun•r �ari.oi7s le�els bet:�veen
the two nenenla�ns.
III. STt��ATIGRAPHY UF T�-iL ARBU'CKLE r�iOIIP�TAINS((l�_37))
A. IG2?LOITS ROCRS (PRE_CAI�!!BRIAN) ( (17-?,1) )
1. I�ne�ns r�eks are exnosec3_ in +rtee L!.?'P.,s1.S in+he Ar�+excUle tanlift.
2.. �'he � ar�es+ o�' thesP in �he eas+ern D�r�1C?ri -is comnos�d, f�T +.he m�st nart,
of �rsnite, �f a Gr.mall am�i�nt of ro�.]�s related to �*ran-itP, and of int;rtzs�ve
dilre rocks, ch9.Pflv di�rasP.
3. The oi-her t�vn areA.s, v:*hi_cr. are situ�+e� nPa.r earh o+h?r in the vrestPrn part
of the mountairs, are compos�d of �ranite-pornhvr�� And anorhtT�l.3.te, contain-
in� also basic di?res.
4. T!�e ¢ranite occurs in the Px+reme s�iat-he�s+Prn s-i�e �n� �.s narti�lly
concealed bv the lovrer Cre+qePc,t�s secli.men+-.s �uhich lie a�ross th� s nori-.ion
of +he Ar'�tar��le re�*�.on. ( (1711
5. It occurG i.n a rudelzr t1-��np't�lftrr �rP9 aboiat 2,� mi)e= in ZPriath and 1� miles
?r_ �r-i.dth at its broa.�Pst n�rt, near +he WP,S'FP,i"Yl end .((17-1F?) )
F. Tt is overl�in across the TNP.SfP.�"Yl !?Y!'� an�? at a fevr no;n+s unon the nnrthern
side bv znidrile ramrri.�n, the ol�lest s+rp.ti.fied ro�vs of +he rP�ion.(il8))
-6-
7. Thr�u�roizt the northern side, vrith two excentions, the �ran.ite comes in
contact wi,+.h t•he sedim��ntarV rocks alor_m linAs of f�ul+,in.�.
�i. The two norphvey areas occur in the Arbu�l-1P T��ovn+ains nroper, r_?Q.r the
wes+ern part of the unlift.
a. I,iUe �he a�ranite, t-he �orphj,rr,V upon the ti�restern and snuthweste,rll
si.des is orerlain b� +he middle �aml�r�an sediments, and un�n +he
easi:ern and northPastern si.des it comes �n �onta�t ?n�ith the
sedimentary rocUs alonr� the 19_n�s �f fat�ltin�.
9. In mic�d.le ��brian time the �rani.tes, nornhvriv�s,an� nther associ.a+ed
or inc�l�de� i�ne�i?s r�cl�s were ero�ecl anc�. +he�1' ma+eria.ls denosited
As the oldest Caml,r�an sediments, which here rest on i-.hem.
10. '►'heir approximate a�e, ho�e�rer, can no+ be �e+�rmined furtre* th�n
is i.ndi�ated bv the trei.r �osition renea+r rmi.dc�] e Cambri an rocks.
A-l: GRANITE AP1D ASSOCIATED IGA1EOiJS ROCKS((lg_��11
1. The r�ran�te i.s a rec�dish or p�_?�kish ro�k mo�?eratel�* coarse in te�ture
2. Associ.a+e�l �rith i+ erP numer�us � ikes of �ra�r +o dari�_rlue or h] �ek
bas�c roc,k, res9.des +he less rnxmerolas r�ik�s of pale-pi.nk +.o �n�?�ite
anlite, and rarelv di.kes of a�rani+e-pornh�Tr�r,
3. ?�}1P.SP, dikes of baGic ror.,k penetrate the �rnni+e in man�� e�i.rect;ons,
thola�*h the lara�est nt�mber hasTe �t �@f3T"irP �P.71@�"AJ�V toward 1-he r�rth-
�rAst ar_d sovthe�st
4. The surfa�e of +he �ranite is nearl�� fl�t and. is in lare�e 7!tP.nS1a2'P,
roncealed bZT materi�.ls resia? .+,in� from �ts o�vn dis�ntea�ration. �nd h,y r
residl�al sands from the Trini_tv iorma+ion, so thnf it is not possi.ble �
to loc�a.t;e or trace mamr of the dikes hevond the immedia.+e ve.�;ie��rof
the streams where the rocks ha�re their best exnosures
5. In the eastern part of the area the basic dikes are few in nizmber,
thrn��h the �ranite is ustaallv so concealed b�r surfi�ie.l deposits
that s�ti.sfactorv observ�.t3ons colald not. he ma�e
6. Toward t�e west these dikes increase i.n ntamber, t�nti.l in the nicinity
oi Tishom-i_np�o thev are of such �'reqvent occnrren.ce and have inereased
in size so �reativ �s +o forr� a c�nsiderarle part of th.e iarentis mass.
a. In this nart of the area the�* ran�*e fr�r_±. thin strin.�ers to di?res
4Q f'eet in thiokness.
7. �iaartz-monzonite hs�.s h�en foi�ncl tn o�ctxr i.n �ssoc�_ation wi+,h an�
appqrgn{;1Zr qq pF1fiSP,S Of 't�'!e �ra.n�te.
�. �fi som.e pl��es it h�.s a we�l-defined boun�ar�r, wr.il.e at others it
se�ms to ara,�e infio the �ran�.i-e
Ei. TTsu�llv the exposures of the r�rr�n.ite ere such tha+ ita true rel�ti�n
to the aulite lvas not aeeur�+.elv de+,ermir_ed.
�. Ir_ certain fresh exnosures the �,pli+e occurs as d�kes or str�n�ers
penPtr�+in� +he �raMite
b. �'he« are usuall.v but a few feet. thick, anc� were nc�t found in aasoc-
ietion wi.th the basic dikes
9. The p�r�ite-porph,yrv ras fotand ir. hut t;+�vo pldces.((18))
e. It occiars in �r�n�.ite in distir.ctiv defiMed i�ani�s, ?.0 feet �ride,
trendina tow�rd each otrer.i(18-19)1
b. 7t i.s probable that thev belonr� to the same dike((191)
n�xx��x��x�xa��ai��axisb�a�x��asxx��s�mA�xis�€xisi�axaam�aaxakaicax .
e. The �ranite-porphyrv is cut bv a. basic c�i.ke which passes also into
the ordinarv pin.k �rt�nite
10. The e�ranitec �nci t�ssociated i�neous rocks i.n thA Arrucl�le re�ion have
�CCF7 stud.3.ed by Mr. Ern�st Nowe, of the T�nited States Geolc�rrical
Survev, and the petrop�rat�hic descriptions of the i�neous rocks �r�
froTa ARr. Nowe's report.
A-]-�: GRANITE((191�
1.. Th.e tvuical p�r�nite is 3_n �e�eral a t�iotite-p�ranite, rich in �icrocline
ax�� poor in ferromr��Mesian sili�ates.
2. Assoei�tec� with the �!ranite are ne£*m�tite veins, �v?�ich contai.n the sarme
minerals as the �ra�ites, but ?.n eo�r�er a.a�rea�ztes.
�. The fe]clsnars are nrincipall�r or+hocl�se or microcline, with. p1�.�3_oel�se,
albite, �nd oli�*oclase almost alwavs associ.�ted.
4. Titani.te, �vhich ocriars �n ex.tremel�� DP,rfr�t crvstal s, i s, vnder +he micro�
scooe, a noteworthv con�t�i.tuent.
�. �nrnet, also, occurs ifi sorne sneci.mens as ar► imoort�nt accessorv mineral.
-7- ��GS P. 31
A-1-b: QUARTZ_MONZONITE((191)
l. �u�rt� monzon�.+es are a�soci�t?� �ith the �rAnite �n� oc�tar �n�arentiv as
phnses of it.
?,. As far as ohsPrva�ions coi�l� be m��e, monzonites occtar in sma11 Rreas
3. In most places where this rock evas nni-ec� the expo�t?r�s are p�or ar_c� the
relatior_s of the rocks coul� n�t be sQti.s#'ac+orily determined.
4. In all the snecimen� examine�l petroa'r�p1?i ot�] lv� nlar�ioalase, ran�i.nc� i'�rtoa+omposi�io
tion f rom oliPoc].ase to labra�o?'ite� is almost. a� nrominent as orthoclase or
m�crocli_ne; r�u�zrtz, usua,ll�� in the form of neUm�.+itic intergrc�a�th�, with
ortho�lase, is Qlw��rs nresen+, r�zt. nener in abUn��nce.
S. '�dith these minerals bioti+e occ��rs almos+ in�rariablv; in all but two o�' the
sp�cimPns hornrlenc�e i.s abun��rt
6. One of the rocks contain.s hornbler_d� eaual in a.mot�nt to +he p1A[r10C�.9SP, an�i
alkali felclspar, ancl is remar�ahle in i.ts verv eonsiderable development of
�uartz. It is a mid�le tt�ne between �ranite and diorite.
7. From this inter*nediat,e tvpe thc +enc�encv seems ir_ the mai�rity of cases to lean
to�a.rd the si�e �f the ffranites.
P. One of the specimens is Et riP.�?"ZV i�l�Y'e ��Af'1'�P,� COl?S1.St'C77?P lareelv of olaei.o-
clase, feldsbar, arcl hornblende, with a�rery little alkali felc�sAer and quartz.
9. Trese ro�vs indi.c�+e a verY 3�+t erestir� series, wor�t�r of mo.re extencled stud,y.
A-1-c: APLITB((19�) •
1. .�nlite occurs also in asGocia+ion with the .v_ranite in � m�,nnPr similar to tr�+
�f the diahase
?,. In olaces the exposnres are surh tha+ +he +rue relations betwPen th� aplite
ar_c] the a�ranite c�uld not ?�e dei-ermined.
�. �'�lher� eross.on hacl remored the di sin+c�gr�+Pc1 rock t-he ��li_+e ttpneArs as v�rel ]-
definec� cli��s.
4. Specimens PXUIRI.TIP.C1 petr��ranhicnll�� a.re n�1P n3n� or r_Aarl�r vrh�+e in color,
c�ntqinine no ferroma�nesiru� s�lica+es, �nd comnose� almos+ entirely of
fel�tspar� ancl quartz, with ver�r li++l� ma?�ne+1+e or hemRt�+e.
F� The textlare of the anlites i � ere?� �??� f ittel�* pranU] ar
6. (�rthool.ase, microcl�ne, ancl p1El�'!OrJfiSP. are nresent in al1 �nd are sli�htly
�reater than nuartz in �*notant-.
A-1-d� �RANITE_POKPHYRY((19-?Ol�
1. Grani_te-porphvrv oc�urs in wel]-�lefi.r�d bands, apparertiv r�s dikes in the
conm+on �ranite( il9i )
2,. The onl�r exposure of' t�i s porphvrv noted is in a sieall tributr�rv of Rock
�reek in t�ie evestern ai�e of sec. 1, T. 4 S., R. 5 F.((19-2,r1)1
3. The e�rt�nite-porphvrvs are fine textured nnd brick red. (( 7.(111
4. The phenocrvsts, distribtat�d i.n e der_se r�roundmass, �re irre�vlar in size
ancl consist of orth�clase, qt�artz, rsnd some cie,rl� silic�tes, nrobabl�� hornblende,
which i.s nou* comnlPtelv altered +,� chlnrite and the��hv�rovs oxides of iron.
5. 'Phe feld.snars and i�rhat remains of the ferrome�e�nesian silicates are in lere;e
imt�erf�et crVstnls, �*�i1e the qvar+z is in �erv much smal��r, rounded and
dihex�r*onal grains.
6. The �r�vndmass is nartiv �l f'?T!P,ZV t�rr�nu�a.r a��reQa+e of �uartz and felds�ar
�ncl part]V a micrope,cmatitic 3.ntPrProwth of these two mi.ner�ls.
7. r�a�*nctite 9s an a�un�ant accrss�rv.
A-�-e: DIAAAS� DIKES((20;1
1. �i.kes of cli�ra�e are common +.hrnuahou+, the e�rr�nite, but. increase in e.bun�anee
from east to west
?.. T�Te�r +he wPs+-err_ edd of , thP �*ra*�i+e, in the mass north�v�st of Tisho*nin�o, they
�re so m�nerot�s a� to form in nl�ces a network of sheets and strin�ers.
3, These d�ke ro�ks heve con�i�erahle nariafion. in +exture, btat a.re all. to be
consi.dered as �i.abase.
a. They �ary f'rom dense, finelv porphvri+ic conta�t f aoieg to c�arse rocks which
mi.�ht a1�o5t be considered �^ahbro.
5. Their comnosation is very unifnrm.
6. qu�ite, labr��ori_te, and ma�netite are alw�vs present; hiotite rarelv occurs;
anci in onlv one instance was ol i�*ine foianc�, or, T1!nT'B enrrectiv, nseudomornhs
of serpentine after oli�ine.
7. These diare,se dikc�s usuallv �reather more rapic�ly th�n the �ranite, and as a
re�ult fresh specim.ens in manv cases can not be obtainac?.
£�. The seoondarn minerals--c.hlor9te, kaolin, cal.cite, musc��i+e, anc� epic�ote--
�?'P, trP,rV e�bun�?ant.
�
-�-
4. Ir� the dense rocks, evidentiv nPar the contact�, the r�ro�xn�mass, a.lthou�h
very fine �►r�i.ned, is sti11 dis+in�tiv ophitic.
]0. Delicate ske)eton crvstals of m�Pnetite �c�d ma.teriall,y to the felt-like
�nn�+szranee
11. Phenocrvst� are selclom ne,rfect anc� ne�rer lr�r�e
12. The nla�ioclase laths auerape abovt one millimeter in lenAth
13. ThP cnarser snecimens, probab]y f rom the c3entra7 nortions of lar�e dikes,
src�w e, tend.enev to �.ssume a�r�nular sl-ructia.re, which, hov+re�er, is never
verfec?t; thPir strue+vre would sti.11 be des�ril-�ec1 a� nnhitie.
g_?: PORPHYRY AND ASSOCI�iTED BASIC DIKFS((Zp_�l))
1. Tre *�orphyrv of' the Arback].P 7V!ovntains ocevrs in +,wo ereas, kno�m as the
E�st an� '*lest 'JVoodec� Ri.11s, v��hich rise sliahtiv aho�re the PenAral le?rel
of the Arbuckle Moun+�i.n table-land. ��
7.. These, ie�neotas masses have th� same relations to the surroiar_�l�ne strati-
fied rocks as th.e aran�te aY,o�e descri.hed.
3. The relations are oraphicall�� sh.o�rn on the �'eoloaic map (Pl. I).
4. These i�neotas rocks, of pre-CaM�r�.an a�►e, ron�� s+ of �rani+e-pornhyr��
an� anorhvolite o�' 4�r:i_ous shades of pink, recl, an�i hrown.
5. In so far aG �ovl�l be determin�� b�r a�Pneral sUr4eY the aporhvolite is
intrusive throuah the er�n.ite-�ornhyrv.((20)�
6. In nlaces the aporhvoli.te, like the p;ranite-Ao�-i�h�*Y'v� is stror_�lV
por�hvr�.tic and sh ows lare�e clearlv �efined nhenocrtrsts of pink ield-
spar in a redc�ish and dr�rker fine-�►ro�ar.�1-m�ss.((2.0-21))
7. Ir� o+her places it is even textured, �i.th�t,t- porphyritic char�cter, �nd
shows a be�utifully banded strizcti�re. ((?.,l) )
8. 7n thZn sectio�s a�flL�ida1, vesicular structlare is shown.
9. '['he base is �;enerallv devitrified, rut certain b�nei_s sho�v nerlitic
structure.
1�. I.i.l�e the �ranite in the eastern part of the uplift, the ivneous masG
i.s nenPtra+ed by n�amerous di_t�es of' cli�i�Ase, �nrhich �re themselves older
than the middle Cambrian, since sediments of that aee rest Unconform-
a�ltr unon them.
11. These clike� rocks garv somelvhat in character and in color, from verv dark
blue to p�ra�r,bt�t in p�eneral are of' t,he snme nattare as t�ose oceuT�$r1�
in the e�ranite area.
B. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS((21_��))
1. In nre-Ca�tnbri�.n tiMe �he re�;ion of the Arl�uckle uz�laft we�s suhmer�ed. a.nd
the Rear�an sandstone, the lowest Cambrian sediment, was laid do�n.m vpon
the eroded surfa�e of the �ranite anc� nornhvrv as r� beaeh �nr� off-sho.re
denosit.
2. The �re-Cambre�in lanc?, composed of ,i.�neoi�s ,rc�eks, possesse�l soma relief
at the time oi' the submereence, as is shown bv the uneven contac+ of
the ip�neo,?s roe�s w.ith the Rear*an s�nds+one and also bv the v�.?'i.tabl?
nature of the s�ndv deposits.
3. The lanc� in the immedinte tricinitv of t-he ux�lift w�s s�on submer�ed,
howe:rer, as is sho;�•n ry the presPn�e �f foesi.liferous hori.z�ns
representi.n� the same mid-Cambr��n ti^�e �n the up�P.r memher of the
Rea��n sandstone wherever it is expose�l.
p_1: CA�iBRIAN ROCKS((21-2,2))
1. R�a�an s�ndstone
a. Thi.s sandstone is a variable forMation,as re�arc�s both its thiekness
�nd the �aature of its m�.terials
b. In the eastern part of the unlift, in cor_tact with the g�ranite, it varies
in thickness fr�m a few thin beds to appro�ima�ely 500 feet, with an
a�*eraa�e thickness of about '00 feet.
c. In its thickest nortian, at the western end. of the p�rani.te, the lov�rest
beds are comAosed for the most part of co�rse arkose �ri+..
d. The fol].on�in.t� is a record of the thiclrest sect�.on of the Rr�p�an sand-
stone as it occurs at the western end of the �ranite area, bep�in�fiing�
at t�e base:
Section af Rearr�n Sandstone Feet
!�uartz3.te fmd arkose conp�lomea�.te, c�mnosec? of noorlv sorted
arani+.ic mater5.e�ls .. .... ....................... ......... 30
r,oarse �r�+, and sand, urith some c1 a�I ��� �'reen s�,nd � in upper
p�.rt, �enerally well stratified... ...................... 370
Thin-bedded and laminated sandstone,•hecomin� calcareous
in fhe upper p�rt... ....................................... 60
-9- US('�S P. ;�l
e. T�is sec+i�n is followe� �$r:�en�3�sllv thin-bedcled silic�e�us limes-t;one and
shal� strata throu�h se�*eral hundreci feet to the fon of the mi�dle Cam>>ri an.
f. mhe c�l�arern�s be�is at thP ton ar_d ab��c� the ReA.�an ��n+��n numerovs fossi.ls
of laell-defined midclle Cs�mrr�.an ?orms.
�, ThP ?�ea�;an sQndstone ove,-lti�inr► the �ort�h�rr,V in +he s�tathern sides of the
East an�3 ��est laoode�l Hi.� ls has a se�t��r. si_mi] ar to +h�.+ ir c.onta�t with t�e
�rani+e.((2111
h. The coarse materiels �*h� rh. ma?�e lenti] s of con�*lomez�#s1-P nA�r i-hP base,
ho�vener, are here comAosecl of p�rnh�rrv and associ�ted dike ro��s((2,1-22)1
i. In the upper part of the forma+ion mrP�snish c1a�=s are nrot��blv more
abundanfi, An� the �reen sqnc� c�zlt�nnes hi.�'hc�r t�n �in+� the more calca.reous
be�3s.ii?,21i
j. As in +.he occ�zrrence neqr the �rani.i-e, here 'tY18 Cfl�.C9rP,011S rocks c�ntain '
ni�nPr�us mi��?le r,�,mbrian fossils.
R_2; CAh�fiRO_ORDOYICIAN ROCKS((22_23))
1. +�r?�ixckle limestone
a. The Ar'�uckle limestone, with the ex�ention of thin, shalv strata and
occasione.l silice���s ar_c� c+her'tv bec�s, 5_s composad entir�slv of lip�ht-
blue an� white limestone and cream-colored to TYhi+e cr,rGt-alline
dolomi.te.
b. The section ran�es in thiekne�s f.rom 4,�00 to 6,000 feet, and includes the
whole �f the u��er Ca.mrrian an� the f'a.l c�.iferoi�s o+' the Ordovic� an
c. From the base of the fonration urnxar� to the top of the middled Cambrian
the ro�ks are �omposeci of thin-be�ded �n�?, in x�art, i.n+r�,fnrmational
�onvlo-�Prate and shalv limestone.
d. iRThile nursuir_� atratir�raphic field work in cornectior. w�fh the dtnd,v a.nd
collection of the Possil�, IV�r. F. (1. TTlr�ch r_�tec� +�,e oc�clarrence of �ah�t
ap�aeared to be s�alv len+ils a+ +he toA of +h� mi.�l�'le�?Cam�ri �n, incli.c�tin�
to his min�1 an uncon£or�!it�T be�(:�Ieen the upner and lower ('einbr-i_�n.
e. RPginnin� with the ut�per �'�mrr�.an the rocks are comnose� of massi�*e and
h�rd, pink to yellow cr�rst�lline ]imestone and doloMi.+.e, which we�ther to
var5ovs shadd� of brrn�n and a.lmost ble�k.
f. Rocks of thi.s chara�ter ha�e a+hickness of 5�0 to 6�0 feet, and are follovred
bv li�'hter-colored m��sive �olomi.i-e en�! limestone, t�i+h�nt any ind�ai-ion of
ti.me intc�rval, ux� into the Or�o�ic�an
a�. Ae�innina apr.r�xima.telv 4F0 feet belo�r� tre'ton of the Ar�lzckle formation
the limestones l�ec�ome more �fhinl•r berld_e�l and are asso�iatecl with thi.n and,
in �laces, shalv str�ta.
h. tTe1"V near the top oc�as�onel s�nd�� be�s oc�ur.
i. Tn the ma�s5ne be�is in +�P ce�+,ral �qrt o�' the �'orrna+,ion fossils are founc�,
but nrt in vreat abiandance.
j. T?Par the t;op, however, where the rocks recome t�.rv'�11t�t:P.ntas� fossils are more
COP.1Zt1oA. � � ??� �
k. �n accoun+ �f it� th��l�ness �nel its position a�[ the centr�l part of the unlift
of the Arbuckle forma+ion, thov�h �v�aer��tiv steenlv unturn�c?, o�cvrs o�.rer
brnad s.rea�, and forms a lar�e pa*-t of the tahle-lan� of' thP Arbuckle Movntains,
i��a�i ((?�1)
1. It ex+.en�is �'P�m the southeastPrn enci of the Ar?�uckle ]�!ro��ntains, where it is
overlAnned �na �.oncealecl �V rrP,'�f��8n�7g Sfl^fi?;Q� to 1-he northwestern end, where
it �asses rene�t.h Pennsvlvanian an� "Red Reds" con�lomer�tes.
R_3; ORDOVICIAN RUCRS(/23_?7 —
1. Simnson formation((2S-?S11
a. Af'ter the Arbuckle limestone was �CpAS1f':A!� there was a�ener�.l chana�e in the
n�tlare of the sed iments
b. The ton o�' the limestone seems to h�ve been sli.�htl�r ero�ed locally and �anon
t1�e si�rface ��rerP deposite� beds of *��?re san�l.
c. At other p]aaes the Arb�a�l�le limestone i.s overla.in t,v shalv and impure
lime---the basal beds of t?�e Simnso� form�.tion.
�. On these local s�ndv ber?s at +hg base +here we.re �ienosited ereenish shales
and trin crvstalline and shellv limestor_es in+erst-rati?ied with � ntamber of
be�s of srindstone, maki.n�; a total th3cyness ran�in� fro?n erout 1,200 to
2,000 feet
e. F�llowinp� is a�Pneral secti.on o�' the Simnson forma+ior_ on +h.e sou+h side
of the Arhlackle upli.ft we�t of Utashita Ri�er, the re�s beina� �iven from
al�oT*P drnmward.i(2�))
__. ._ _ _.._ _ . ,
f' .
P•
h.
�.
l•
k.
-10-
Section of 8i*npson Formation on so�ath si�e of Arbuckle TTplift, west of
Wa.shita River((?..�)i
(1) Th3.n li?�estone ��ri+h �reen shAles i.r_terstratified.. . .. . . . , .
In the lower c�art the limest�ne is suhcrvstalline, res-
emblin� reds lower in the foz-m�+i.on, while h��her it
�F1P,CnTRQS fine �r�ined anci ar�^illa�eo»s, resem�,lina�
that of +1�P stzeceedin� Viola form�t.i.on
(2) S�ndstone.. .................. ..........................
�53� I�imestonPG �n�l shal.es i.ntert�ed�led . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Some of thc� lime�tones are hiahl•r fossi.life,rous:
�rthis tricenaria, 0. �ieflect.a, r�onti.���li.�c�roicl
Rrvozoa, h3.ahlv ornamental c�!s+,i� plates, anc� spe�i.es
of Ct�nocloata.
Feet
400
90
4�0
S�n�ls+one...., ........................... ......... . 1�0-2n0
Shalv lime�+one...... .... ................... .. ........ 195
The lo�aer 50 feet hie�hly fossili.fer�us, cont-��nin�
�stracod� with numeroia.s �rvo�,oa and bases of erinoi.d
columns, maki��� a fauna suffiPciently �eculi�r to be
e�Gil�r distin�Uished.
S�n�lstane .... .............. ........... ... .........
. .. . ....
Thin-bedded limes+one an�l shales interstr�tified..........
Conts�i•ts fossils in �reat abunc�Ance, chiefl�� Ostraco�a.
of la.r.e,e ea2cl sm�ll snacies, r_!n�1 numerot�s c�astero�ods,
nalec,y�oc�s, brachi�no�ls, and trilobites
�reenish shalPs �aith few thin limestone layers............
Thi.n sendstone.((sic))
rran.ular crvstalline 19me�tone ir_ thin bec�s..............
Contains �n abundance of Ostr�.co�a(I�enerditi� chiefl,y)
an�1 other fossils so rare as i-o B,ppP*1?' evantina
Thin limFs+one and shales interstratifie� v�rith occ�sa.onal
33
295
?4 5
350
thin sands+one ...........................,................ 29
(11) �Nhite i-o liprt-brown sandstone, occurrin� locally...... 0-700
The sandstone bed No. 4 in.the•SP,C'FlOn is more persistent in its
character�sti.cs, i,nclu�lino +�ic�ness, than the others, an�3 ser�es as
� convenient datum f�r feferen�e.(�?4�1
Tn +,he rorther port;.on of t.he re�ion, »n�l esnecia7lv on the northern
si.c�e of the Ar�tae?rl_e l�oti?'ifains taes+ of' ?,�Iashi+a River, tre Si?!tnsc�n
f�rmation is foi�nd to be mueh thinner than in the sou+hPrn. nortion..
1) This ie due chieflt� to the abser_�e o�' +,he lowes+ beds, which h�ve
an a��rer�ate thiclrness of sereral ht�n�re�1 feet
2) The u►�per diviston of the formation i s �'oian�� t-o become th3nner
north�nt�rc�� owina to t;he d�crease in +he �n�nt3.tV of lime an�l cl�,y.
31 'Nit� the �ecre�se in. amoun+s of lime anc� �lav riorthvt'&rd +.hPrP ia a
p�en�ral ].71CrP.f�SP, in the �1?c�ndance of send, the whole formqt5on
becominr� more siliceous.
On the no�'fi1'ter1� side of the rea�ion fhe Simvson forma+ion is exnosed
much fart�pr east tran on the SOUt��P,?'il s�.�le, u�here i+ is fol�n� in
its t.vnical thickness and consi.stencv.
T?ear 1-,he east en�, in the �HZ�P,�rS ot' the Rlue Riner and. ne].Rvr�re
CrPek, the strta�ture is so �ari.able tha+ a��tar�.+P estimates of thick-
nes� cotald no+ b� m�de.
1) I� is anproximatelv 1,?,00 feet thick, and the sand is relat-ivelv
more ahunrlant tha� �_n the northern part of +.he Arbuckle TRo�znt�,ins
farther west •
In �11 �l�ces roted the sand is fine e�r�ine�., an� in man�r n�seesis
c,ompletelv S@t�i#Y's�.�;P,�i from cla�r ar_� lime se�limen.ts.
?'he Simpson �'ormation conta.i.ns a ver�r �bunr�r�nt f�iar_a.
1) L:arr�e collec+,i.or_s of fos�ils were ma�e by ARr. TTlrich, especia7.lV
f'rom the c�isf.r;�t z�est of �'�ashi_ta R.iver
2) Onl�r a prelimin�r�r study of this faUna has reen ma�e, hut it is
sttffi�ient for accvre.te cl assi f�i ca.+.,;.on a.n�3 �ener�l correlation. (( 24)1
-11- US GS P. 31
1. Re1o�r are lis+� of rea�ily reco�nize� florms, senaratad ac�ordina to the
two divisi.ons �.f the formation.(�24�1
Fossils of lowPr Simnson Formfltion
((?411
( i omittecl 1)
Fossils of TTnner Si�+nson Formation
((?�11
�?"ost o�' these species known onl.v in f�e unnPr �00 feet. mhose
occurrin� als� in the lcmrer nart of the subdirision are �lis-
tin�^iaished hv en �sterisk./i(omitte�ii
m. The fauna of the lowPr divis�on of the Simpson �'ormation is �eci�e�?l,v similar
to that of the f:hr�zv of TTe� York anc� C,ana�a and of tre Poe�onip forma.tion
of �reva� a. ( ( .?, Fi )
n. ConsidPrinp�, these eas-and-west conr_ections, it �.s sui-*aris�n� to note th�t the
loUrer Simnson faun�, so f�r as known, cont�.i.ns none of +,�e nrolific f�una of
+.,re lowPr c1�?ris�on(A�tarfreesboro lim.Pstone) of the Stones River r�roup in
m.id�1P T�nnessee, vahi�h is bellevec� t� he ofl eqvi�alent aae.
o. _As a whole, +he f�una ofl the unner n�rt of the Simnson is c,losel,y related to
+he tapper divis5.on of the StonPs Ri4er �roiip in Tennessee �nd Fentuckv �nd
the e�vi.v�lent bec?s 3.n the un�er nart o?' th� A'Iississipni ��71ev.
2. Vi�1e. limestone( ( 2,5-27)1
a. There is a�ra�val transi.tion ±'rom the i-.op of the Simnson form�.tion up into
+hP basal oart of the �'iola form�tic�n
h. The top l�vers o�' the �imn�on are ��su�.l?v r�rail7a�eota4, are thinner, darker,
an� mnre evenlv Str�+if�e� than those �+ +.he hase or fhe �Tiol�, an�? in places
c.�ntain partin�s an�i be�s �f cla.v.
�. The rocks at +he contact on P_,At`I7 sirle, ho�ve�*er, 4a7'�T somewh�t in different
narts of thP field.
d. Th� �Tiola formation is �. con+i.mao�as l�ut sli�htly variable �lenosit of li�e-
stor_e �0� t� 700 f'ePt thi�k, �rhi�h ust�all�T a�nears massine on �P,rV �'resh
exnos�zres . ( i 251)
e. iTnon r+reather�nt►, however, the be�ldinc� is nronounce�, showinn lazrers rarely
more +han a fevt�'�n thickness.((?F-?,6i)
f. In t�e mi�clle and lower pArts esneciRllv thPre are o��asional b�nds �nd no�tal�r
masses of chert.((26)1
r�. The Vi�1a limestone is �-i.visit,le into three members, �istinr�ui.shed b�:� var3a-
+,{�r.s in be��3-ing, in tex-t;vre, anc� 1-� a less extent in tre color of the lime-
stone.
1) The unper ancl mid�le memhers are a�proximatel�r 300 feet thick
2} The lowest memher is somewhat thinner and more variable than the others
3) The lov�est member consists �f li�ht-eolored, eoarse textured, and usuallv
roup�hly be�lc]ed limestone. It pr�hal,lv will not exceed 100 fe�t in th3.clrneGs
anvwhere, r�n� in pla.ce;s is mU�h less.
4) The middl� msmrer consists of white to li�ht-bltae snc? r*enerally eve�a- and
thin-bedded limestone
a) On account of the ahizndar.cA �f fossil trilobites o�' the �enus
Trima�leus in certai.n l�vPrs i+ rt±9_�ht l�e known a� the Trinuclet?s_
memher. — — — — —
b) It is chr�r�.c+erizec� b�t whi+e SvrfRce �here weathered an�l even be�l�lin�
51 The hip�hest member resemt�les in. nart +.he ].owest ir essen+;Al phvsical.
Cha?'�o+,el'as�'-� ^�
a) In its lower n�rt the beds arP thirker, more e�rthv, and T�'lOT'A uneven
than th�se of the miciclle nart
b) In t-he mi�7�le part the be�s are +hin A,n� m�re ar�illaceovs.
�) ThP Iimest�ne at t.he ton of +ris mem?�er resembles �*erv mvch the lovyest
bec�s i.n character of be��ina.
dl It i.s more cr�rstalline an� ustaallv 1.i�'hter i.n �olor, �e�_na� lia�ht a�ray
an� oc�asior_allv pink.
h. �n the Mrhole t-he uiola limestc+ne raries but. sliRhtl�� in thicknes� rin� �^eneral
char�cteristics throi�vhout its oc�urrence in the Arbuckle ��otartain r�mion
i. An in�restie�ati.on of the fosGi.ls bv T��r. TTlrich, who �ollected and studied the
rocl� section, sh�ws .+.hra+ there are thrPe f aunal divisions, which correst�ond
to the thrPe litholoffi� mPmbers abo<re described.
-12-
1� The TM�ost fossiliferotas developTnent of the b�sal member t+v�s nnted.
�t the ex+reme northern occiar.ren�e, in. the re��on a+ the base of
Doez�le ]'�!ound, 6 mi.les northenst of '�off.
2) A preliminarv stuc3�� of the fo��ils collected shows the followin�-
name� f'orms : ( ( 261)
Fos�ils of lo�ver member of' �ii�.la limesf,one.
((26)� ((Otnittedl)
31 1�P.RrlV al1 of th_e above fossils occ,ur in the Phylloporina
and Clit�mhonites beds of the Orc�ovician section in t�innesota((27))
4) These bed� are correlated wi+h l�test Rlack �iver and earliest
Trenton.
51 TV��anv oi the sper,ies o�etzpv these hori�.ons i.n TTew vork an� ranac��a
and what are re��r�e�? as eqvizTalent nosi+.,ions in mi.d�le Tennessee
an<j F�entuckv.
6) .4s a whole the mid.�lle mem�er or Trin.tzclens bed of the tTiola lime-
stone is not arunc?antiv fossili.fernus.
�) The or�Qni.c remai.rs occtar chzeflv in three hori.��ns, one ne�r the
t?ase, ano+her abo�re +,he mi��le, an�l tl�e �-hi.r� near the +op.
b� The first- an� second con+a;n an abun�an�e of p'�"�1��"011f".P,B
�� ATPx+ to t�he Trintacleus the �rantoli�`es are tre most ch�racteri.sti.c
and commonest fossils of' the mid�?le memb�r.
Fossils of lhiddle meml�gr(Trintt�let�s bedsl of the
�Tiola l imes+one. (727�1
( ( omifted )1
d) mhese fos�i.ls indicate tha+ the mr5nucleus bec�s were den�s�.+ed
dvrin� +,�P 1�ttPr hal�' of the Tren+,on ae�e.
71 The upner meml�er of the it�.ola liMe�t�ne is at��roximatelv 30� feet
in t�ickness, but only in the uA�er 2,5 feet is it al�un�antly
fossilif�eroias.
a� The lobver 50 feet viel�ed no foss-i1s
bi In the middlP portZ.on the f'oss�ls are n�t onlv rere, hut poorlY
preserve�l
c) The foss;ls in the �'ol7owin� dis+., occur onl�r in the zao�er 50
f e�t of t�e £orr�ation:
Fossils of L1tJner Tiler!'!�P.�' of iT3.ola l�mestone( � 2711
l ( �imi+ted 11
d) ThPse are �1] s�ecies character��in� the upoer d5.��s�.nns of
Richmo�d �.�e in �Rinnesota, �Ad? sconsi sn, Ill inois, In�ia�?a,
an� Ohio.
e) In Torthern A.rk�.nsas the same �'aia�+a. oc�urs in +-he Polk R�.vou
limestone and in mi�dle Te.r_nessee in the �'ern�r�le fnr-�n�+ion
fl This i s �ne of 1-r.e �nost wi.de�nrPa� �ori zons, and certqin7v
t�e e�siest t� rec��ni?e, of +he �r�o�ici�n roc.Us.((?7)1
13-4: SILIIRIAN ROCKS ( ( ?.,F�-291)
1. Svlv�n sh�1R((?8-?.9))
a, The Gv]van shale ancl 1-he succeedin� 1�l�n+on lime�+ore are comn�r�ztively
t�ain f'ormAtions, and re��.t�se of +hP;.r n�rrnw rnatcrop thPv �re ne�esserilv
ma�ped tor�etrer
b. "Thile th?se formations aresen+ �+rona c��ntrasts litholo�ica]ly thezr helonc�
to +he, s�ame sys+em.
c. ThP n�ar�u niare limest;one det�osi.ts laid do�m. �t tre close of �Tiola t�.me
�vere succeec�ed bv dark-��lue to black �n� p�reen clav in e�pparentiv
conformarle st�ccession. �
d. The �'epos9+,ion of t�e e�reeni sh Syl�=ar. S}'1zt� P, c�ni-inned 1ryri+ho»+ inter-
riaAti.on until it re��hed a thickn�ss of froTr! 60 to 3C10 ±'eet, when it
�sas succeeded �.brvptl�� 'h.r trP Nianton limes+�ne.
-1 �_ tTS GS P . �1
e. The S�rlvan sr�1e 1Tlc'?"eflSP,S aradual7v in t;Yll('kT1P,SS west�r�r� .
f. At the eas+ en� of' +he unlift its thir,�,-ness i s est�m�t.ed ta be 6� feet,
zrrhile west of 'fiashita River it is annroxim�telv �(?0 �'eet.
e. Re?na� a soft c.lav shale and t�o�ancled r�bo�-e anc� helow bv h�rd, rid�e=makin�;
lime�ton.e, .i_t invaria'�7�r mati-es smooth swales or vallet�s, w�ich ar� �rotected
rv forests.
h. 9s r� rPGtz]t fresh e�po�i�res o�' tre rocks, e�neciall�r �zi-, the �onta�+ wi+,h
a�;joi.nir_� f ormat� ons, are rare.
i. �nit� �ne P,RDOStl?'P, o�' the shale �� it5 base w�.s no+ed:
11 This is ai�rn�t ?, miles nor+hwes+ of' Uotae�rerty
2) At thi s nl a�e from t.hP base i3pw�r�l throur�h several feet �iRe rock i s a
compact , c�ark-i�lue tn t�la�k ��l�areotzs ancl rit��minot�s shale, con�a�t�in�
an artandance of �ran+olites s�nd she17 s
�l F'lset�rhere in tre sha.l�s fo�s;ls �.re excPedin�l�T rare
4) This basal bi.t�ami.notas shale is h�.r�?er th�in tre si�c�ee�?ir_e� green9sh shale
an�? is c]istinc+lv stratifie�l..
5) Th� �reenish shale hir►her ;.-, +hP form�tior_ i� h�mn�enernas anc� mas�ive
and S��r+rs usu�llzr r,�t sli�ht �ndic�i-ion of lamination, par+i�t�larl�r on
weather i nt�
j. A n.reliminarv s+uc?v of the fos�i_l s occ�arrir_� in t�e ��rk r�as�l srale shoWs
t-�P fol]ov�r9n� form.s:
Fossils of +re lo��*er pa*-+ or +ho Ssrl�an s�alP((2R1�
i �omlt-+e�i11
k. The fauna of thP Sv7v�n shale as �'er as knnwn is �'P,Tler}�I�V remarkal�l�r simils�r
+o that �? +he i?tica
1� Th.e snP�ific differences, ho�P�Pr, r�re stach as t� �3istin�taish th.em;
2,� Yet a stla�iv of +he fos�ils �c+n�*inces one tha� tre �'atma of the SVl�r�xl
i.s a r�irect develonment from +.he much olcier fauna of +,he tTt;_ca shalP
�n� noi- of thP �ntervenin� f�imas o+' the l'i.n�inna+,i a�r�ixb((?.811
:�1 Fr�m +h� s gt*1�P,T1�P, i+ woi�lc? se�m +l�a+ the posifi.or. of tl�e �srlr't�r� sh�.le
in the t-ime sevle is prohl PmaticA.l( ( 28-?..91 i
41 The hi r�hPst. l��mm faun� ��' i-re �r�ovi�ian, t�at of 1-he Richmond cro�?p,
O��larF at +,�e top of the �iola lime�tone, beneath the S�r].van shale, and
the �lint�n o��iars imn+er�ir�tPlv �bo�e the Sv]�ran, in +he h�se of t-he
Ti��nt�n 1 imes+ore. ( ( 2911
5� a���rct�ne� to thP nresPr_t classif-icat-ior_, trerefore, the Gvl�an s�ale
srot�l� he corrPlate� vai+r tre ]u�ecl�.na, an� the line sen�ra+.in� the
�rdoT�i�i.�n an� �ilt�r��n in +he arr»��-1e A`ot?r_i;�airs S�+�vlcl t�e nlaced
bP+�^�P�•, 1-he �riol.a I1TT1P,ci-nnP, ar_� t-he S�rlvan s�alP.
�_ ,; SILtTRO_DLVONIAN ROC�S ( ( �0_�11)
1. u»n+nn limestnne( (?.,�-:�1� i
a.. T'ne areer �1a�r shales �f .+.he G�r1.�*�n �re sta�c,eec�e� arrvp+lv t�« rAr�i, w��i.+_e
to l; r�ht-hlt�e limesi-c,ne of +1�e uUnton �'o,-•na+' on
b. Trsi�alll� +hP ���+��+ ro�U �+ the ba�e of the uuriton is a m�ss;�re bed of
oo7i+i� limestnne
c, I o�.allv h�r�l 1'?ZL��S}'] I7.^`P,Sf��P, b��s ars �'rn�n� a+ the �a�P, t1r;,+� ra�e�v���ltrin
7r�v�r �f t�rP.Cc:is�+eci limes.+.onP nr limeet-ore ('CTSa1A^'P,rq+P, in �onta�t t�!ith
Svlv�n �hale
�, nt thP e��+�rn en� d�f t.he Arbiact�le lanl i�'+ +hP ti�ii.�kness n�' f�P uunton
1 imaci-one � s Ps+.imafPd +.� re arrn,t 16� feet.
8. It; ir_creasPs a�ra�vall�T westwarc� on 1-.hQ ^�r+rPrn si�le of i-h? 1zp15.�'t, l�n$il
it rea�hes rearl�r 20n feet in the v��initv of Franits, 1vhe�'e it is concealed
bv o�*Prlan o�' �o�l 1:�eA.gt�res con�*lomer.ates.
f. �n the soi�+,he?-n sic�e of +he unlift, e�-st of ?+�asrita River, the formation
tl ins out an� i.s arsent. for � distance of �bot�t 1(? miles.
�. �rhere i.+, is ?bhinnest the beds are m�re or les� siliceoias
-14-
h. Fart�er �est, �e�•or_ci iNashi.te Ri�er, tY�� f�rmati.or �n�l'PLLSG'S i�n+,l it
i.s neRr]y 300 feet thick on the sot�t-hern si_�e of the Arbuckle
1+.Ro»ntairs where it �t�s�Ps t+eneat� tre "R�cl B��s" con�lomerate, n�rth-
�e�t of' �1^o�t;'�rd .
!4. �n the northern side o�' the Ar�uckle Al�onnta�ns sovth af ',�iashi.ta
River it is abo�at 170 feet th� �k.
j. The Hlxnton f�rmati�n is CO2?�DOSP,� of rar�, t?�ick cr�rsta.l7ine lime�+ones,
thin earth�T limestone, .anc� marl s
k. I+ mav he sen�rated �n+.•o three fair]v c�� s+innt memrers a�.cordin�* to
l.itrolo�ia ch�rr�cferistics, �nc� +,o a less P,X'YCYl'� accord5n� to �olor.
) � Fxcept i�rhere t�A f�rmat; on i s s*erv t-hin, as on t,he sot�+hern si.�e
of the uplift east of '�Tas�itq Ri�*er, +he three mPml�ers can +�lwavs
be �ictinmuished.
1. An a�era�e s�ction of the f'c�r!n�t-ion on. t.h.e sola+h side of the qrb�ackle
rRountaina w?st o�' �^Tashita River is ��nr�ximatelv qs fo�low�:((2,�11
Se�ti.on of Nt�nton lime�tonei �?,9-?O1 �
UPPER r1�Er+�BER � Feet
Semicrvs+all?ne limestones, in Ala�es chert.�r, interstr�+;.fied
�ri+� occas�onal. thin ^!ar]v la��ers.. .......... •....•...... 30
RRInDI,E 1V�,A�3ER
l�arl�r limeGtones anr? calaareo�7s cl.avs, i�*ith some hard
li*^estone � avers, more ablandan+ 3_n the lo�ver oart.. ... ......170-190
LOti'��R M�'A?BER
Thick_1,edded c�rstalline limestone suecee�ed bv �ard thin
limes+.one w�+h oc�a��onal mar1Y lavers. At the base o? th�5
limestone is an oolite, 4 to � feet th� ck, �rrh� ch ldcallv
i.s si licified .... .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. ... 3�-4�
m. The upper member contai.ns loca�lv, �+ the ton, he�� �f crvs+�lline an�
Rerv chertv anc� fli ntzr limestone. ( l�n11
n. �hi1.P +l�e thi.ckness of {-he �'orma+�on becomes Wreater WCSi;!R/9r!�, trat of
+he in�ivi�?ual members does not. in�rease i.n the same bronort9on, as the
areatest �ari.ati.on ir thi�Uness of +�P forrnation. is dtae t� the mid�ile
memrPr.
o. ?"Ie�t of '+�ashit� �l�*P�" the un»er member has �+,h���ne�ss of 10 feet on
t1�e t�orthern si!�e o� +he ArbU���le ?�ot�nt�i_ns �nd '�� feet on thR eotithern
81�P.
�. F�s+ of +he ss�me ri.ver it �71C t'P,9SPS n�rt-hwer� from *� thin hed �n +he
so»thern side to 3� feet on 1-he nortrern si!�.e of i-he �anlif+ near
Franks .
q. The l_itholor�ic differe�ces bv which the members are disti��u3sY±ed a.re
accomp�nie� bv f�.�an�_l �r�r_�es Trrhzch afford a basis for aa�e dis+inet5.ons.
]) The more massi�re c;z�Tst�l] i.ne bec�s in tre 1�Rr?r pA�t of thP basal
memher, ranr�inp� $n���hi�lrness ?r�m e. thin bed +o ?.5 fee+, or m�re,
conta�n the followin?� forms((omi.tte�)�, ti*�rich are d�Gtinetlzr Clinton.
�) ********((foss-i.ls)) s�re ch�ra�ter�stic of the C,linton li.mes+��ne
o�' Ohio, anci th.eir horizon occvrs in the St. Clair limestone of
northern Arkansas.
?) mhg h�r� thin ] imestc�ne bec�.s in +he Ubper �art o? +he �a�al RIP,'T!�G'T
contr�in the fos�ils li�t�� below, ((omit+ec�)) whi_ch in�iic�te
TTi a�ara aae'
3) The midc�le member of the Runton lime�+one as a�r�hole i.s ahunc�antiv
fo�ssiliferovs, the ('amarocr�nus horizon espe�iall�r, near the
mi�l�le of the member, 1�ein� rema.rkahl�r persistent.
a) The �'oss�ls listed belo�nr ar� some of tl,e easil�T .reco�*ni?able
forms:((omit+e�l)1 i(3(�)1
b� t'�it� a list of snecies like the ebore there c�n be no r�laesti.on
as to the Aeld erber�� an a!�e of th9.s MBTn�P,1' of t!�P Nunton fm. (( 31i )
r. The unpermost member of the Hlmton forme+ion i.s orob�t�lv lo-ver
(lrisk�r�! �n a�� �n�l equi.na.ler_t to +he Cam2�en �hert of Tennessee
1 The fossils secureci from +his member are no+, now at hand, so i.t
mus+. suffice for the nreser_t to sa�r thAt thev consist chieflv
of �as+reronods� �n� l�r�e crinoid colt�mns
-1�- USGS P. ;�1
2) Accordinp�, to the claGsifies�tion or the Paleozoi� rc��l-s at nresent
zn vo�*�ae, t,hi s memr.=r sho�zld be ca11 ed Denon� �n , bu+. ; t is so
in+imatelv united, roth fatanallv an�l Sf"•�'V.(`'�17T'8l�tr� zn�;+,h t.he
un�lerlvina �elderberp� memher, that, for this ret*ion �t le�z�t, it
�rrould be �oinm � vio].en�e to the n�tura.l cla�sif��a.ti.on of the rocks
to �raw a l�.ne of s��stP*�!ic i*npor��rce between them.
s. AccordinW to a cl.assific��t�.on takin� into acco�,nt both the life h9.st�r�T
�nd strur+t�r� of thP str�ta, thi.s �i��isional line sholald be dr��rm ei+her
�R'fWPP,n +hP �'lir_t�r be�ls a+ t?�e t�n of +he Hunton lzr�estone And the base
of t-hP �'?14Ck shale an� �her+ �f thP otTPrl�rinr� i�nO�f'C)rCi form�tion, or
be+a�e�n the PTi_amara and Nelder�?er� meTMhers.
t. In the la++Pr �.�.SP +,t�e lower member onlV wotzl� he Silt�.ri�n, an.� the two
1�nnPr merirPrs ne�oni an. ( ( �11)
�_6: DEvorrzr�rr Roexs � � ;�1_�;�� 1
1. �"Uoodfo�'� �hert� ( 31-R31 �
a. F,x�.ep'!:int� tre flintv C?risYanv � imes�.nne oc�urr�na locally at the to}� of
+,hP Ntzn+on limestone ?n� nos�;?�lv +he Helc�er?�er�* member of t-he la�t-1-er,
nevo�n- �,n roc��s i.n +�,c� Arru�'r� e T'P,�'i Ar� f�1^A ] im� +A� +o a si.no�l e f'o,-,�,a.+.; on
of c}2P,rt anc� rlr��lr �halP, lrnoum as +he ?�loddford �hert. i( 31)1
b. i`rh�lA this c�eri- is a�naren+l�� conforma�le �^ri+h +he limest^ne below in
�mT s�nmle lo�al �+-v, i+ �np��r�. +h?+ t-h� s� s nof true zn .q hro�d. s�nse.
c�. The tlriskan,y rec�s a.i- the +on of tre Htanton limestonP, consi.sti.n� of
se�*er�l. fPPt of �hert�* 13mest�nes, are presen+, in or_e pla�e 1�v.t, do not
oc�ur in another
d. I+�.+�e northeas+ern n�rt of the uplift, n�tablv near Franks, �her+�r
lin+es+ones are nresPn.t �t the tot� of t,hP Hnnton.(�31))
e. �Te�r the �restern en�l o? the unlift, on the s�ut;hPrn sicie of +he Y�lashi+,a
�Tali e`�, th-i s upper membAr of hard limestone i s absent and tre thickness
o+' tre P,21'Firf? fo�,a+; �n is re�u�ec� to a li+t7 e o�*er 1(1P� feet. ((�1-32,i)
f. Tn all nlac�e fhere i.s an �rrlant �h�nr�A in se�imPn�a+;.on fram the top
of thP Nvr_+,�n li*^Pstnne to the chert or shale of +,he '"!�oc�ford formation.
( i:i2))
r�. The i�Too�if�rd chert has an es+imA+ec� anera�e thi.�kness o.f 6�0 feet
h. It nqries somewhat in lit-hol.o�ic character
1) Tn T?ZA('P.8 mr�c�i�e �hert rests upon +he limest�ne; in oi-her places
bl�ck sh.ale occiars a+. the �ase of +.he format�on
?i As a rule, hov�rener, the formation benomes 1Ps� t`hprt�T �'rom the base
upvv� rd
;�) It is ustaall,y eRen re�?�eci, o�c;urrin� in lavers frnm a�'evr inches t�ick�
to t.h�n lami.nae
4) Tn nla�es, wspPczallv zn tho narthe�s+ si�e of the unlift, +he ?orm-
�+,lon i.s c.om�ose� �+lm��t Pnf�re]�r of +hin, fissile, sili�eo►as anc�
di s+in�i-lv bitiaminn�?� �,1a�U sh�le.
5) In tri� part of tha re�*i.on, A fc+!�'nl1P.S was+ �+' Ht�n+or_, 1Pnt-ils of
�lmost b��rP f'l�.nts were nn+P� �n+erstraf�fied trrith �-he bla�k sh�le
n?!�r the hase
6) Tn the wAs�ern part �f' re�*;nn blv;sh �'^a]es were sP�n ;n+e.r�+,rs�+ified
ur�+h the 1,1 ack sh�le �n +he tapperc�art�rof the forma.tion
7� A+ �r�r;�i,s pos�tions in +hP sec+;�n, Psneri.�tllv in the mnre che*ty
beds, are sma� 1, roi�nded, marhle-1 i�� e CnT1CrP't'? ons o�' Q c�.lcareo��s
na+are
8) Tn nlaces thPre are larae sP�re��tions o? a simil�r char�cter,
c�n�entrical�zr ban�ed, �^✓hich oc�t�r 7_P�?rSP,�tip.� SP,42ra] l�zrers of
c.hertv S�'1��.P..
�_. The '"�o�r�ford chert is nresent throiaPhnv+, t-he P.rt+u�?-1e re�ior_ �vhere�rer
i+,s horiznn re�che� +he st�rfa�e
,�. In. t.�e southern p�rt of +hP upli.ft ma��i��e bec�s of Svcam�re limestone
o�ciar aroT�e it, �nd t,he e�qiaallv oromin�nt Ntar.tnn lime�+one heneath it,
and since thesP rnc]�s �re steeol�r tilt.ecl t;he i'�oo�ford chert �rons in
�i,11 ied valle,ys an� rnt��h hi.l]�,r land re+wPen. the nraminen+ ridt*es of
1imestonP,.
k, F,lsez.�rhere i+ o�eiars as �uli i.Pcl 51 ot�es an� ro�ar�h �n�oo�? a.nc� bor�'erina
Hur�ton. li�es+.ane ri�l_�*es.
-16-
1. Foss;1G are �erv r�re in the '"ro��f�r� �hert, �r� those foun� �re not
we11 nreserved.
I i In the lower n�r{; of th ^ f orm�t; on i r_ the wPs+ern nAr1- of +he
reaion a small I�navla of +.he +,me L. sx��+lal�+a. Hall and � few
— — — — — — — — — — — — --
conodonts h�sre i'�P,P,71 orser�*ed.
21 In the shale,s of +he upp�r n�r+, the on.lv rec��nizable fossils
se�n are two �oncentricallsr plic^te�1 sne�ies o�' Prnr�uc±ella,
one of which seems referable t� P. cor_centri�a Tiall.
---- ----
'�l Fra,�rmt3?�i;S �f f�ssil woo�i Urere fo�m� on the starf�ce �n m�nv
x�l�_c-es, b�at �vith ore exception it coul�l r�+- he r?et-erminecl
�vh.ether the�� belon�-ed wi+h the chert or with the Cret��eouS
be�1s which are considered +o ha�e ex+.e�ec� over +he rePion.
4) In one instari�e, hc�rre�*er, ir_ the soiai-hPrn si_de o�' +.he uplif'+
northwes+., of Nor+.,on, a+,reP trvnk approx�matele 15 inches i.n
diame+er was £ound emt�Ad�3��3 in thP chert in the lower pQrt oi
t!�e formation.
51 The chPrt here is S't:PP_.n]ZT unturned an�3 the fossil tree rests
paral�el to the bed�_in� �
61 Thin sections o£ +he wood h��e baen s+u�i.ed microscot�icallv
bv lutr. na�id ?''J'hite, of' the TTn�_te� S+ates �eoloPical Siarvev, and
�e+.ermined to belona� to `� SDP,r1P,E of �ladoxvlon, a form common
to the ne�onaAn((82ii
m. This forma.t;on is helieved to be of the a�e of the Chattanoo�a
formatinn of Tennessee, +he Ohso ��a.le of Ohio, and Porte�.�e an!�
�a� ('hem,ar,e� of �.Te,n� vork. ( ( 3'i�_
n. A+ the top it rtoub+le�s inclia�es stra+�corresnondin� in ��*e with
th� rT��l shale of northern 4rkar_sas an� the basal shale of +,re
Tull�.hc�g formation of Tennesse�, whi�h are �TP,� IBVP,CI to he of
Kin�lerh�ok ap�e, or, �enorc3inr� +� +�+e C1�"P.�P.?l'f" C1t��Sif'-ir�ttj.o�� earliest
('arroniferous
o. At nresent iG is no+ �os5ible to c?etermine the exact nari-ina� bPtwP�n
t�e Pe�ron,'an �nd �arboniferovs, s�nce there �s no clear s�rati�raph3.c
�is+ineti.on in thP EYI�_]P,S� an� fos�ils are ?'�re.((�3)1
R_�S; CARBONIFEROTJS ROCKS((;�?_gg))
R-7-a: NISSISSIYI'IAN SEDIR��'NTS (( 3g_341 i
l. Sec��men+;ati�n cont�_nUed throtieh lower f.arhon9ferous ti.•nP �itholat apna.rent
c,essation
2� ��J;the 1-he exception of a lime�+�ne ler_til o��t�rrinr� abar t�e hase on
the G�vfhern sic�e of t�e Arbucl�•le upli�'t, +.he �nThol� sec+ion ��' A�ississ-
ic�nian rocks, annroximatelv 1,600 feet thi�k, �onsi sts o�' h] ac� A.n�1
hlue clav shales
:i. The r]�.�k shal.es cor.tain ar�i.11o-calcarPotas an� limestnne concre+ions
an�1 se�remations, and the bliae sha.l e C37'r1EjS sme:ll ironstone concretions,
ocr�,sional loc�) san�?si-one strat�., an� s�e.l� limP septaria.
4. Sv�amore limes+,�ne((331)
-
�, Tha limesi-�nP ot�tcrons verv near the base of the rarbonzfernus throu�h-
out the �ovthe,-n s5�e of the unlift
h. Tt occi�rs �lso on the northe?,n si�e of +he ma�n Arbuckle hTo�,ntain. �nc�
ex�enr�s easttuar�l i.nt;o the rentr�.l part of the unlift almost. to the
�*ranite
e. It is mapnecl and desr_,ribec� in +,he T�shom�n�o fo7io Unc�er +•he T1_9TM'•P,.
C�TCQUR02'P.. � 1P?2S'�;n212
d. Thi.s rn�k �s a lia�ht-t�1l�ish to velle�w an� A?'nbgb7V ar�illa�eot�s
m�.ssi�re limes+one
�. TTpon weai;hPrin� i.t senarates �n�o +hin be�?s,, a foot and les� in th;_ck-
n.ess, e,n�? c�an�e� +o shades of vellow.
f. TTear the ex+reme western end of thP Arbuckle It4ounta�ns i+. has a t'n;ck-
nP�S of nearlv 2�n feet.
e. TTPar ?�Iashita R;.ner �n +,he cef�tral nArt of +,h� ArhLiC`�!10 lanlift +he
li•ne�t�ne has a t�ick�ess of ab�1�i- FO feet, but �t hir.s �u+ eastw�rd �
ne�r +he �*ranite i.n +1�P northeast �o*-ner o�' T. ? S., p. ��;.
h. F1SP,V��}18�'8 in the unlift, +ow�r� +hP northeAst, it is a.bsent or renre-
serted bv loc,al thi.?i sili renvs 1�mes+nnP s+;rata �t the +on of +he
T?evor � e.?� chert .
i. T?o fossils have been fo��n�i in +h�.s limes+one.((3'�)1
-17- USGS P. �1
5. rane�,r sr.ale( ( 33-�411
a. `"he remair.in� ll'�i ssissipp�.an s�f`ra+� �t�o<-e the limesi-.^ne are mapped as the
Canet� shale in the qtoka and TiGhomir_�o folios.
ti� This ?o_rn!ati.on consist-s in fhe basa.l n�rt. of ble.ek 1��'-�am�noias claV
shalP c�nta�nin� limeGtone ar_cl ar�*illo-cal��re�t�s eep�s��f�nns
c. Thi s black shale 1*r�c�es tanward in+o t�lnish shal e containi�e� sm�.11
cl�v ironstone concretions and oc�asi�nal lime sen+aria.�(33);
d. Th.e rvh�1P forr^ation ? s est�m�tecl +o be arout 1,00� feAt +,hick. ((:��-
:�411
e. The lim�r �onere+ions a.n�l se�re�ations in the bl��k shale in the lo��er
part of +he ('�ne�,� florm�.+=on �ontr�ir a nlnnl�er oi fo�sil shells((�41)
1� The fos�ils of the ��nev shale �ere �ol.le�+e� �nd stu�i;ec3 bv
nr. �_. H. ('T1rt�T� 1Fiho c,onclu�?es tha+. thP �'auns� is pa�ttl�.ar and the.t
manv of +he snecies are new.
21 The a�e of tris f�.una((om*ni++Pr�il can nrobA�l�� s�fel�r be nl�ced
�� nost-neRonian, an� eKi�er_ce thus f'�r obta�ned i� fe��or�b7� to
corrdl�t;i�a it with the unner portion of the Al�iseissippian sPriPs.
R_7-r. F'EP�TSYLVANIAN SEDIAI!I��P?TSf(:�4_���) _
1. Frar_�-s con�l�merate ( i 34� 1
a, at thP c�los? o�' the rRissi.ssipnian enoch the Arhl�ckle re�ion, AspPcia]lv
the west;ern �Qrt, w�� upli�'ted �n+� 7.anc� an� remaine� so c�vr�nc� a lar�e
p�r+ �f p�,.r_n.s��l�an.ian time.
b. ?n the western nart o�' the unli�'t the sPdiments from +he +,o� of' i-he
T!tfis�issi.ppir,�n �rell �o�m ir_to the C1rd��i�ian, an� prn��hlv to the C�t??hrjgn�
were sixr�ect to erosion, anc� lrnver Carboniferoixe limestone �on�lomerAtes
�lerived from them �rere spre�d �cr�ss their worn edr�es
c. The wes+war� extension of +;hese ol�er rocks, r_�w concealed un�onrormably
t,•r t;he lowPr f;arhon.ifProi�S ar�3 "Red Rec�s"(Permi.an) �on�lomer��e, mo�t
nro�+�hl�r formed the lAr�*e,- nart of +he upli.ft, s3.nce thP lower cor_�lomerate
espec�iall�r incre�ses t�oth in �rolume and in ���rseness we�i-ward
d. The rarbonifProias conc�lomerate �aries �re^+lzT in th.i.��-ne�s as v�*ell as in
coQrseness of m�+Prael�
e. Tn th.e westerr_ p�rt of +.he rePion the c�nalomer�te wi+.h assooiated shale
an�? sandst�ne � s manu hvndre�l. feet +,hi�k
f. On the norther-n si�e of_' the unli�'tit dec,reases in t�+i�kness eastwarc?, anc3
chan�?es from co?nplete unronfnrmit,� unon the ed�es of thP A�;ssissippian,
nevonian, �iltxrjar_, qn� Orc�ovi�ian s+rafa +o ann�,ren+ �onf�r!�itv a�ho�re the
�anesT(?��iss; ssipnian) sh�le .
e. In the mishomin�o f'olio this con�lomPr�i-e i.s manned in �e�ail and
�escribed as the Franks �ont�l.omerate.
2. Wapanucka l ime�+one( 3�--3� .
a. From the v1r-ini+.,� of F'T'??'IkS sont�eastt���rd the Franks ��n�lomerate rsU?dl�r
�e�reAses ir� th�ckness an� coarseness, r*ir,inp place +o limest-ones, sand-
�tones, anc� shales
t,. A.t the northwes+, corner of the �ltoka qua�rar_�le, n�*t� ofl Hun+,on, �.s �
thin oolit.1� lime5+nne whi ch i.s l�P) i.eve�l to renresPnt 1-1�e Franks �onmlom-
P,Y'f�+e� in na�^t �+, l eas+
c. Thi� lime�+�nA has beer ma?�ped hPre 9r_� fart�er e��t, �nc� is des�ribed as
i-he �"Jan�m�clra lir.^estone in +rP q+o�� fol io
c�. It �s +he lowest- Pennsvlvanian sedim�nt ��no�nrn in Tn�ian '�erri.tory
e. Th-is li.me�tnr_e con+.i.nuPs eastw�.rd t�eyond the limits of' the Arbuckle uplift,
�ncre�sin� i.n +hiclrn.�ss t.o nearlv 40� feet in the central part o�' the
Choctqw r?�z�-ion. ( ( �41 )
f. �ti.11 farther east�Nar� it �e�reases and com�s to an enci ne�r the
4rvans�s-In�lian Terr�+.,or�r line no��h of i-he OuaBhit» AFountair_ ran�,e. (( 3Fi 1
;�. SanclstonP, shale, �nd co�.l((�F,l�
Q.. Abo-=e i'?'1P, zi��fiT3fL71Ul!Sc?� 11me�'f'C�T7P, tll']rl i'ii@ Fr4nks COT!�'�QT^Prn'f'Fj� nort�,?�rard from
trP e�s+ern n�rt �f +re Arbucl�:le unlift, knov�m Penn;;rl��nia.n sediment;s
a��rer�r�te a thic�-ness of 1�,�0� to 11,OC?� feet.
b. The ro�?�s of t:nis sect�on, romnrisir_� mar_v for�ati.ons o£ the san.dstones
and �hales, h�vA �een manned ir �etail and c�es�r�bPd i� the �oal��te and
�toi�a fol i os
c� . The � O"re$i' �oal-re�r� n� rortrs o�ciar H.?�nrOXlmai-.pltT ;�,�n(1 .f eA+ a.�jnTrP. t�e
Wap�nta�ka limestone, anc� olz-!-cron �.n +he extreme sola+heas+ en�l of +,he
-1�-
Croctavr coal field, Aa�inst. the east en�l of the Arb�ar,k7.e izplift.
�. These ro�.ks �onsi st Pnti rel�T of san�l stones, shales, an� cor�l.
e. The c���-hearir.� str�ta c.omprise �.1�D7^OX'LTnr�fP.1V 3,000 feet of.
sanclstone �n� shale, wi_th ei�ht to then worUable beds of �oal,
hesi�es man�r thin co�l seams.
f. mhese rock� outc.r�p �.cross the �hoc+�rw Na+; on �n�? northu�ard to
K�nsas
e;. Continv�.ns* �restwarc3 these ro�l �?east�res .ro�ks, e�PPo1a17�r 1n +he lower
na.rt, �re o�*erlanped ur.conforma.bl.�r an� c.oncealed h�J the lafer
"RPc3 Re�s" of the la+e Pennsvl����an an� Pe*�m�an
h. Tn ��e �a.me d-i.rection +hP coal seams become thinner and �P,CrE�aSP.
in numbPr, so that; no coal of importance i� kn�wn Urest oi the
v3cin.itv of Stonewa7l, n�rth o�' the ce*�tral nar+,, of the Arbuckle
vnlift.
4. The Pennsvlv�nian dex�osits sot�th of thc� Arbucl�le h�oi�n+ains �iffer
cons�c3era'�lv from th�se nor+hend east of the uplift
a. T►�ev occur onlv south of the Arbuckle ry'f�vnta�ns nrc+per, heir_�
conce+�led bv orerl�p of thP �reta�eoias rocks on the ea.st an�
sor.th, an�l of the "Red Redstt on +he v�est.
b. They r,onsist-. oi shales, san�i�+ones, thin limesi-ones, �n� lime-
stnne conr�lomer�te
c. ?Tnlike the roclTs of the �ame �t�e nnrth o�' the Arhuck�le re��on,
+hP 1-h�ek denosits of lim�stnne �onmlomPra+e �3o no+ acclar at +he
base, but are found at �*ar-i otas nositions in +he secti on la� to
the coal-bearinp� strata in the �icinit�r of qrdmnre
�?. These limes+,one-eo�s*lomera.+e t�eds are relativelt� thin an�] an�e�.r
as lenti�s interbbdde�] with shale an� limec+one
5. CoArse con�lomer�te denosite occu,- in c�ntact vrith the older rocks
in the north sic�e of the Crip.Pr ui11s sov+h�ves+ of Ar�.m�re,
a. �n s�c�oian+ of the ex�essi�Te f'olc�i.nc t�ae thicl-nPss of +he Pennsvl-
ni n sediments in this di_stric+ c�n no+ now be estim�ted..
R_�_�., ������Ata � � � ��_�s) )
l. "Red Reds" �5-36�)
a. poc�s of ,�ery late Penr_sul�ar±.i an er earlv Permian as�e ha�re been
deposited across thP western en�3 0�' the Arbucl-le uplift
b. The vn�onf'orm't�T of these sedimen+s with the lower rocks in +,he
V/PS'�P,?`71 part of the unlfit ��s been discvssed unc�er the headi.n�
"Phvs Z��raphv."( i 4bGt. n�a�e 2) ) ((?�i 1
c�. Thev lie in a ne�.rlv flat nos;tion across t'he ero�ec� e�3des of
sP•-reral thotasand feet of the Pennsvlranian, a17 of the 7tRississ�iopian,
ne4oni an, Silurian, a.nc� a lare�e bart of the Ordovi.�ian roclrs( ( 3F-�6)1
e. ThesP older formations were sh�rnlv folded and eroded nrior to
the deposit� on of +,he "�?ed Reds". (('�611
f. Near the hflSP, t�ie ��pP,� Re�'s" �enosi+s c,onsis+. of local limes+one
conr�lomer�te comnoser� of well-worn limestone nebbles in a calcar-
eolas anc� usta�.11v re� cl av ma+.rix, re�l �n� h11�i sh cl avs, r�rit, and
san.d .
s�. Tre limP�+�nc� oornclOmPrt�+.e o�c�ars on]�r al,oT*e a�cl i.n +.he vi��nitv
of the Silurian anc� �r�o�Tician l�mest�nes and C�rhonifP.roi�s lime-
stone cnnclomera+.es fr�m �rri.hch its limes+,one perbles WP,rA CiPrl�'P,t�.
h. i�estward, awav �'rom tre PntlYrP, of +he denosi+s, the limes+-one
conr�lomera+e chanr�es mr�.�?taallv �o �. bed of mas�i�9, �;o�a�h ara'illareovs
limest.one
�. In the vininitv of the OUtCTOA o{ the ne�*onzen chert a]�r�e nart of
+.h.e r�sql �enosits of' the "Red Reds" consists of f�•a�?nental cher+,,
sand, �r+d �.] a,y
j, qb��-e t�P Car�onifero�as strata of s�n��tone an� shale +he '�asal
�enosi.+s are nomnosec? of �rittv sanr's+one, sand, and bluish and red
cla.V
k. These "Re� Re�s" cler�osits are exnosed on the nl.ain from the �rbiackle
ARovnt�ins westward to and around +.;he ��Tichita �S�onn+ains, an� �re
des�ribed more fullv in the discu�si�n of +he r�eolo€�T of t.he
irrich�+q 2�o»nta�ns (pn. 72-76) .
�_g� CRETACFOUS RUCKS((36-37)1
1. '['hP, rel. ati ons of the �.-etaceoias sed iments �o the ol�er rocks o�' the
Artiiacl�le rerinn have bPPn exnlainPc� un�er the hea�line� "Physioeranhy
-19- USGS P. 31
of the Ar'�uc�le ��oun�ains"(pp. 1:�-16�:
Z� R'�'LP. CT'G'?:9..C�'n��S 7'(1(%�'S rest t11�011 a ne�rizT fltl'}'% f�00I'� SZ]o'hf:l,y 1]1C17.2].?Cj
sonthwarcl fr�m the soi�+hPrn edpe of the qrbu�kle re�i.on
'i. The �a�al forn!ation o�' +he ('rp{;a,Ce�l7S is �anovm �s +.he ?'r�nitY
a. It h�s a thi.ekneGs aonroximq+i_rc 2,40 feet �n� �nnsist;s of snnd with
local ��n�*1 omera�-e at +he hottom
4, mhe Tr�n;+�r sand is follo�+red h,� a nearlv T1taT'P, Z�mPc'F�171P, form�t;on,
2q +,o �0 feet in t�iclrness, ►rn�wn as the rno�llan�l l��+estone
,�i. .�'i12(!CP,A�irlo �h1iP 'aUy'P�' limes+�ne +�'1P,'"P, fl.r'o 1�1t�P t'19�r *ns�r�S� ,r..h3.+P
limeGfones �nc� marls, ferrup�innt�s r.l���s v�rith t-�+in shel� �?'T�E2S'f'OY1P.5,
�r_d finallv a t��n fossiliferni�s limestnne Q+ +hP +on of +h� lower �
rre+aceo„S.
6. T�"1PSP. f'07'P?H'�'" 0215 � k21'IYJTl Fi� the �7 �17f!l'f'i � CZ A�r� rR.f��(1 11TnP,6�'nI'_G�
Rokchi+o formation, and Renn�n�t.�n lime.s+nne, resnPe+�vel�r, a�'�'rev�af.e
r_earlv P40 f'P,P,'t in thicknes�
a. Fa�h is c�nforrr+�b1P �rith �ts co?i+��t formations, ?nd all �ib tcn�*A.rc�
fhe sotxth-soiat.he�st at r� �*rade apn?-e,•im�+;n� 40 feet t� +he mile
7. At the close of +.he 1cx�rPr �retaceotas the sedimPn+s were lif�ed a�o�e
the Sea, �i�t no+., folded.
P. Sli�ht erosion w�s follolaed bV �epression an�3 f.he �enosition of the
exi:ensi��e fPrrur�inous sand and clay �rhich o�nstitutetl�e basal formation
of t1�e ut�ner CretaoPolas
9. This b�s31 formflf-ion of +he unnPr f're+��eous is ��nc�wn as the
Silo s�nristone, an�? is in nA.rt at- le=�s+ of Da�o+a a,�.e,
1�. These f'retaceot�s form�t;ions have been carefullV m�.�necl an� arP describe�
i.n detail 1n the .4toka +�nd Tishomin�o folios.
11. fiouth oi' 14is� R�+3er abo�e +he Silo sr�ndstone �s a thick f'ormqtion
com�osed of Y�lue clav shales.((�61)
12. T1'�P,SP are su�ceec3e�3 b�! tah�te, �halkv limestones, anc� these ir_ t.u.rn
bv bltie m�rl s, ��hich ex+enc� t� the +o� of the upner f'rPi-aceoiis i,n
sottfihe��tArp rhoc+aw TT�+.1,on and nor+.heastern �'P,XAS � rP»nnd_ the l�mit
o�' the �.rea s�,orm on t��?P a��omnan�Tir� map •(P1.. I� .(� 371 �
IV. STRtTCTURE OF THL ARBUCKI�E �SOUNTAINS ((�7_g611
A. ((INTRODZTCTION)) '
1. In c�i.s�i�ssir_t� +he nhvsioRrr�nh�.� of the remion -it. w�s ne����arv +.,o m�ke
hr� ef mPn+i �n of thP �r�aPnir moT=AmPnts invo] nerl �r +he Q.rhucl�lP unlift. i(�7)
2, ThP hi�t�r�r of +he �*eolnmie s+rt��+tare wil_1 i�e cles�rirec� more ?ullv in the
fol.lowi.np� baces.
�. 7n �iscu�sina� tMe s+ratiRranhv it hRs bPen sl-o�m t.?,�t fhe forination5
rem�in�� in an a*��?�roxi.*n�t-.?1V f1 �+ rositi or. from +he aarl i est ��mbr?.an
t� +he enc� of A`ississinnian ti�+e
4. Tha.t i-.here urere osci.11ations of +he ocean bed, �n� nrol��rlv P1A�T�tions
of thP se�l�men+s into lovrlandG �t times, is shown bv the va.rtrina nature
of the rocks
5. A stur��r o�' the fossils b�r I�Qr. tTlrich has sho�m �pri.tho��t mvch do>>bt thAt
com�ar9+;�re1,r short 1.nter�rals of n�nc�eposit�on an�l nrora�lsr o�' sli�-ht
erosion�x��a�xxa��dxi���a��ax��scasxxa�ao��ma�i�ax�a�a3aaz�xisa�va� ha�*e occurred
6. The �'�rst chane;e in s�dimentati�n, an� nrob���7tr s1i Rh+- erosion, occurred
bet.ween lov�rer And middle Cambrian time, tivhen art��.11aceous li-�estones,
intraf���tional c�n�lomPrates, and clavs evere succeede� by massive
limestone
7. Another chana�e occizrred a.t the Pnd of the Arbt�ckle limestone denosition,
as ther� i.s �n abrunt- 1-r�nsition f'T!nm 4rbuckle li.mestnne to the basal
s�n�lst.one o�' the Simpsonnformgt,� on, w�iich i.s of �h�zv a�;e.
i�. Other breaks occvrred �t the c�bse of the Si�poson for�aation, where there
is a char.�e fro*n silioernzs to �urer limestone sed.iments; af the top of the
?�iola forR+ati.on, v�here ?;YIP,�"P. is �n ql�ru�t ch�nv�P from 7imesfones to c]aVs;
�nd at the �losP of the �u)�»n, where there is �n e�u�.11v �.brlapt re+��rn
to limes+one of t�e Hunton f�rr��+ion, wh.ic� vras introc�,ane�' locall,y by
de�osi_ts of c^n�lomete�te.
g. The ro�k bec��inm, }'IOZNP.�*P,?"� remaired nraeticall.v n�ral.lel , anci +.he sec�iments,
..�r;th. the P,XCeD'�"1nnS noted, are f;nel�� c?ivi�e� ar_�? e�*Anlv ��s+rihta+ed,
ahov�ir_r� th�t the oscilla+i�ns of t�P sea bnt+�m werP of broa� exi-,en+ �n� �
that if' erosion oactarre�l i+. z�*as in �*e�T l�w and f]et land. �
� _..�________ - - ---..__. _ ._._ __ ______ _____--_ ___ -------.._____.__ --_ --- --- -- - --__._�.--�
- 20-
](�. It is r.Pither i.mnosible nor imnQobable that. a hreal� in +he +'a1anA.
a���^!n�r;e� b�r q ch���e in se���+Pntati.on majr re �»e +o mari.n�e
conr]iti.ons, a nrominPnt part be�n�* nerformed bv ocean cUrrents.
11. A bel+ of �hallow sPa b�i-tom swept by �r. o�ean CL1r'"P.n+'� it is
��nsidered, wou]� receive neither 1-he fauna nor +he sec�iments he'27m
�lenoGite�l in a district of more q�aiPt waters.
1?,. TTear +�e be�*innin� o�' the Penns��l�*ani!�xi �r ne�r the c�ose of fhe
Mississipnian, the rocks of the Arbucl�le re�*i.on were fol�ed �nc� the
western part ti�ras el �s�rat.ed #ntb��;dnd, z�rohahlv into mountai.ns .
±�, The formations �nvolved in this uplift are R,00� to 10,000 feet
in thickness, and are composPd ehi_efl�r of massiTe limes+nne.
r. Favlt;n� on a lar�'e scale also occUrred, involtrine� the whole
Paleozoj.c sec+.i.�n belou� +he +op of thP 2Ri.ssi ssippiar., besides +he
nre-Cambrs_an �*rArite and nornh�rr-��. ( � 37)1
c. q�'ter the ele�*a+.,; �n ;nto 1 and t�erP was extensi�e er�s� on, which
P,XnOSP,(� the rocksec+.i on dor�m to the �ambrian �.n the tivestern part
�f t1�e ,qr�?uckle N!ountains. ( (37-:�8) )
1�. �x F���?r b�r erosion or bv erosi_�r_ �nd stabsidence �oml�ined the
weGterr T1s_�rt; a+ le�st �i t�e unl i�'t 1vA.s siarmer�ed and 1_ar�e
�enosits of C�rronifProus ��n�lomera+,e v�rere snread ��ross the
ed�es of +�,P OZdP,r f'�talted �nd folded strata((3R))
14. pt a sti.11 la+er +ime, before t�±e �losP of t�e Carl�oniferoi�s, +.he
sP�imen+s we�e ac►��n folded an� ele�Tated in+.o la.nd
a. Th;s �'olc3in.r� affecte� the re�entiv forme� conalomer�tee as �re]]
as all the rocir prev3.ov�l�r c�enasi+ed
h. Fa.ultin.�* x�a�x�€�e��cx��� o�etarred a] so af'ter tre �lenositor_ of +he
con�l omer»te.
15. Nee.r t�e close of Carbonifer�t?s time annt�her nerio� of si�bsidence
ocetarred and the "Red RedG" se� encros�hed i�oon the re�i�n fr�m the
tnre st
a. The extent of thi� encroachment e�.s+����r� i.s nc�t nol�r detPrminAble
bevond the tricin�tv o�' +he nreseni- oc,currer_�P of +.he �eposits.
16. At a 7�ter 1�E�rZOd� between Permir�n and earlie�+ Cr�taceous ti.TM�es,
the �!hol� rP�i.on was P,ZP�Iti'�8(� int� land
17. Follo�*r�n� t��s re�i�n�l e.le�r�t�on +herA ���as depressi�n and a rec�t�ction
�8 +he surfa�e to a rel�tivelv f1A+• nlair
1P. Thr,n fol7.owPd a siihmPr�ence �n� +he �enosi+lon of +he f'retace�t?s
SP,� 1TItP,?lt'.S .
19. Af+,�r �r�taceo�ls t�.me t'•�e reRi.on w�s t�roadlv vplifted i.nto lan�,
�.ai.+,h�.iat. �lef�rm�.+ion, anc? has so �'P,ms.tln@(� to the nresent time.
?.�. The deform�ti.on of' +he rocks nrnx exTosed in +,he Arbticl-le rea^i.on
commence�l near t,he �e�inn�n� of unner C�r�oniferons time ancl
enc�e�3 before i+s close.
B. CHARAC'TFF OF �'OI:DII�G .AND FAUI,TITSG((;�F�_4.g11
1. The Arttuc>>�e unl.t'it inclv�es a mamber of lo�r, wic3e anticlines and
corru�9+e� faultec� svn�linP�, ,r,h;�h 1-oPe+her •r�kP a hroa�l �Pantirl.�ne,
the t�ordPr� o�' �.r��ch arP flexed stePnlv do�rmward,((�811
?, ns exn7a�n�d i.n di�ci�ssina� the strat�ffraphv, erosi�n hQs rc�bved the
roclrs down +o +he hPart of the np] if+, PYnos;r_m ��.i thP SP,C3JP'�E:�'�'�;£i2`V
ro�lTs as we7l as the nre-Cam�rian arani.+e 9n� t�ornhvr�r
�. 7n tY�e f�a.ulted svnclinal foldsin the cen�-rc�) p�rt o�' the ianlfit, �nr},zch
ravP c?enresse� an�1 nreserved l�+er SOftP,r and thinner ?nrnla1ia�S� there
are i.n�li�^+��ns of m�re c�mnli�a.+P� f'olcl'n� than occur� i.n +,�A massi�.e
f'aml�lho-Or�nvician limes+ones.
4. The aeol o�i_� seati on� a��ompan�!i.nm +t�e m�n(Pl. I) sho�v the hroa�l �zs well
as 1he �le+�i].ed structv.rP af t;hP Arbvc?-1e unlfi.t -
F. The cetral p�.rt; of the upli�'t e��t �f 1'Ja.sh�+. a Riz�er is comnosed of
se?*Aral broa�, shallow folds
6. In the axial parts of thP ar+ic] �ne� �*rc�at th,'.cl�nesses of m�ssi��e
Camhro-Or�lovi.c.�_an limestnnPs are exnosa� and are �enerallv but sli�htly
f]exed
7. The thinner and snfter Silurian, Devoniar_, an� !',arbnnif�rot�s rocks in
+,he in-Ferveninr� s�rnclines hane heen �rim�!n1Pd int-o manr small folds
USGS P. ;�1
�. These S�.r71C`Z�nFg s�re i'11'Olrpn� ir, o�-��'1P,'"�1 1071c*1?;?1(�l?'lyt���l� �V Tfla11V f'qUl'�;5.��:����
9. Sinc,e the faultin�; erosi�n hAs so remosred the strata thr�t onitr narts
or +,hese ntraerous iol�ls �n the �r�ac�er svnclines are n��� �areserved.
((:��_:�gll
10. The essenti.al f'PBtUrP,S of the fol�in�' An�? f�a.tx]finu ro�i11 be desorihed,
re�*;nnint� �n��th the no�i;h side.((39ii
R-1: Nian+on �nticl�ne(��91�
1. C'n the northern side of +he Arruc�l.e Ut�li.ft, be?�innin�* i.n +,he �icinit-y of
Hunton anc� exi-en�inp nori-hU�esi-e�ard, +�P ,-n�ks he.T*e bPen ren+ into a bro�d
ar_d loU� t�p��rard fold, tivhich is sharply flexed and £eulted on +he northern
sicle ancl f at�lted throtac�hoiat the sou+hern si�?e.
2. In i+� wes�-ern �art it. is 15 r.!�leG in t�reAc�th ar_d BYtP,r1r�S ozrer alr.most h�lf
the �ri�3th of t�e qrbuckle A?oiznt^�n dis+ri�t
:�. �;��i:�ja.r� +he fol� �rrnvs �r�c�l�all�,r nar�-ov�rer�or 20 miles, v�he?'e if is �on+.,ra�ted
mor� abrupt]v b�r the axi.al� pitch af' the rocks an�3 bv the oblique faUlti.nu
4. The fatalt�no vpon t,he nor+hern s�c�e of t�i.s fold Zs loca,l, the fra�ti�res
be�r�ne� Pener�.11v e�st ana �vest a+ n�riovs an�les to tre �xi�l +rend of the
main anti.cline, btat in mos+ c�.ses e.�ross or oblique to the s+.rike of the
f�rrn�+.ions
5. The lnr�*esf of +hese faults, �o�rre�*Pr, follows i-.hP st-ril�e of the beds in the
northwest side of the fold
6. ThP c?�splacement of the �ec�s aa due to �S�i�s faul+, �3e�.reases northwP�t.���ard.
7. �TPar t�e sov+he�s+ern erd tre 1�*ho1P o+' +,t,e �imneen f�rma+ion i.s disnl.�ced,
brin�in� +he �riol� limesi-one aa�a�nsi- the Arbvrkle
P. c�me of' thPse lor.al faults exi-enc? from trP thick (1rd_ovi.c�an limestones, �C7'OSS
�i�+ari�n an�l nevor_i�n stra'-a, ini-� t;he f�arron.i�'erous shales, an�3 the ror.ks
t�non. i-he north are �enerallv �enrPGse� vrith resnert +� trose up�n the soi�th
in the cl; re�+; on of the c� in o�' +hP st;ra+a.
g, 2n T. 2, rT., R. 6�,, nA^r the extreTne northern I.imi.t of +hA unlift, +here ia
a tr3.ana�ular bas�n of rarbonifPr�tas limestonP conmJ�meT•a+e restins� unconform-
arlv across ol�er P�leo7.oic ro�ks
1�. ThP becl� are steenlv un+.urnec�. unon the n�rth�■rPs+ern an� �ota+Y�western si�ies,
an�i fai�l+�na� has o�curre�? a+ +hP c�nta�t ofl +-re con�] omera+e with older rocks,
5� +��+, 1-he ro�lrs are derressed h�r f�.taltin� as well as bv �'oldin�.
17. The fatzl+in?� u�ion the soi�fhern si�e i.s T^n7'P, P,XfeY!SZNP,� wz+h d�x*nthrow f01'VAI'CI
the sot�+. h
1?. mhe ro�)-s on the sovfhern si.de of the ��unton ant_c�line: are i.nr��ir_ec3 at low
ar_�les exc.en+ locallv near i-he �'aults, 'fRI1P,?'P, +.�,e ci;ns are �asv�l7�r increased.
13. In thP axiai ng,-t, a.nd ne�r +h�, �vestern enci of tt�e anticlinc�, v�rhere i+, is o�-er-
lapned anci con��aled b,y la+,er C,arboniferoi�s strata, there are local shallow
rasins, +�ncl at +.he ex+-reme WE'SfP,rp en� a local rasin con.i-a3ninr� rocks of +,he
Si�^ns�n f'ormat,ion ha� reen falalte� ciown �,s a triar_r�ular hlock in +he Arbuckle.
limestone.
14. FOr +�e most nart the f�.ul+,s hor�ierinp' +his c?eoressed block bear e�st and
NP,Si'� vr�th displacements to�,1T�,.rd. the soiath
l�. A sine�le fatzlt bearin� northeast interseets the faults in the axial trend
and displac�es the rocks dovv�rward to�vard the west
B-2. �'lapamacka svnrline( ( �9-40i)
1. A f��t and eas+warcl-pi.tchint� syncline occu.rs immediatelv soUth of the
Aunton �nticline
2,. In thP t�roa�, �'lat vallev of �apanu�k� �rePk, from �vhic.h it has received
its name, its axial pa.ri: is occuniecl by �dississip�i�n shale((3911
3. This fold becom�s broq�ler and flatter eastwe.rd, ��n+.il it is lost in the
Coal 1��e�sures nort�east of the Arbtac�le uplift. (('�9-40) �
4. To�v�ar� t�±e west it contra�ts b�T fa�zltin� Unon each side lantil it nr��ticslly
ce�ses as a fold in +�e nor+hern DRrt of T. ?, S., R. 7 E.((4011
5. Parts o�' the s�rncline m�v be s�.i.d to o�cur alort�' the fault which extends
throu�'h fhe unlift on tl�e solith side of +,he Hunton antic,l-ine
6. The so��th limb of the tne '�Papanu�ka s�.mcll.ne is in+.ersec+ec� hv man,y iaults,
wh-ich have strikes T�arvin�* frnm �ra.ns�*erse to di.rer_.t9.ons narallel ��rith th�
trend of £he ��'n�din�
7. A strikine� ch�racteristi.� of +he faultine� is t-h9+ the older and harder rocks,
-��-
in.�lu��n� thP �ranite, are di.splace� to a arP.fl+.P.r exten+ +han +he soft
Carboniierovs shales.
8. On the sout�ern side of thP �9�nanuck� syncline the faul.ts are more
num�roias than on the northern. side, and with the ex�eption of a Iocal
+.ra.nsverse fault v�rest of Wananucka the depnession of thP stratQ due
to f aultin� is in all cases 1-o�uard the axial part of the s�mcline.
9. �x�luc�ina the transverse fat�]1- referreci to, the fr�ults ma�� he eonsi!�ered
in +wo classes, viz, those �uhich b��r 11P,flrl�T e�st an�? west, and th�se whi.ch
trend in northwesi--soiatheast direc+ions, more nearlY with the strike.of
+he rocks.
10. mhese t-Ro classes of faults, ho�e�rer, co�lesce, ancl by their junction
ati�?!.en+., the �' 3 snl a�e*nPnt of the strata
11. Manv of the la.r�er faults ha�re vertica7 disnlac�ments of sereral thousand
feet, an�, where tevo suc.h anproach, the +,hrow is drnar:lv �reat.
12. 'r'wo ne�rlv narallel falalts anoroa�h each other so��th of V�apanuc►�a, and
their comh;r_ed throw brin�s De�onian shales almost in conta�t with the
�ranite, eoncealine 8,000 feet of C�mbrian, Orr�ovici.an, and Siliarian strata.
13. The faialtin� in the northe?-n side of the stm_cline bears ne�rlv N. ?0° E.,
inf.ersectin� the older rocks almost at ri�ht anC�les to their stril�e, and
the rocka in all cases are depres�ed. soi�thwerd +ou�ar� +�e A.xis of th_e
svncline
14. The �?�.splacement due to fa.ultin� in the nnrthern lim.b of +.he ?�(anQnucka
svnc,line is lesG than that on the sou+,hern sirie, and as a conseqtience
the reslz].+,ant throw west of their iune�ion ie dowr_warc� tonvarc� �k-he nor+h,
alonp� the axial trend o.f the fold.
B-3. Relfon anticl�.ne(i40-41))
1. The elona��ted �rani+e areA. which extencls from th? southeast end of the
Arbvc�le uplift northv!�estward bPvonr� Rel+;on oocupies the axi al nart of
a noorlv defined anticlin�l fold.
2. Aoth sides of this fold have been f aulted i.n such manner th�+ the rocks
represente�l in it occi�pv onl�� +he axial part
�. The stratified rocks now in this fol� above the �rsnite consist of mas�ive
Camhrian and Ordo�Tici.�n limestones wl�ich are �'olcled onl,y to a moder�.te
demree anci which strike toward t�e fault at var�oizs ane�les
4. �?ear 1-he faults on either si.de of +,he fold the beds are vsuallY more
st�Pnitr �nclin�d towarcl the fault or locally folded
5. In nlaces, however, onlv a slie�ht increase in dip is al] +he �istur'�ance
tn he noted on accoiant of the fault((40))
6. The conta�ts betwe�n the a�r�nite an� limestones, ivith the exce�tion
n�ss�.bly of �shat �t- thP ��est end, are ma_rked bv faults, and on both.
nort.hern and sotatrern sirles the s+r�tifiecl roel�s are c�epressed wi+,h
res�ec+ t� the iuneao��s mass, an�l the �i.p near the f ault is usuallv
t c�ward th e� ov,mthrow. i( 40-41) )
7, The faults markin� the lim-its beri;ween +he �rani.te ar_� �t-he limestone
at the e�st end of +re ant� eline extend vvestwarc� an� �otanci t�e lont�
block of Arhuckle limeg+nne whicr consfittates the axial par+., of +,he fold.
((411) �
R. The rocl�s un�n each side o�' this fatalte� ant.i�linal block Ya�ve been
c�enressed with respect +_o the rocks within
9. The Bel+on anticline i.s conceale!� bjT Cre+,�ceoi�s deposits to�vard the
so�atheast t�nd b�r Carhoniferoias c�n�lomerates toward th.e n.�rthwest.
B-4. T+Rill Creek s��ncline((�1-42))
1. ThP �i strict of most intr�.r.a+e folc�ina� and �'atxltin� in the qrbue�rle
re�ion is a n�rrow strip of countrv i�+edia+elzr sou+h of +.he Relton
ant�cline in the central part of the Arbuckle uplfit
?.. The belt �arzes fr�m one-he.�f mile to 3-1�2 mileG in width and is
� v�hole svnc;linal.
3. The fo�rm. of ?!ill Creek, for which the svncline is named, is locatecl
near its cent.er. �
4. The svncline consists oi' parts of manv surordinatP f olds, �Parin�; ,
�enerallv n�rthtvest and southPast, 9.n the trPn� of the Arbuckl.e uplift,
ancl i.s bourided u�on each sic�e h�T well-c�efined fr�ul.ts.
5. These bo�m�lina f�ults, as well as most of those in the interior of the
svncline, trend Penearllv parallel with the main foldin� of the uolfit.
-?3- USGS �+. ?I�
6. In no case, hotverer, �o t.hP f�talts fol7.o�� St7'�1ahf lir.es f�r anv considerable
distance.
7. "lhile t�e fault lines +ake the a�Pneral directinn of the ma�nr fol.r�in�, the
bec�s usuallv st-rike ag�ains+ them �n �ne S1�P Ar +he nther, an� in r�iaces on
both si�es, �t ana�les between �0� ar_r� 9��.
8. The rocks occurrinc� a+. i-he starfa�e an�l ;mr�lve�3 in +he ±'�lclin?� and faulting
?.nclta�?P +,hP �ntire seetion ?'rOm the Cambrian +o the i'�a.l IMP�SUT�S a.n� h��e
a t}�i�kne5� an�roxima+inp� 1�,000 feet.
9. '�he rorks exposed in the satall er fold_s are for +,hP -�ost n�rt the i;hinner
and softer fnrma+,ion� of the Silurian, �e?oni�n, and Carboniferotas.
10. It is nrobahle th�t, these f'ol�s in the hi�*her rocl�s are mi.nor crumplinp�s
which were deRe].oneci in +�+� axi_al part of the s�,mcline, abo�-P, fY1P broa�?er
tr�i?gh of +he thick and harcl de�p-�e�zted limestone, be�'ore +he faUltin.c�
oc�l?.rred.
11. These massi.�=� lime�tones exposP�l i.n +he P,ASf'P,�"L� x�art of thc� fold are for the
most �art r�en+.Iy inclined, annroachinp� the fau]..ts uoon eanh side at �vide
aneles.
1?. The faultin�*, especiall,y in each side of the fold, is �er�� extensi4e, and in
�laces brinps the Carboni.fer�us rocks in contact ar�th the (?rdovician ancl the
unper �rd���rician strata at�ainst the �ran�te, sh�winP disnlacements oi several
thousand feet.
1:�. For +,he Mos+ nart +}�e foldin� and fa.ulti.n� OCCLT7'TPf� before +he �lez�osition of
the Carboniferoi�s CO21P,ZOr'IP,ra{-P, which extends across the western enc� of the fold.
la. �ertain faults in the 41.�1.ri1'�:V of A�ill rreek and near Ru�vhorn, howetrer,
occurrecl sinre +,he denosition of the con�lomerate, v�rhi�h ?.s inz*olveci in the
d isttirhances .
15. PAr1-S of fol�ls �n raml�rian an� �rdoRician limest�ne occvr fatzl+ed a��inst
+hA �ranite at the P,7C+rpMP, 5017'I'1'lP,aSfP,T'21 Prr� ofl the unl.ift.��4111
16. So lara�e an area is onerlanped and c�on�ealed b�� rretaceo�as strata that the
re7a+,ions o" +hPSP ��r+s of f'olc�s t-o �t-r.er strt�cttzres cAn not he dei-ermined.
((41-�2))
17. Parts of t�•o fla+, irre�ular svn�linc�s are renresen+e�. and the faul�in�
�t�nPars to follo��� +..heir axi�l trends.((42))
1P. TTear +►,e e�s+ en� of +.he limes+�ne exnosnres the �,000 to 6,000 feet o�'
Ar}�uei-le � 1P1P,SfnnP. � s cvi- at ri �*h+, ann].es t� +,he be�� �nr* anc� �rrn�c�Y�t a?�ainst
tr� �*rani+e.
R_5. Tishomir_�o anti c13r_e( (421i
1. finn+h nf the r�i11 �reelr svn�line an� forminm the s�+rern nart �f �-he .0.rbuc�rle
lUrot�nta�n re�i�n �s a hroc�cl, fl�t f�1�3 call�d the Tzsh.omina�o ant�cl-ine
?. ThP lare�e �rani+e area lvin� n�rthwes+ o�' Tzshomin�*n o�cu��es the axial nart
�f t1,is an+i.c] ine
�. Aho��P, f'.�'lP, �r�n�te anc� unon its wesi-ern. sicie the �rrholP see+��n from lrn+rer
rambrian to �t�rhoniferotas is e�pose�3, nit�hi.r.? �nrPs+ward at an n.n�1e of abotat
18° . '
4. The northern limb o£ thi.s �,nticli.ne is f�r +he mos+., n�rt �'i.snlace� �nd
�oncealed bv f�laltine�
�. 4 lar�e n�rt of thP SAt�'t'1'1P,2'71 �.��b o�'�•the fol� is also c�r_cealed b,y faUltin�
fro.n +he �ricinitv of ?!?vatt e�st�r�rd
6. Ror�erinv� the srranite on +�e south side, this fAult c�tts the whole sPcti.on
of �tr»tif'�i.e� rocks from �amh�-�an to Carbon�.fProixs, and disAlaces them in
such manner th�a+ the f'ormat�ons rest consecuta.nelt* ae�a�nst thP �;ranite
7. ?�?orth of thiG �'�.ta7t, �rrhich e.�ctends al�n� the s+rike of the rocks from the
�;rr�nit� westv���rd t� l�as'�ita R�4er, +.he ro��s di.p �enPra)lv at low an�les
trn�rard +hP west and sotithwest
R. fln the s�vthern s i�' e the ro�ks s+r� �-e q�*�r�ximatelv wit;h t-he trenci of the
f�i�l+, an�l dip steenlv t�rar� +re sot�+.hwest-
9. �T�rtheast of ilotl�*hertv the Tish�mirr�o anticl i.ne contrac+s an� deparates into
�t-tiRro minor folds, 1-he nn1^{-hEjrrtmnS+ of wh� �h ni+. ��!es r�n�c�.l�;r c�!rum�vs�rd tow�rd
fhe n�,-thtnre�+ an� ;s los+., ber_Pat•h 1a+P Carboniferrnas con�lor�e��ate which
o�erlans ol�e� sP�ime�ts
1n, m�e sP�ond fo1c1 is the ��ves.+,ern EtX'FA►'!S1�T! of th.e cen+ral n3rt of +�+? onti�l�ne
7.1. The rocks in +he axi�l psrt pitch nnrthwe�+war�l at an enr�le of al�out 2,0°
eas+ of nov�he�, �nd r� sP aa�in a+.. aho,a+ the S9?P1P qno��P nnrthvNest of the
same pl.ace.
-24-
1?, mhi s fold continiaes nori-hwesi;�varc�, expan�inr� sli�*htly, until �_t alsn
�s concealed h.r late Carboniferrn?s az�d recent river deposits.
13. Two t� 5 miles northnrest of nou�*hert�r, s�nd so»th of the ��PstPrn c.ontracted.
end of the T�shomine�o anticline, �s a neculiqr dome-like anticline
less than a mile in width, with n�,-th-so»th a.xis.
14. The OCCLlrrPrir� o? +,his local fold (�G'f1P,rf5 the T-i.shomin�*o ant�cline
sli��i;lv northward
l�. (ln the nor+hwestern and southeas+Prn sic�essof this do?*!e-17.ke anticline
there are small svncli.nes, and their sharn n�rth en�s .r�se in +he s�vth
S;�P �f the Tishomine�o ant�cline
76. The Fouthern nart of this dome-like anticline is concealed by the sand and
si]t denosits ir. +he vallev of ?.�Tashita Ri�er.
R-6. '"lashita st�ncline(�4?,-43))
1. Just sout.h of the Ti shomi.n�o ant-i �� ine, n�ar the n�int where 1+11i11 Creek
�rosses t�e lqrr�e fa,�lt, is � fa��l+eci soia+,hern limb of a s�rn�lir_e. ((42�,1
2. It is alsn a part of the northern limh �f a narrov�r anticline whi�h trends
to�rard +he northwes+ and approaches ard is clat i�v the fA.tal+ ea�t oi the center
of T. 5 S., R. 4 E.((4?-4S))
3. Thi.s broken ant9.cline is nrobahlv a b�rt of the Arbuckle anti�line �?es�ribed
t�elow( i4�) )
4. A lo�al narrow st�c�linal fold occurs �n the northern si�1e of' the sqme fault
in sec. 2., T. 3 S., R. 3 E., and its so�athPrn limh ie faultPd dn•mrnr•rs�rd
and ooncealed
F. These two Aarts of synclines are si.m3.la*-l�r rel,a.ted to the mish�min�o
antioline �nc� trenc� in the sazne �irection, but the fault c�n�eals
{;heir trve rel �tions
6. The se�ond sm�l1 svncline rises to�!arcl the w�st anc� tren clescends
ne�r the western side of T. 2. S., R. 3 F., becomin� a nart of the deep
�'Pashita syncline, wt�ich lies beneath the valle?T of �"7ashi+� River
nort.h�rest of the �or�e in the Arbuckle bRounta�ns.
7. The sauthern limb of t�e '�,�ashi_ta s�rncline i_s steeply uoturneci.
i?. The bec� s exnosec� so»t� of the ri�er val l ev dip toward the northeast at
Anales narvin� Y�etween 40� an�l 70�.
4. Tn the nori-hwestern si�e of the fold, east of the c�ome-like anticline
cl�scri?�ed in connecti on tiuith the Tishomin�o anticline, the rocks �are
inclinecl tov!�ar�7 the SouthT+�es+ at aneles of abaut 30°.
1�. ATorthwest of tre dome-like fol� the dips are eterper
11. It is beli.eQe�? that the sovthern extension of the dome-like anticline
does not p�ss be�ronr� the axis of +he syncli.ne, since the exnose� rocks
in the so�t+h.ern limb sroTv no indic�fion �f trans�e.rse stresses.
12? The s�nd. anc� silt deno�its of �'lasrita p�.4er con�eal the �xi.Rl nar+ of
the fol�, which cont�ains a th�_ct� section of C�.rboniferous shale
1�. The norh+wes+�arc� extension an� nrob�hl�r a 1arp�e nart of t-he i�T�shi+.,a
s�mcline is �oTrerPd bv overl�.n of 1R+e �arboniferous cor_alamerate,
which conceals the westward P.7c'I'P.nS�OYt of all thP larae folds of +he
Arhuc�-le upli.f't �
B-7. Arbta�kle anti�line((43-4611
1. Sovth �nd we�t. of i'��sh�t� �i.��er is � broed an�? stee�-sided Qr_+i cline lvhirh
is o�cunied. b�� the Arbuck�e ��ounta �n5 nroper
?,� The fold converp�es nra�+ica11Y to a noint east of Vdashita pi�*er, and
nitches steenl�t east�rrar� be+,ween c.�n�era�ino- fa.ults.
�. ATorthwe�tward the fol� exoan�is izr_til it rggChP,S a vyidth of 1� miles
�t +,he western en.d of the mounta�ns, �rhere the ro�ks invol�*e� i.n the
foldin� are overlapped and cor_ceQled b�r Pennsvl�anian and "Red Rec�s"
c. on n7 ome rate
4. Seci-.ion .0.R on the map(Pl. I�, drav�m �.cr�s� the west end of the fol�,
ill.ustrates the eh�.ra�+er of the s+ru�+ure.
�. The rocks ne�r the northern and sout'-�ern borders dip at �.np�les of 30°
to 7��, while in the a�ial n�.r+.. of the fold, es�e�ial]v +.hrou�*h the broader
�.�res+ern nortion, +,he incl inat; or_ of the t�i ck eamb_ro-�rd ovic. � an rocks
is usually much lower, thouah locally variable.
6. Tn the eastern part, near the ?°�Tashi+� Ri�rer aoro�e, the fol�3inP h.as been
more intense.
-2F-
U3GS P. ;�1
7. (�n].�T the �PnPra.l fe�tiares of +re St;r1]('t11rP, hAve �PP,21 b�r�rked oit+. �nd shovvn on
f.he a�r,rnnp�nvinP� small—S('A.ZP, map.
8. In the axi�l ��rt of +he an+,lc�line, near the cen+er �n�l �uestern eai.d, are t.wo
uns�rr7r.�etric�l d�me-li1Te str�a.�+�+res in whzch nre-�ambri an i p�ne�l�s roclrs are
P,7C7�0 S P, (�
9. ThP rocks in +he.northeastern sides of �hPsP �omes �.re more steenlv in�lined,
re�ic�es beinr� falzl+,ed. i i43i)
l�. The more P,�.S+Brl�r of these elev�+� ons, 1�n��rn lo�al l�r ns the .F,ast �'�oo�ied Hills,
i.s i-he smaller, anc? is bovnded on +he r_�rtheas+ hy a �iar�e�7 f�,ult, r���rin� the
i�neous arPa A rgr�Bl�T CrP,6rP,Y!i--fiYlEL�P,� outline. (�4�-4411
1]. The r.�asG;.�e CamY,r�an limestone on +he east. side ��ns �,w�,v from the iv�neol�s
m�ss ir the �irection of th? �nv,mwArd disnla�e+nent-.((4411
�?� The m�re WP,SfP,r1.V dome-li�P E'JAZ'f��1.0?'1 of +he s+.r�ta in the 4rbtaokle anticline,
known lo��llj,� as th.e ':YPs+• Wo��ied Hil1s, is brokPn on thP n�rihhern sid.e b�� a
ntzmber of' f'aizlts �rhich h�.�*e avnroxi?�ai-.elv +he st�me dira�t-i.on as the +rend of
d�i3e fold., an� on thP eoi�t'�wPst-ern side h�r a s�ngle iaixlt nPar thP wes+ern end.
1�. Fo�ar �'�tal.ts ha�e bPPn locatec� on the northeas+ern sid�.
14, The two fal�lts v�rhir,h bor�ier the �ranite are e�entiv �urved or fluted �n�l the
Cambrie.n limes+�ne is disnlace�l cio�xrnuard to�rrard the n�rth
1�. The vertical th�ow can n�+ be aec�zra+el�* Ps+�mate�, but i� is �robabl,y not less
thr�n �n� fP,P,'f: tivherP the T�eac�an 8�tY1C1S-F011P, is �on�ealed
16. The sPcnn� +wo f�vlts have causPc3 �r?a+er di.snlacemen+ of the s+r��a
17. Thev �re near to�ether, are neaily narallel, �nr� con�*er�e at the e�restern si.de
of Se�. 1?, T. 1 S., R]. ��. �
1R. RPt;�treen these faults a na.rroUr �reci�e of +.he 9imns�n f�rma+ion is thrcn+�m dc�vsn
retUreen ma��i�e str�ta -ir_ the lcnvPr nar+ of the Arbuckle limestone
19. A_ faalt in 1-he s+.ri�e an�1 soi�+h.Aas1- a? +hP dPnresse� wec�u�e of Simnson li�estor_e
ciats +he sotathen5tern lobe �f +hP i�r_�ovs mass, +hrOwjri�' +re Camrrian limest-nne
�own nn +..he southwestern si�e o�' r� ton�ae of pnrph«rtr
?.�. It is nresumed tha� thi. s is the sol��hwestwar�l P,Xf.P,ri510n �f +t�P more northerl,y
of the t�o faul+s above rP.fP,7'TP,c� to.
21. The f�ialt on thA SAl�f�1t'VPg'�?rp side of t�A �,*est 1"�Inn�P� 7i�lis has a more east.erlv
bes�ri�� th�n +hose �n thP nort-hPas+ern side
22. Towarrl the eaGt it en+,ers thP �ranite an�t i_s lost to vi.ew.
23. moTrrar� the wbst it nasses into +�P t���.k rambro-Ordonciar_ limes+one anc9
prohably beneath the ovPrlax�r�inp� C�rbonifernus ��ne�lor?erate
?4. The bearin� of +ht�s f�.ult is 0�711ry11P, to +he st.r�l-e nf thP r�cl�s, �n�3 +he
disnl acement of the strr�ta � s d�tivnw�r� twarcl +he �ov+Y�, c�nr.�P�7 �n� +he Re��an
sandstone
ZF, The be�s on e�eh side, �'SAP,C'! �.] ly +hosP ne�r +he hase of +.he sPction, St;T'1kP,
ae�a.inst +he �'aizlt at hi�h anples.
26. Ional fol�inv ancl fa«lt�n�* have oc��urred near the bor�er �f thP Car��ni.fermis
c�n�l�me.ra+e ea�t of the "�Pst 1r.Too�ec� Hills
2.,7. A str9.ke fault in +,h�s c�istri�+ se�arates the Vibla limesi-one from olc�er
form�+ions on the �est
2p. I+, is evider_t that the !�isnl�cemPnt of +.he rarks on thP r_�rthP�st side 5s
�?oj�vnward vai+h. resnent to those on the o�noslt-e ai�e
2Q. S(?l?'��'P,FG+ward +,hP �'�vlt a�.sses rPne�+h an �ra� o�' f'Arl�OriifPrOtas limes+ane
c�nPlomerate, �hich �r3s dPnos�.te� �n erodec3 edPes of t.he Cambrian ancl Ordovician
ro�l�s after +he �'ol�in� an� fai�l+..�n� i.n tr�s �?�stric+, occurre�
�0. F�ri-hPr tov�r�rd the soiatheast. an� ex+.Pn�lin? to �`�ia.shi+a River it is bel�etTed that
1-.he s�mP �'a.ialt conf�mae,s in +he s+r;.�re �f +.he �ir!��on fo�-TM�ation.
31 . T+.s exa�t loc�+; on, hrnve��e,r, i s �i ffi.cul+ to �ietermine. (( nn ��
:�?. The �is��acement 9t�'�A�i7'S +.� 1.n�rP,�SA so,?theas'�ward, sin�e the Simpson f'ormation
bPcomes �*ra�ltxa] lv +hinner in +his �i_rPc'-ion hv +he lo�c �f lcswer beds, until
onlv a remnant. of its thi�kness is nresent where i+.s �l�+�rop a�n*-oa�h.es
�"�fa�hi+a Ri�*er. ( (a�_45i �
:��. Tn the rivAr val1e`* the falalt cu+s a�ro�s +he �'r�.shi+� svn�line, rrinoin�
stacressi�elv �ili�ri an, ne�ronian, �n� rArr�niferous ro�ks in �on�-e�t wi+h the
t',ambro-Or�ovi �ian Arhiackle f'ormat ion. ((45) i
�4. Fast of �"Tash-ita piver +he thro�rr f�9C►'P,9,SP.S� and nra�+��fl1�vi ceases near the
-�s-
s�ta+ra�st c�rr_er of sec. 29, T. 2 S., R��;.
3F. From apnr�x5matel�r the s�amP pl�ce a t'avl.+ �lrea�l�T des�ribed extends t,hraue�h the
so�ath limb �f the Tishomin�o anti.cline
;�6. ThP c�i.snlacement of +he rocks of this fai�l+, ho�erer, i s d.nv�mw�rd towerd �he
sovth
37. A secnn� fault occurs in the rocks nor+h of the ��zst zAToncied Hills
;�P. I+ j�ins tre first near the western side of sec. 24, T. 1 S., R. 1 F., �r_c�
l�ea*-s to�Tar�l +,he t+vest, v��ich downthrow toward the eovt;h
39. Thus b�+.4veen the tv�ro faults t.here is an ol�tuse WAr_�f*P, of olc�er rocks whi.ch
has bPen e1e�a+ed with resT�ect to the form�zti.ons that oa�iar on op�os�te sides
oi t.he faults.
4�, It has bPen exnl��necl that the A*'l�tar�le s�nti.r,line ne�r the corssinp� of iNashita
RitTer and bevon� towarc� +he SOUi"!lP,£i$t is much contr�c+.ed. an� s+ron�ly folde�
an� faulted on both sides.
41. The faialts on +he northern side have bePn descri??ed
42.. On tl�e sou+hern sid_e t.he� (�?S'+'Ltr�gtl(!P,S are more comnlex Anc? are difficult to
i nterx�ret
4�. Two an� nossi_blv more faults cross 1Rashat.a �'iRer nParly i?i +..he +renr� of foldina;,
anc� connert�e tOl"7?iT'� the southeast nesr the �outhert� side of' se�. ?1, T. 2 S, R.
$ F; .
44. The restal+ire' �isplacement, when +,he�r �on�=era'e, is sl�ch +�.�t f'Arl�oniferol�s
shales are +hron�m �o�!n on the sou+,h an� rroi��*ht-. in con+ac.+ wi_th Ordo�rician
7ime�tones
4�. In secti ons :�2, ari� :�� of thi_s trn�mship the same shales �re f�ul+ed auainst
Orc�ov�_cian ro�}�s, but on the northern si�?e.
46. A fault transec+s the fold obliavelv to its tren�, bearin� sotathPast from the
n�rtrern side, an� apnroaches anc� seems t.o .�ni_n +he above-na.med con?fero�irP
fatal+..s near the southeast corner of seci-ion 32.
47. Rere it turns eastUrard i.n the south si�e of the n�rrow }�itchin� end �f +he
Arbia�kle �nticline, clividin� Carboniferous ro�.ks lyinr� on the north from
Ordovician lim�s+..one on the sot�th.
48. T?�ar the soiz+hern si�!e of secti.on 34 a narrow framnent of massi�re Arbvekle
limestone a half mile ir_ lenr�th i s ap��rently Aro jected int� the �!ississip�ian
shal es
49. The limeet�nes are steenlv upturned an� the shales in exposl�res n��ar bv are
intiTM�+elzr crtamnled and sli�l+'ensided.
F0. An e.+temnt at exnlanat,on of the forces which nro�viced the �listurbances of the
rncks woul� not be sa+i�fa�tor,v withov+ ftarther ci�+ailed work, but i+ apne�rs
+,hRt +here have been mo�re*nents of the strata lon� i-he fault planes in the trend
of +he foldin�^ an�? t�,a+ the lon� and nA.rrov� we�lae of limestone referred to above
hes been thrus+ into the �arboniferous shales.((�4F}1
�B. T�e rocks in the soii+hern limb o�' the A�buokle �n+icline h��e �Pen �r,�mnled
to a sma71 extent, �pnar�n+lV 1'?V fpr�P.S ac+�n� in the direction of the trend
of the fo1�1. ( �46i 1
F?. Loca.]. t.r�ns�rerse fol�s occvr i_n. the s+ron�l�* t3_lted so��thern limb of the
anta.cline, ar_� +wo oi the�e are fatalted
F:�, �n� i.n:=t,a��e �rraG +���ted near Z�Poor3f�rd r�n� t�?P o+her 6 miles Aast
F4. TrP trPn�l of +.he one is towarc� the n�rthe��t, v�rhile +t��+ of the �ther is
towar�3 the northv�est
55. In e���1 �FisP. the f�lalts are +r�.ceable ±'r�m +he r�,.rron�fer.ous shales on +,he
sou+h into +he t�i.ck �rdo�rician lime�+ones or_ +he nort;h btr me�ns of +rP
d5.sc�r�ant cont�ets and local crumnling of the str�ta, �ue to +hc� l�+P_*al
dra� or either sic�e
56. AetwePn t-hese fault-s, which avnroach eash n+.her almost at ri�ht �na�les, the
tr� �n��ilar bloc]r of' strata has m��red south�sra�,, �r upward, with resnec+. to
+he rocyG on the onno�ite sides of the f aults.
i�. NOTES ON THE OCCURt��P10E OF ORE DEPOSITS OR 1�RECIOUS M�TAIS IP7 TiiE ARBUCKLE
MOTJNTAIh,TS ( ( 46)1
1. It has heen sh �rn in the discussion of the strati.�raphv of the Arbuckle
1V�ounta�ns that all of the ie�n.eo»s roel�s, inaluc?inp� the c�ikes, were
f�rn+ed in earlv ramrrian or nre-�amt�rian time, anrl that thev prob�bly
suffered lon � erosion befare +�e ol�es+ sedimentarv rocks w�re deposited.
2. mhe �arioias cls�sses of ie�neoi�s rocks, in�li�di.n� the dilres, show no
inc�ic�tion of f�ultinP� fissurin�^, or sheari.n� alon�* their conte.cts
wi.th one another
_?�_ USGS P. �l
3. �n the cnntrar,y, there is e�e1-tr in��c�tion th9+ t.he in+rus�or_s of
�rani+,P-pornh.�rrv, �p17.f:?� O?` �liahase �s r�o��� ex��sed o�ctarre� a�
PrA�+ c�erths, �n� th�t no oc�ca�inn ha.� �PPn �i.�*en for thP n�s�a,r�e
of ineteori� waters Zvhirh t�ro�zlc� ��1zsP rPnlacPment o_r minerali�a+,ion
of t-he raclrs alon� their cnntacts.
4. It is trt�e th�t +he i�nearn�s rn�ks, as ti��Pl] as the stratifiP.(� rn�1rS� of +he
Arhuckle ro�*ion ha�e rePn exi-Pnsi�rPl�T faial+Pr�, b��+ +hP�P faiali-s oc�urred lonp�
s-ince tr.e foa+ana+ion of thP iane��tas ron�s, an� +hPv harP nc?+rina +o �o with
+he rel at; ons of the d if f'erpr�+ ki p� s of i s�nPo,�S rnck5 with �ne H.nother
�. All the �'aialt r,�nt-.��ts be+�uPen +.hP i mreotas 9n� SfrA+'!f1P.� r���-s haTMe bPen
c�refullv traceri, �v+, na inr�i�P+ion �f +re m�nPrali.��+�on �f +he rocks
or fhe oc��arren�e of ore �Pno�i+� �f' �nv c��hsPquPn�e �] �nc +.hem hatTe been
n�ted.
6. There i� n�thin� in +he to�or�ranhy to ai� one in tr��;n� linPs of favlti.n�
in the i.r�r_Pous rocks, anc� the�T �rP so �ePnl�r weathereci or �nncPaled bv soil
�r starfic� al sand t,hat. � s+riic+taral featizre can n�t bP +.ra�ed for an,y
�onsic� � rable � i st�znce
7. MamT of +.hP dikes, chis?lv +h�sP ofl �ia�asP cut.+1n?� the �ran�.te, have reen
nr�snec+e� �+ �TPr;rn,s +;-�Ps for thP brecio�as mPt�ls i4�3thot�t an•r sro•nr of
nrofit, anrl the siam of al7 infor^nation ohts�n�ble �itres no �G�uran�se �hnt
ore or mete.l �enositg of' �mr �fi1llP, cAr be foi�nd in +he rea�ion. ((46) )
STZ. NOTES ON TgE Gt+.OLOGY OF THE CRIN��R HILLS ((47-Fn) i
A.((IT]TRODUCTION�)((47)l
1. Fifteen miles so,�t:h of the Ar?�ta�kle T�.�ol�nta�ns anc� 6 miles southtve��t of
Ar�?more �.s a small ta�lift, lo�all�r 1rnon�m as f�!� �*'1Y1P1' u�lls, ir_ which
are exposed alJ the forma+i�ns orci�rr�nr� in the Ar�t�ek_lP ianlift exePpt
th� nrc',-('flml�r�s�ri i�neoi?� mass, 1-he neA��r san�lst�ne, an�? +-he lnv�rer nart
o�' +he A*bta�?�le limestone
B. STRATIGRAYHY( (a711
1. The formati_nns o�enrin� i.n +hP rriner H;lls in�lv�le R CA?I?pIC9+P, ser.t�_on
from ne?r t.he top of +l�e �&mbr-ign, up fio the �arhonifArrnas, a�d t.het► are
fo»nd to cont��n in a].1 resnP�+-s the �h�racfers �nnParina� i.n the sar�e
fo.�-?na+.i.ons in the Ar�vetr].e ARot�n+a�ns, �e�cr�.hecl ab��re.
2,. A detRiled des�ri}�ti on of their li Tholoa�V, +hPref�re, � s not �onsi�lered
ne��ssarv in thi.s nlane.
:�. ThP loc�tion �n� are�.]. Pxi-en� of t►,c� �'�rmat�ons maT* be sPen on the map.
C . TOYOGRAF'iiY( (47-4?�)1
1. PhvsioPraphi�al?�r th� �`riner uills a.r� t�P Ar��uck1P 1V�ount;a.ins i� min�attare.
2. F''omnosPd of +h.e same ?orma+��ns ste�nlzr fol�'ed �nc� exnose�l +o ero�ion in
e�zrlv �rPtaaeoias +i�^e, t.hP �; s+ri r+ iras rP�lia�eci to a l�v�r plain an�
st�hmer�ed
3. In co*n�ar�tiRelv recent, �*eolo�ic time the (;rP,tflCP,Ot?S �enosit-s wPre removed,
a��in expos�n!� thP older roclrs to th.e net,, on of erosior_
4. It will be obsernPd tha+. +hP rriner Ni17s lie ir_ an anmlP formed t�,y
Ni�yorv CreeU anc� its tri?�t�+�r;es, and are boun�ed on the northeast and
sovthwest by C,ret-3ceous san�i, +he l,ase of tvhich, i�' r�ntintious, �ollld
fall t�racticall_v in a t�1�in ctatt�;n� th� crPsts ��' the hills
�. In fact, a remnant o�' the !'reta�eovs a�nd ma.v V�f bP,P, SP,np on f'arboniferous
rocti-s st the southeast en�3 of (`r171er Hills
6. Si_n�A the remo�ral of thP �',rP�"�.CA(1t1S sar�3 erosi.�n has P021P, on more ac.+ively
in +.he soft Ca.rbonifer�tzs rocks th�n �.n thP ol�1Pr an� har��er roeks, there-
bY develoninr� the hil�s.
7. The nla�n at +he base of +.he f'retaceoia� r�rr� ch f�.1� s i.n +he cres+� of the
l',riner Hz.]ls is fhe Game �s +ha+ �vh?nh mr�r?Ts +he hi�h lP�*Pls of the ArbUcl�le
T+^ov�t ai ns
F�. It was nroc�ucec� by the hasP-le�el�n� erosion whi�h A��r�nne� n�rfhw�.r� vPith
the sPa acr�ss the r?�*ion S.n ��.rl�r CrPtace�i�s t,-ime,
9. Iil�e the l�r�er st.rP�ms in thP Arhia�kle rer�ion, Ri�korv rr�ek an� i+s
l�r�er tri�i�+arie� in thP ni.cinii-y of +he �rirer Hills were imnosP� on tre
ol�ier and �*Ar� �blv h�r� rocks �'r�m f'n?�P.?'lv estA�l-i shed drainaae �ha*�nels
�n +hP m�rP homo�*enac,tas s�u+reas+,,,��r�il�T �n�linP�i rr�ta�9oi�s �ra+,a
1(�. Thms, like "�Tash�.t� piver in t-hP Arbvc1rle 1�?ount•a�r_s, Ti;.nlr�ru f',reek �vt i.n+o
t�he ro�Us of +he �'7'7.nP.7' xfills, a*�c� is si-i.11 deenen-inc� i1-S P'nT^�'P, aeross
fhe h�r� �rd_os�ici.an limestones as erosi.on of the so?i-er s+ra+e of the
siarroun�iinr� re�*inn cont�nuPs 1-� lower it-.s s�arface below i-hP nl�in of the
Criner H�_lls.((47))
- ��-
11. The minor �etails of �riner fiills tonor�rabhy c�enend upon i;he chAra��Pr
of the rocks com�osin�* the ex-�osed forme+,� ons. i(4�) 1
12, As in. +.hA Arbuc�le ]V�our_ta�ns, the A,r1���c�r1P limestone, heinrr a massive
�nd cort�aratitrely �'10'�'OE*P,T1P,017S f�r!nati on, 7f1Pl�rP.c irr��t�l�r �+onv hi lls,
wh;lP +..he �Ti.ola and Hunton li*ne�tnn.es, consistin� of thi.nner +,hot�ah
�mm��r�+lirelV hard.er beds, m�!�e o�al �n� Gmoo+h hills an�' ric��es.
1�. The S�Tlran shsle is in�ari�blv �n va1lA�rs or iswales, an� +he Si�^pson
form�+'nn, vvhSch �.s �.n lar�,P nart co�nosed of soft rocks, is usuallv
oc��+niecl r�r va]levs �n� lo�rer hill slones.
D. STRUCTURE Or CRIN�R HILLS((r�a_50�1
1. The relatio�s �f +hP PAnnsyl��an�an l�eds to the older rocks are
essentiallv the same as in +he A.rblarkle A�ount�ins, so fqr �9 covld
be �eterminecl b�r a c�ener�l surzrev.
2. The �vcam�re ].imes+�ne �n� �a.ne�r sh.ale of the ]��ississipni�n occiar
i_nf'ol�ed mrzth the oa�er rocks, and ;+ seems Pn1(�P,T1'I' +ha+ ir thi.s
area., a� elseti�here in +he Arbuckle NMour_t�i.n re�i�n, acti�re di�tur�-
ances of +-he ro�bs r�i� not OCCI]r UTt?:11 4��taf mid-�'•[i7'�Jn111'!'P]"nl7S time
�. Sv£ficient f�ssils, how@ver, �rrere not obta�r_P!� +o determine the
nnsi+� on �f the lo�n�est Pennsvl�rani an be�?s exnosed in +he �� S�"T'] �f.
4, Trere is a nronovnced l�nconformitv �+ +�e rasP of +he roal Measlares
si-r��a acr�ss the nnrthwestern end, in a 19r�e port.i�r o+' +he nor+h-
eastern side, and a+, the southeas+-ern end, of +he hills
F. The lowest ex�osed beds of the !`oal 1��Pa�ures a�nsis+. of �r�++v
sili�eovs limest-one, se.ndstone, and shale in.+erbec��ed, an� n��rse
lim.estone con�lomerai-.es.
6. The entire soiathwestern side, howeTer, an�? a*�art of the n�rtheas+ern
sic�� are marUed bv fa.talts.
7. The ex+en.t of_' clisp�.aeement on the sovtheastern side is not cleterminable.
8. The older rocks of the hills end abrlintl,y ir_ a definii-e bvt low es�a_rp=
ment, a+, the base of �vhi ch a number of 1�.��P snr3no�s issiie.
g. qs s�n�m bv the exnosures, the ro�lrs ir_ co-�tAct at +he base of the es-
c�rnment consists of Coal Measnres sh�,les, ca.lcareous arits, and
sands+ones, anc� dip usuall�r tovrard the s�uthv�est.
10. Tn +.he 9rP,�1 west of uick"orv (',reek, excent that ��rt borderina� +he
s+ream, � fla+, fertile nl�.in ex+en�s i;o the base oi the escar'nment.
11. The rocYs of the Criner Hills s+ruci-iarallv c�mnnse narts of f�i�r
folds.
1?. All these folds are 9ntersectec7 by faults an�l �re hotandPd on one or
more si�les by an over� �n of rarboni.fernl�s �enosits.
1�. The ler�er of these �'ol�ls in�,lu�les +.he nori�hwes+ern ��lf o±' the hilJs
ar_d is ». nor+heastward-dinnina� mon�cl ine �r the hrolren s��a�hern limb
of a svncli.ne
14. Alon� an�3 n.e�r +he sonthwesi-.ern side the lowest exnosP�? be�ts nf the
Arbuckle limesi-one �a.re ne�rl�� fl�i- and are locallv def'le�+. ed dcrnmw�rd
at low ane�les towar�l the fa�zlt wh� �r r�i�n�ls +-he hills. ((4P� i
1F. It is ;ntPr�reted th�t this local southwestv7ard deflection of +;he rocks
is due to +�e (�rfl�' in +,he downward disp�acem�nt on +he obposi+e side
of the f�ult.(i4R-49)1
16. There are no means l�v w�; ch +he exi-Prt o�' � i sn7 ��ement- o� the stra+a
al�n� the southwest side of the fold can be d.e.+ermined.((49)1
17. It is reasonable, hrnvever, to �on�i�er +ha+ the +hrow is not so �reat
as th.e dis�ordar_ce in strata nodv in con+�ct at. the feult w�u7.d indicate,
btat tha+, i.t is, in nart at least, dve to an unconfn.rmable overlap of
Ca.rboni.f erous ubon the _fol�ed and eroded olr�er rocks befnre th� �'aultin�
ocevrre�.
18. q fanit also boiands the northeas+ern side of' this fold.
]9, 7+ l+ears S. 2,�° to 30° F. from thP *�nrthwest rorner of the hi?ls,
obliniae to +he s+f�ike of tre rocks a.n� to the +rend of the hills.
?0. The strafa on the east side of the fanit hav� been thro�m d.ov�m with
res�ect to those on the mrest side
21. The axi.al nart af a s�m�l;ne oc�t�r� eaG+ oi +�is faalt, near the ►�nrth
end o�' the hill s
22, mhP lrnve�t ro�ks exnosed. here are ne�onit�n(i�V��d?�rd) �hertv shales,
which oc�t�r in oon+ac+. with Orc�oni�ie,n(��iola) limestone on the onposi.te
si�le of the faialt.
23. Near the nor+h si�r of se�. 22, T� F S., R. 1 F., +he f�,�lt �rosse8 +he
�[xis of thi.s s�*n�line, e.nd towar�l the sota+heas+ su�eessivelv l��rer form-
-�9- USGS P. ;zl
a+ions anrroach t.he f'aul+ or_ eanh side.
24, rnhi.s fault ,���.ns +h�+ i_r +he so��thern �O�?n�R]'�r or t.hP hi1.1s near the orosGine�
nP Ni_(�k��� ('Y'P,E'k
`j,�. T}'1P. (�OFR'11Vgir�i ri_�gX�].c`1.C811'1P..IItS Of' f'�'1P,�P f's11��'�c �7'P. 1T1 OU'?�Sl'FP �irP,(`1-iOriS� yl.]'1� i�:
i.e ev�dent th�.t in +he lat+,er fai.�l+., tre disp��cem�nt is ,c.rP�ter, sin�e it
con+inlaes dowr_�rard towr�rd the soiathevea+, be�T�n� the 1unc+i�n of the faults, �nd
to the solzt_h_Past Pnd oi the hil ] s �
26. From H�cvnrv C�"F'P,k solatheast.t�tard the �n.cl�n�+;on of +he oir�Pr rocks o`' th� hills
is 45° to 50° T�TF, whi_le t�,e r�rronifer«us rocka dip ?,5� to 3�° S��l.
2,7. F'ast of' t,h^ aboti•e-c��scrihed farlt, v�rhich �»+s the hill.r �iA��nall�r, the olc�er
ro��s c.cm�pr�se a remr.�nt- c�f an ant.�cl�.n�l folcl, U�hi�h trPn�ls an-�roxi^��telv
R?. 20° 1N. ,
28. The vpper nart of the Gimpson formation is exposed in nla�es �io1-h east anc3 west.
o? Nic�kor�• rreek, an� t.he six�ceec�in� �Tiola lime�t.�ne c?utcrons in ]�re�e bodies
�r_ each side, makin�; the soiatheas+,ern nart of .+,he Cri.ner Hills.
29. fi+il l h� r*!�er format� or_s, the S�rl�ra.n shale.and tre fiunton limFs+one, o��ur et the
north�ve�+ern �n� sovt�.heastern Pnr� s of thi s broken f olc� .
:�0. In the n�rtwes+ern enc3 the�r arP +erminRt.ec� hv f aultin� anc� nrarl�p of the
r�.rr�nif'er�us c�n�lom�ra+,e, an� a.+, thP opn�si+e end ann�rPn+lv onlv h?r overlap.
�1. F�,vltine h�s oc��arred in +,he ax�r�l nar+, of this fold also
:�2. at thP cross;r.�* �f N;c�orv �reP?�, �.n thP SW 1/4 sec. 3�, T. 6 S., R. 2 F., the
Si?r.nson f�i^*na+,ion is Pxnose� on.ltr in +hP sotzthern limb o�' th? fold
3�. It ap��e.rs that +,he fal�lt foll ows an�rog�mafel�� 1-he stri.ke of the fold, an�?tha.t
the ea�tern li�b has reen +hra�r.m �rnn*n �+rii-h resne�t +.o +h� n+her
'�4� The �in o�' +,he ro�ks in the Gim��on form�t;or her� ,'� 80° fi'"�, while on the
onposii;e si_�1e +,hP �riol a limPGt'nrle i s n��rlv as s+,�epl�r in�l ineci i.n the opnosite
�irec+i�n ((49�)
�F. In the ea�+ern h�1f of sP�. ;i6, T. � S., R. 2, F., thPre i.s a sr�al] area of
S� 1 ziri an, neTon� an, and Rtii.ss�.ssinni an r�cl�s, svrroim�?ed t�nconf�rr±afil�T bv Coe.l
MPa�tares str�tq. ( (49-F�11 ( ( FO) )
;�6. Ti- �t71�P..qrS to be a nA.rt of the n�r+hPr� l�mb o�' the an+; �] ine ahovP des�rired;�
�?. The rncks di.p t�warc� thP n-r+hP��t-,an� are nearlv in s+r;kP �ri+.h +he same
�'orma+� �ns �+ the snl�+.heas+.Prn end o�' +he rrinPr u1� 1s
��. ThP rarhoniferoi�s ro�lrs on the n�rth.Pa�+ sir�e of t�`is anti��ine h��e suffered
fold.in�, �nd ne�r the cnn+e�t �ri+h +he ol�er rocks �1rP, �enPra� lv steen]�,r inclined.
and d i t� +o��rard the n nrthP a st .
:�4. F�st. �f H;ek�rv CrPek dins of �arronifer�u� rocks a+ an!� ne�r �he n�nt��t $arv
f'rom ?fi� +0 40°, wri1P +he ol�er 7'nc`ks di.x� a�; mreat.�r an�].es an�l in places
in diffPrent or on�osit-e di.re�t�_ons, in�i��+,n� a�re�t landnn�'or*ni.fv.
�0. lmmediatelv eas+ o�' the roa� a+ i�s crnssinu af Nicl�nrv �reek, nAar the we�t
si.�s of sec. :��, T. � S., R?, �., the c�nf-,�ct is enidentiv unon a fault
41. At th-i.G nlaee +he �im�son forma+ion d5.ns trnv�rc� t-.he son+hwest, while the ciip
o�' the rar�onifer�tas is 4�° in thP.o�poaite dire�tion.
4?. Far+her sovthe�st, ancl in. the opposit-e si.de of +he a.xi s of +,he fo1d, +,he zr; ola.,
Svl�an, an� Hlanton f�rm�tions �l�.p nortrPa�t, in +.he ��me �?irec+,�on as, �ut at
hi�*h?r ancles +har_, do the o�erljrin� ('arh�n.ifProlas str�+a.
4?l. irlest of Rictrnrv Cree1-, at the h��e nf i-,he roal 1+��aaares denosi+s, i� a stron�
»ncnnf�rm�fiv �vh�ch �.s nrol�ablv in z�art dt�e t� fanl+,'.n�.
44. The heds ne�r the base are 49rlA��P, in oh�racter al�n� +�,.zs contact.
4�. In somP n1 aces +,hP�= anpP±�r +,o be c.riPfl�r shale, whi le in o+hPrs, esveci�ll,y
in se�+.i �n� �2 �nr� ?,7, are coarse limes+nne c�n�] om��ra+Ps ��ns� s+in� oi nel�blPs
of thP sam? 11P,.f.l)rP, as thP limes+nnPs of the �rinPr Ai7 i s.
E. ARDP��GRr' BASIZJ((��11
1. The rP..PiOTl �?P'fWP.Ati t�F �ri.nPr N�.11s and Arbiankle rRoi�n+��ns mflsr be characi-erized
as the A7'C�mnrP, ia��[�x��exjsx��t[� trn�a�'h or hasi.n;
2. The rocks consi s+, �f sh�,le, 1�mo��t-�nP, 1 i�nestnne c�onmlomer�+e, anr' san�st�ne,
of �oal AR��.si�rPs 9P'P,� a�d ha�*p ?�Pen s+r�n�lv f�lded.
�. ThP tren� of +he �'ol�s in n�r+hinrPst an� soi�the�st, PPnP-s�I),y nArallel with
+hP Arhu�.kle �nd rriner N;11s axes.
4. The clet-�i.ls of +.he �'ol�?�nv hs�ve n�+ t,ePr_ worke�? ot�+, bu+ svffiej.ent abser�ati�ns
ha�*e r�Pn m.ae�e +.o �ei-erminP +�A+ �t;he ro�ks h�ve b�er �rtm,nlPd into manv falcls,
�zrr,:c� fnPP..fhP,?' constitta+e a�?e�� ('07'rUQ'�fPr� szrncl;nP or tr�ta�h.
ti. I�1-e the Arbla�?�le ?+�our_+�;n anc� !'riner Nills unli?'ts, �;}'1P. ,i�r(j7(?Qre +-ro��c�h is
orerlat�ped anr? c�nce�led tnvr�rcl_ t.he nnrthvyP�t b�! Penns��ltran�an or "i�ed Bec�s"
_ 3n_
denos;t,s, anc� on tt,P southeast ��• P�rlv CrP+�ceo��s aand.
6. Toward the s��ath +.,he �arl�onifProi�s ro�ks are als� concealed b`T
!`retaceous de�osi+.s separatine^ them from roct�s of the same ar�e
in t�e n��rth mexas co�7. field. ((50i 1
GEOLOGY OF THE �lICHITA MUtTAtTA1NS ( f 51-81) )
I . PREF'ATORY RET�IARhS ( ( 51- �811
A. PREVIOZTS �;VORK( ( �1-�31)
]� Tre ��i�h�.+s rRotzr+s�;n rP�ion was fi.rst hisited b�� scien+lfi� obser�rers
in 1i�5?, when nr. Geor+�e �. Shumar�i, v�rho was phvsi.ciar to +he exnidi-
tion, co�*nande�3 bv �nnt. n. B. X�!ar��r, tha+., explored t�e r?nrth Fork
of Re� piver, a�n�ted the O�Curre?'1Ce of +,he i�neoi�s roc'�s of the
mountains an� +hP Sf-r�i"Ifjp�l S�d1men+s �f.the surround�n� �lai±�s.
a 51�enat.e Fx. no.r.,. nTo. .�ia, :��d �nn?�., �d SPSS., 'J�as�ira�t.on,
1�'5'�. Anoendix D.
?,. The exne�li+ion to�ached manv poi�ts al�n� 1-he sntai-hern si�1P �r_c�
crossecl the northv!rPstern and southe�zs+ern en�s �f t.he r�n�P.
�, l's�of.u.ir. MArcv m�p�ed a p�rt- of t1�e rana�e, ris map in�ic^+ino +.h�+ the
r�n�e ha.d � n�rthea�t-southwest direct3on, when in fa�+ it tren�ls
so�,tY?eas+ and nor+.hwest.
4. The mounta�.ns and streams with one excep�ion, st�_11 rp+aiTp thP names
then annli?d
�. Tene C'reek vvqG �esi.�n�t,ec� Snrinv �reek, an� Tene` Tdfo!mtain is eRiclent.l_y
the emir_ence n�med T�our_t ?'Rebs+er hu Can+a.in. ARc�lel.lan.
6. The n�mes now locallv USP.C�. f'O?' th; s stream ar�d mountain are 1-0o w@1]
es+a.blished +.,o adm�+ chan�*e
7. n�ctor Srtimard neted th�t the s�n�s.+,ones and_ red rla�T siarrovnd�n�
the m�unta�ns were h�r�,zontal, anr� +.,ha+ the sandstone heds, v�rrere
theu ap�roached ,+.he 1TIolant�iMB, r,ontained fr��ental i�neovs 2ft�.'�"P,7'1�1.
P. He �.lso ohser�P�i +hA+ the r�ranite an�l nornhvey tsere wi�esnread in the
motantains an� that +hA�� containPd "Re�ns" of �rePnstone ar_c3 nu�rtz'.
9. Tn 1R99 nr. T� R. Coms+ocl� an.!� T.Rr. T'�. F. C,limmins mac3e a reconnaissan�e
of a nart �f +.hP '�ichi.ta Tt?otmtai.ns. �
b Fl Firs+, Ann. ne*�t. Texas C,eol. Slar�rev, 1889, n�. 319-528.
a. no�+�r romstock ha� recentl�� S117'?rP�rp� t,re "rentral Min�ral T�e�ion"
of m@xas, �n �r�hich tr:e olc?er ianeoi�s an�' Paleozoi� roel-s o��iar, and
his internrP+•at�nr_s of s+.riac+.Ure anr� �eol�f*i.c rel�t�nns ma�e the.re
were eY+en�lec� to the �Tich�+a �rer�ion.
b. He assl+*�e�l +he+ the r�eolo�r �f the central Texas re�*i�n -- �E00 miles
d�ta�ant from thP '"7inh�t� Ran�e an�' SP.t�F1rg+��] fro*n i+ r�r li++-]P
�i;.si-nr+,ad f;erl�on;fPrrnac anr3 P�rmi�n strcz+:a -- was � tre•r t� ,;.t-� Peolocic
777t,grprC;'ifl'�"'�1071 ��F]_�� .
c. In fhe i�nP�t�s masses of the T�i�?��+.a Movn+,a.ins p�s+-l`arhon��'Pr�tis
struc+t�res W2''P, a�narently recoc�ni ze�l rorresponc� � nc* �.�rith t.��s� ��ri �h
wer� claimed tn oc�vr in the Texas re�� �n, 1MhP,re undi stur�ec� Perrni an
s+.rata Sllrrpt]7t�R +�e mo�an-i-�;ns �n�? no C�p+a.eP�ias r�c��s �re kno�rm. (( 51-
��i i
d, noc+.or �oms+o�k �lassPd the e�ran�te-pornhvr�ies of the (',arltnn
lt"o��n+,ains, +he �abbro, e.n�? the �i.abase as lazTas renreser_t;n� s+.A�es
of eruo+i.on, �nc� si-ated that tshere were flo�.vs an�' rem�+�ants of volcanic
C7'9.'f;P.Y'S.
8. Ne correctiv noted the occur.rence of ol�er stratif-i.ed rocks which
e►ere in�rolned �r the ��ri�hii-a unl�.ft, bu+ failed to see +l,at +.he
dial�asP dikes Trrh�ch nenetra+P the ��bbro an�? p�ranite-pnrphvrv as
�.ve1J as lhe �ranite are ol�er +,han the ol�est strat.i._fied rocks,
which �.re oi m;d�le ra�hri±�n sa�e.
f. noctor f'oms+�ck named m�n�r o�' the mount-a-ns, lo.r,�t-in� them bV
numbers or_ his sket�h rriap.
�. �f these on1,y Carlton, l'umm �ns, �iaana, an�? TTA?%£ijOP, ��.n be definitelv
located.
_;�l_ USGS P. �1
l�. In 1R91 �?r. R� T. Ni.11 ma�P somP a�enera7. org�rvati.ons on t-he nafure of
thP '"tichitr� AJrountains, e./ at+P�:�tinp to conr_ecf +.hem st;r���turallv with
the cluachita 1�`otan.tains oi ea,s+Prr.. Tnd i_an Terri+orv.
a �2 TT�+es on a reconna�ssance o�' +h� Oue.�hi#a mo�in+�;n svs+Pm
in Tnc�ian merri+orv: 4m. <Tot,r. Sci.., :�� ser., vol. 42, lR�?1,
nn . 122.-12:�.
�. Ne n�i-.es +,�e nertaliar +ono�ranh5�. fe�tt�r�s of �-he m�l�r'-A;ns anci
c�n�lu�Ps "t�at +heir a?e is not �ei-ermin.ed," ri�t 1-ha.t t�P�� are
nost-Si]ta.ri.an and hane dezreloped in n�rt. sin�P {-�P �enn�l+i�n �f
the +'Re�l" Re�ls"
11. In +,he fai? oi 1R96 rRr. T. '�ia.vlan� �T�ta�*han, in makin� � reconn�iss�n�e
of' rnar+,G �f' ��nsas ancl �klahoma, ir_SreGtiPQ+P� +hP ol�er P�leozOir str�+a
on the n�rt�ern si.�e of +hP ranve �nd m.ar�e a colle�i-.ion nf snP��mens
represent�ne� the nr1nci.pal t�rnes of ia�neous roclrs of +re b�Iichi+a Ranae.
a. Thesr> �.011 e�.{;; ons wer� stu�7-i ed an�l reporte�l unon r« nr. .a. C.
Snen��r. t��
b ( 52 TTavmh�n�
��lahoma, ar_� the
the 7 �?�e�vs rorlrs
nn . 44-a.ri .
T. '��a�r] �*,�, reolo�;.� no+,Ps or_ thP j'7i�hi+� �Aoiint��ns,
?r��aclrle Ni11s, Ind�an Terr�tnrv, with re�ort on
bv Dr. A_. C. SnPncer: Am. ('Te�l., nol. 2.4, 1899,
b. Fo�sils wer� �.oll�rt�,d from ePrt��n lime�+.ones r_nrthP�st o�' Tvmat;e
�!Rol�nt �� n, tnrh i rh prOtiTer� +.o he of (?rd o�-i ci an a[*e .
c. rTo e�'f�rt 1^ras ma�?e 1?�r r,�r. �rave�h�n to se�*re�a+e or mao fhe r.la.�ses of
i�neolas ro�ks, rut his �olle�+;c,ns P.nlare�ec� �rPa+l�T +res sz�A�ies of
i o�neot�s ro�i-s bef�r� knoUm i-� ocetzr � n the re�*i nr_.
d. noctb�rSnenePr rero�ni �P� aabbro, P'T'P171�'FP,� �*r�ni+e-p�rnh�Trv, s�nort;hosite,
an� tmotol�.+e.
e. '."Tith +he �id of a, lo��l siar�evor Rir. �rR.li�kan w�s ablP t.o lo�.�t-e, �y
referPn.�P to l�ncl S17�P,�rS� pr��tic'�llV a1] the moiantains of tre re�;on
whi�h ha� been mamPcl, b�ai- none Z^TP,'."P m�noe�l.
1?. Ir_ +he �nrin? o? 1t�Q9 nr. u, F. R��n deveted a month's +ime t-� a rPconr_ais-
sar_ce �f thP ,",rich�ta r�onntains, �i�r;.�m a++Pn+,ion �hieflv +,� a sttadv of +he
mineral res�tzr�es
a. ��� s rPpart c/ o% +he �eneral a�eolo�v is 7?lOrP, �omnle+e than nrevi otas
;�1a�llf;fi"�1C�ttS Of' i'Yip rPv1n71.
c F?,��,ec�loRv of the �nr; chi.ta Mountains: BU11 , rre�l. So�. AmPri�a,
i�ol. 1�, 19��, pp. 127-144.
noc�tor R8,1.71 fl].f�P,rP.nfj�a,fP,(I and r'eseribe� the m».;n cle.sses of a.r�r_eoias
ro��, inclta�i.n? +-he �»ar+z �*eins, Tuh-i �h in one instan�e he found were
ct�t b�T �reen�t-one(d-iabasel r�i.kes.
He cons;�ered that the �r�n�.te �v�s ert�bted throt�a�h +hP nornhvrv and
E�f''eP,C'�P,C� the C'�mhr�.an a.n� (?r�i�vician strata( (�211
This con�li�G� on seems to �'lA.T7P, ori �in�tec� from a m� s�n+erpref,�tion of
Sf'T'1]Ct;U�'Fl1 rf)Tl(�i.Sf;� O77S 1.2'l R1ve ('?'P.P.k �anvon. ����—��� �
Tn +.�+�s c�n«on the l.lmes+.nne is f�ulted a�a;ns+ +,rP �ranite-norphvrv
1riS�P,E1A nf �aiy�c (`ll�; �V 9�'�1!rP, n? Sir?il&r ro�k.������
��mbri�n rocks �rP re�av�ni?e� besides t?�e se�ven�e �f sn�cee��.ne�
�r�ogician lir� �.+.nnes o�' mrP�f +,hi�l-ness.
T�,e clas�if'i�q+��n �s sta��+an+5a$ec� b•� fossi.l �?P+ermina+?�ns
i'e"�'A.�P (',nno1OTr1P.r�afPS (`77"'�Ocaf� Of' f*rflTll.fP� hnPAh�T7'rr� s�nci � imP,Si'O?'?P.
�nterhe�cled w�+h shales an� sticcee�e� b�� sh�1e anc� san��r limest;one near
the aa�terr_ P??� CIf '�"1'!.8 tail(yli�F-g T�Rnll►l�fl,']'�S AT'P ('nrrAri-]�t CZf�SSP.C� 171 &P'C'�
as "later +hsn the Trenton," but �nst�a�? of beina olc�er +h�,n the '"Red.
Re�s" (Perm�ani �enos�ts t�+ezr are e�i.dentl�,* c�n�emnor�neovr �uith +,hem a.n�
f�rm 1-hP.i?^ near-s?�ore nhase
I�ke���ise thP conr�lomer�+As of limes+�ne a.n� R�r;nu� i mrPoias ro�vs in the
l�x�e �r�llevs �n� al�nv the bor�er� nf +,he ��i�hi+� an� �t�an� �roi�ns of
motan+.a�r_s arP Permian, if the "Red Recls" �rP +� be so classe�3.
.�,,.�,-- -.�-�..._.._ �-
-:�?-
i. Rene�+h a zone of saeafherina� 1-hese denoGits �re p�rtisl�v c�nsolid��t-ed
anc� in z�laces associate�l wifh red �lqvs and crits, as explained in the ai 5!'t?
dis�Ussion of Permi.an rocks in thP na�?s f�l� o�iine�.
k. Alon� the �outh s;�?e of �uana T�ovntain, ir the t*alle��s of +hP laraer
s+reams, are recent slarfi�i�l denosi.+s of �*r3Rel and sand, worked
04P,r in Uff7'f; f'7'O*�1 +Yl� "peci Reds�� COY!o'�O7RP,''f�+'A� W�'11r�'t mf3�r ti1P, Til'I�t�ken
for t.rP c�nPlomerates in a�eneral *econnaissar_ce.
B. WORK OF THE UI�TITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SIIRVEY((�3i1
1. The writer, asGiste�l �v 1��r. C. TT. �ot�ld an� R�r. EoO. TTlri ch, mapned the
�eolo�*�r o�' the i�ti�hit+� 1_tRovntain re�*inn �n the la+ter nart of the season.
of 1901 .
?. The 1�n�? had l�een cleare� of a11 imnr��emen+,s, excen+ the occaisi�nal
inclosiares on the allotments to +�e TrrliAns, nre�arqtor�r +_� +he onenine
�f {-t�A ��Un+�r +� }�nmRS�:A3(� Se+,tlers
�. It w�s de�roid of inhar���nts o��tsidP of +he f'eVr small t,oµms, Pr.cent
occa�si�nal In�?�ans an�l nrosnectors.
4. Rec�entl« +he n�aarter-sec+.i�n and sect;on �onners h�� ree� rees+a�]ished
for +�e n�arnose o�' rea.dv location of homesteA�s.
F. Thi s re�ion, otats��e �f +he moiin+a;n.s, i.s e.n onen an� nracticalln feature-
less nit�in, �n� the moi7n+. a.;ns 9rP, almost bara, co +ha+ rnn!�;_tio�� fvr ranid
And acmar�te �eolom�c mapr��.n� were �?r�r s�tisf��torv
6. �'�it}r the assistance of D�r. rTould all +,'ne kr_�wn i�neoias a.reas an� +he
contacts bett��e�n the i.�aeot�s r.masses an�a the forn+a.+i_ons of s+.ratif�ed
rO(`1rS l�lAi"P, m�.Hped 1'tV �'7'fi'�1P.7'SA SU.i'ZT?Z!S� checke�3 tJ�7 ZO�Af� nl'1S C�II SP,(:'f i 011
QL71f1 r�ll+�.?"?2�"-SP,Ci"].Q7t Cn7'71P,T' 9't'OT1P,S '
7. Mr. T71?"lrli !�8V0'�P� his time to a sttadv of tl�e rambrian a.n�1 �r�lonician
ro�ks.
t�. An al,tanc�a.nt collec+,i�r, of fossils e�ane me�ns hv which the rocks were
cor�-ectiv classi�'ied, �s v�rell as �orrP1 �,te�l �ith the Cambrian an.�l
()r�lo�ician formnt�c�rs of thP Arbuckle I'l�OlantginS.
�. The l.i_tholor�� c sim� l arit`• of thes.� rocks to +�e for-r�ations of +he
A7'buc',lrle ret�ion, an�l the di�nlic�+,i�n of fossi.l rem.ains, are so nearly
cnmplete that fatanal lists of the �ambrian and Ordo�rici.�n of the �ri�hita
luioun+.,ains �re not cnnsi�l"7'P,C� neoes�arv.(�`zi�
II. PHYSIOGRAPHY UF �f�ICHITA 1�OUI�ITAIN RP�GION((Fa.-591)
A. ( ( zzzTPo�t,cTzorr) ) ( ( s4) ) �
1. The ''.�ichita TJ�oizr_ta,i.n reaion consi sts of colleci-ior.� o? mo»n+ains, hills,
ancl knobs P,X'f'pYi�l.n�' from F�rt Sill, �n the Apaehe Ir_c�ian Reservation,
north�re�+,ward to bevond �ranite, in �reer �'�•'n+v, C�kla., a c�istanc�e of
6F mile�.
7. From the vi�in-i.t�% of Fort �ill t.he nor+��rn e.nc� sot�t�ern limits of
this nP�i?liar �o11,ec+ior_ of moianl-�ir.s �izrer�e t�ni-il, r_ear +�A center,
+hF ot�tl�Ti�� ?�n�bs unon ea�h si�e �re �0 mi.les ap�.rt
:�. rontinuine� nnr+hv�restm�ard tre rent�e �'rfl�U3.�.1~r con+rac+s an� en�s in
sma11 rol] ect� or� of lo�w m�lan+ai�s or vnnt�G rnrth���Psf, of t�e to�rrm of
��rani+e
4. The reeion is thtas s�rmme+ri cal � r. �*ene*-e.l. ovtl ine, but n�+ so �.n t�^e
arrane�emPnt, size, an� f�*-� of the mpl7nt;aiT1S �n�hi�h c�nstitl�te +�±e
r�n�e, or, ?nore nron?rlv �nPakin�, +,he r�roups of moLintains.
F. `T'}1C' �r^un� O� ?�'LOU77ffl771S COTTIT?08ipm t:}'iP. T'+��'1fiP. iA�i'('�'! n712 P,FC@O'f;1021� m�t7!V
�f +t,P �.n�3.�-�.�'ta�.l moimtei.ns, ar_� m�m�rnus 1rno�s �zn� noin+s of �r�ni�e
an� other i.�neous rocl-s are surrounded �nc� senarated b�� +he ne�rl�r
le��el ar.d sm^o+h nl ain of the "Rec� Red s" l�rh i ch ex+en�? s sot�+hti��ard
across Okl ahoma int� l�res-�-,ern Texes.
B. VdICHITA 1'dOUNTAIN GP.OLTP (( 54- 5F) )
l. The lar�est of the p�rrnans of moi�n+ains +.h�t comnose the 'qichita Ra.n�e
i s the "Ti.chit� p'T'�tzp� from U*�i �h t1�e r�n�e ha� rece��red its name
�. T.+, ex+,en�s from near the northUrest corner of thP .Ao�zche T�eser�9tion
npr�-ht�testl�r�rc� abot.�t 2�,miles, an� consis+s of mamr rum�e�i ar_d
irrePular �r�n.�+e mour.tains, t.he mo�t nrom�.r±e_n+ of �Hhich �rP r�ount
Scott �nc� AFlITAT, ne�r the �o»tre�s+ern an� n�rthr?estern en�s, respec-
+ivel,y.
�. Thoit�h the hi.o�he5+ nec�Ys in thi� r�r�un rise +o ele.�r�ti�ns n�t excPe�lin�^
1,500 feet, abnne +he horderin� �la.in, trev are d�ffi�ult of ascenl-
bec�.i.�sP of th� ste�n ar_� rt�r*�e�3 slo�es, w�i�h arP s+.re�m vai+h l�re�e
�ne�ular �r�n�+,e r�u7ders.((54)1
_;��_ USGS P. ;�l
C . �,iTANA P�iOtTNT(ilrT GROtTP ( ( ��) )
1. ThP '�,L�ana. �*roup, like +hP T�Tirhits�� is an el�n�ated c�llection of ar�nite
mo��n+ains �nd lovn nPaks al��t?t 14 miles in 1PnPth
?. 'T'hot�ch Jive +re �l-ichitq �rc�vp in charact-er of ro�k �n� tono�ranhi�
fPatures, the individual moia?itains are InwPr� an�i. n��e nf them, i+ is
11P,I1P,1TP,(�.� rise more +��n ��n f'P,P,t aho�e +he �*�neral lenel ��' the
nlain hordPrinr� the mot�n+.qin� iabor. +�e �nt�-Fh
D. CAPLTOTd PrOi.�NTAI2� GRCUP( ( ��_ ,611
l. T�� ('arlton �roiin con5;�+� of lo�n� mnt�ntai.ns an�' �Psl1rS wri�h lie hetzveen
+he ea.st en�ls of +he �"dichita an� �uana ��r�ups end extend east�•�ard to
wi.thzn a m�le of Fort �ill.
2. The topoe�rabhic f89.tUrP,s of thA Carlton A�otar_+a�n� arP m�rkedly different
from those of the '°Ti cri.+.a anc� �t�ana mo��r?tains
?.. mhe �'arlton ARol�nt�ins �onsist of �*ranit-,e-porph�rries an�l ol� rhvolites,
which, vnl.ikP the r�ranii-e, brP�1r into small an�izl?r ie���x�ae� bc�wlders
and fr�crments �zpon we�ther�n.e^, e�i�rin� rovndeci a.n� c�mn�ra+�.nely smooth
top�Pranhic forms.
4. The e�enPral effect i.G like �h�+ nro�)L�ced r�r a+opo�ranhi.callv �rotinp�
7'P,f*lOYl Cn^1T?OSP.(j. O'F' �'!O^�O�*PnP,OttE s�ft rOCkS--T?tn17Yi'{'�i r]S �omposed. of rn�±nerous
r� �l�e� an� snvrs seperated ?�v n-shan?�l val levs. (���) i
F. The out7 -ine o�' th.i s�rrn�n, 3s weJ 1�G of i+s sepera.te�l �bers, like +,h�+
of al J the o+he�^ �r�»ns of +he rPr�i �n., �rraG est�bl i�he�? rv marine
dear��tati on at A firnF tnrhen +he Perni an se€� si;��r� w;t,h i+s shore� a+ fhe
annroxim�te nositi�n �f +l�e "Red Rec�s" and x�ornhvrv c�n+�ct.((F6ii
6. From nec�r the �en+,Ar of +hP Pr^1�n Rn arm T�Dm,jP.(','F5 s��at}n„rard anrl en�ls
in Si�ns�� 1�Rol�r.+-+�in, +he hi �hP�+ 1�P,Alr� v,rhi c.h risF� �hrn�+ �0� feet ah�nP
the nlain
7. A sin�l e me.s� of h171 s i c ���a,-A+,P� �'rnm +he ma3.n o�rnun on +,he south-
v��Pstern side l�v �n inlA+ of +he "??Pc� Reds" pl�i.n tivhich ex+e,nds ur� t-.he
vallevs of' '!!�plf C.reek an� ioins +�P '�r��� lznl an� �r�11 P�r betvvePn the
�,aana and T"zi chi+a moun+ein� .
E. RAGGEDY i��OU'��TAIA�S ( (,r,6-F71 �
1. ?";est o? the '�;chit� an� �iaana motin+?;�s an� ex+en�inm sou+h,r�ect .+,o
T?�va,��e, in the �al l ev o�' the Nnrt.h Fnrk oi T?ed R14er, i s Q scat+. erPd
�'T"nt)1� of moi�nt���ns an� h�l�s, +he in��v�.�tx�ls ofl ��rh;�h �zre �P.T1f�!''?ted
t�tr t.l1P "Refi F3Alis" l�lfil.?l.
2. ?'o +his �*rni�n +�P ns�mP of �?���e�iv hRolantains h�s be�n apnlied.
3. �ont;rartir +o +,?,e 9.rranoement of the ��lichit�., �izana, and ��rlton grott�s,
Urhi�h h��re northe�si--srn�+r�ve�t hPar�nas �*o�e.rne�] �.� a mPasiirP hv +.he
str,.�cture, the pav�p�ed�r �Rolar_ta�ns are ] on�es� Tt. �1'tlh an� soi�th, e.nryarrance-
mer_t wh��h sP�ms to be a�ciaPntal
4. RP+wePn tt,e 'nlicr�ta auana ar�txn �n� +hP Ra��ed�r T�lr�untair_s tre fl a_t nlain
is ian�hs�l-ructed
F. "�'hil e�at��r� rocks �ome to i-he siarface across 1-h� s nl a.in an�l conne�t the
��hhro o�' the �entral mas� o�' t�+P T?a�e�P!?<,r r*rnup v�a�th the ��r�_�hita, theV
ac��e w�re comnletelv vuorra c��Tvn �n� �uhmPr�ec� �n pArmia.n t�me and s+�nd
��,.nr in the level of thP sm��+h "Red Reds" plain.
6. Sot,+hwPs+ from the �ua.na I��ol�n++� �ns thP,rA is a broken s+r �ne� ��' p;rani+e
lrnohs and hill� �nnnec�t-�n�* �n�i+h t-he ��i�i-r enc? ��' +.re na.�aec�=.T �roizn.
7. The cPnt.ral mas� �f the nA.a�er��r ]Vfoim+ains is �omnosec� �f �*ah3�ro, �n� i�
tha onlv arPa of thi G rock P,FT)ASP� �r_ +-h.e r�v; on whi �h hAs !1^t. �P,P,?7
rP�?u�Pd �a1moG+ +.n +he nresen+ �_P`rel pf +he "?�e�i RP,�S�� pla.in.
a. The�e �ount���ns of �ahbro lie eas+- an� �^v+he�s+, of' �o�se�e7t, on both
si�es �f (?tter CrPek. ( � F611
�. The h7a'}�F+s+ p��.rhro movn+a'nG 1-ie on �ach si�e of +}�P trnn.a,,- TT�.rrows an�
r; sP t� P1 e�a+,; �ns of 60� to An� fe�+ �hoTT� +�e le�Pl of t;he nl ai.n. ((�7) i
7. �n disir_+.et�r�tina� the �a��ro �rP�ks �nto rourl�ers ir. � manner S�milAr
to +he �r�nite, bia� t.hev �re PPner�llV smal.ler �n� roiar.!�e� 3n� �*ive
r�tiznc� +,ono!�r�nhic fnrms �imi.l�r i-o +he nornhtTr�.r topo�*ranr�* �f the
rarl+on A6oiin+R�ns.
P, The nor+rern 9n� snn+hern '�nr�FC of t-he Da��e�it� r*r��?n ar� comn�se�l of
isola+e� �ranite mount.a�ns an.� '-r_�bs se+. ;r +he sm��th "R�d Re�s" nlain.
a. I!�amr of the sma) � Pr on�s rise �rruntiv lOn feet, a�xxa!�x� more or less,
ab��? +he red se�iments of the p1a1n, wit,h evenly curved bolanc3aries
�nd S'f"P,P,1J 81!jP,S � a.n� ha�*c� +he annearanre of nPar]�,r st�bmerPec� pe�l-s .
_ '�4 -
b. Tn �'art, +,hev Ur�re islar�� ;_n PArm�.an t�me, �n� m�.n,r--nr�r�ablv qll
�— WP,1'P. SV.�'??CIP,Y'P'PCl.
C. �'YIP.7'e � S I70 T'e�fS0T1_ t;n (�017�7'F 'f'}'1��' �"�1P,RP, l SO1 �+P.(� �7'F£�S � 9S Wel�. 3S IROI.II1�'r']]]�
r�rrnans o�' ��nec,��s rocks, �[re conne�tPd beneat�h the '��?ec� Reds" and
f�rme� nea?rs an� �nobs of a s�_rr�]P �r�a� ranv�e wh�ch are p�.�'t;IV or
whollv s»rmerc�ed an� sPnar�ted btr the Permi.an sP�liments.
F. DFVILS CANYON GROUP((57-5811
1. The waters�ed betwPen Elk and O't:'t;P,r �reP,ks is a l o�^� an�l alm^st �
imnAr�entib]e �wel7 in the plain
2. mh; s r�;.z-i �e sPnara+es the D���e��T Mrn�r_+a;.n �rni.lrl frOm the
consi�iArab].e collection of ?�r�n�+e mnunte.ins and hills, in�iu�?inv�
Iittle �ow, F'lk, nome, meene, '�,�Ar+z, Siai-+les, r�na ne�ils ��n�ron
mou?�ta.�ns, besi�es man�T iznnam�rl moun+.a�ns and hills, v,�hi�h mav be
Jrno•M1m r�s +he neni �s r.anvon nr�tap. � f F7i i
'�. These mntm.t�.'ns 7 ie in the z*al.] ev o�' +hP Tt�rth Fork of �e�? niver,
�r_d the channel of thP ri�Ter mPan�ers �mon� t,�em, t-otach�nc �. ntamher
��' +re ] �.r�Pr ones . ( ( FR) �
�. The T?evil� �a.n�ror_ E�rOLlp i.s compose� �lmosf- eni-ire]v of �*rQni+e,
�nrhich nrotruc�es t$rovuh the TTAP,(� Re�s".
F, The rock is the satne kind as th�.t of' the TATZ.�hi+a �nd �ia�na moi�nta�ns
and nresents 1-he same ton�r�ranhic forms.
G. HEAi7�,tTARTERS �ttULTl`dTAIPd GROUP ( ( Fg) )
l. At the ex+re�e nor+,hwestern en� o�' +,he �`Tirhi+,� n�n�e is a small
�rrnan of �r�ni+e mountains ��rhich 13_e entirely �.vest of Re� River
sn�' northwPst o�' the town of �r,-anzte.
2,. The ] arn;eGt of +,he�P is �Tea�!�uar+Prs I��o�,n+a�n, �a�hich cotrers an.
are� o�' nearlv :� s��a�re mi 1_es an � r; ses �teeplv t� an ovel cr?st
abotat 600 fe�t abozre +he nlain.
?.. T}iP,SP monnta.ins are co-�posed of' re�' �ranite simil�r to that oi
+.he mJic�h.-ita Rroup, hut t-he mo��nt-�.�n neaks anr� lrnohs h�ne a ro��nded
f �rm, +,hoi?�h t�e sloves are sf-re�vn ���+h lare�e �hotal�lers.
H. LIP.SESTUNE HILLS ( ( 5F_591)
'� . qnni-her monr_+»i-n cro�zp of the '�Ti�h�.ta re�i �n is th.e Plona�a+e�i
�Ol� P,rf1071 ��' lim�s+onP an� t�nY'Dhtrr�r hill S ancl lcm�r m.otanta�.ns
,��hi �h 1 i es nortt�g�,gt, of 1-rP ��r; �h�+.a �rrn�� nn� i � sez�ara+ec� +'rom
it 1�« a 7on� s+rin of roll;.nr� plein 2 t� 6 m;1��s in ��r��th.
?,. mhi s e^r�tin, v�r1�i ch ha�: re�.Pi��c� n.o ��Aa»at.e n�me, ex+en�s f'•-rnr! a.
n�;,nt 7 mil es n�rfh �f' F'ort S i 1 1 nnrthwes�hut�r�l , wi +h tre d'P_.Y18�"fi�
Str7ke of the t'oCks� to '��in�, raot�r+a;n a+ �ai_n1r ?�ot�ntain T+?i ss;.on.
�. 7t P�r��va1 � V exnan�s in �►'Uf�P.I'�r tr; anRl�.l ar fnr,n a.n� T'Pq(`}1PS a?�ric�th
o_f ��ovt 7 miles in thP �entral or�rt.((581i
4. The c�et�ched massP� nf li�nes.+�ne an�' ��rnh�rrv �rP S1)rr�l�1'1�P,(i
thro�.��rot�t t'�;� rP,miOn bv the onen �r+� 1e�Pl „Ra�? Re�s" nlein.((59�1
F. ThP +onor�ra.nhic detai.] � of +he �ornh�rl'�r hi ] 1 g in thi.s �rnup are o±'
t.he same char�ri-er as in t�e �oroh�rr-�� hi l l s �mm�ri sir�* the !'3r1ton
?,�ounta� ns .
a. The starfa�e �� l�.rokPn an�1 �»+ rv m�mT �*tzlchPs en� �h�_rn �efi�Ps,
hut tre hi.1 � e are a�ereral ]v �mooth ores+ed �r_� r�r.e rn�a�ncied or
OTTA.l S)'Lf3�P.,S.
6. ThP lime�+.c,r,e h� 7.7 s hare +�,A s�me tono�ranhic ?9€�11�rg5 as +he
nornhvrv hil�s, �.n� mam� �f +he thei.r cres+s are no,nr 40� to 600
f'P,P,t abot7e +he b1a9.n.
7. T ilr� al]. other moiani-ains o�' the re�� on, tl�e lo��+i on, r*er.er�l n1 qn,
qn� r.�}3totar of the hilis are �i�Q +;o a ��Tele of dep�racR�tion �lzlmi.n-
at-�ns� 9n PPrmian time an.� +,o la+er minnr m��ifica+;.ons.
III. STRATIGRAPHY OF WICHITA MOiTNTAINS((Fg-7711
A. IGNEOi?S ROCKS (( 5.9-67) 1
1. Tn the mener�l surrey o�' the inli.ch�+-a rFot�ntai.ns or.l�r s�affi �ient time
was atrailable to stiladv the saliert fea+iare� of the i�nernas rocks.
2. The k�hnds of i.cne�us roLks �¢ai,� whi�h O��t1r a�+ian�a.r.tly or in lar�e
masses wPre di s+.;n�i» shec� , cl ass; f;_er� i.n resbec+ +-o ac�e as far as
enn��t�or_s wovlc� nermit, an� ma�^ed.(�591)
3. I�ocal �ari_a+ions of' t,he �.S?'FP,I' mas�es an�l �*Ariol�s nheses o{' the c�i.ke
rocks were n^te�3 an�' sne�imens r0]�P,rf'.P,Cj, �u+ a s+�_z�v of tl�e�r
_;�5- USGS P. ;�1 �
rel.at-i �ns in �letei.l �ra.s n�+ �++emn+Pci .(( F�-6Qi 1
4. ThP rn�ks colle��er� were suhm�++P� +n �!rr. Frnes+ NnUre, o�' t-�e r?o7o�i�a7
�U.*"PP,V� f�r staudy, and the pei-r��ranhin �P,F.('�"l?�"F'IQ71S are �'rom his report((6011
F R'Y1P. i ane�n� r�cys ��' +hP "�ic?��+a rRoi�ntA�ns �re se�qr�ted in+o �'o»r
.
p�PnPral c1�ss�G, �?istlna�aishe�7 hu +�Pir larffP m��5 �r ��i�n�ar_+. ocol�rr�nce,
anr� :�lso b,y their aa�e rP19t;ons.
g. ThesP, in ordPr of apn�rPnt �ape, ur� �ahhro anc� rela+P�l �n�rthosi+�,
e�ranit.e a.nd rPlatecl anli+�;s, a^rar;+P-��rnhvrv an� �ss��i 9+er� anorhyolii-e,
an�3 �iabase di�P r��ks.
q_l; GABBRO AR�i RELATED ANO.P,THUSITE((6�-6111
l. For the moG+, nar+, the e�abrro �� axnosec� i.n v�lle�rs �r in �he nlain which
surrni�n�ls the m�t�n+�;rs.
7... ThP *�rPv�ilin�, phvs;c�l ��ne�+ of the ��hbro is that of 9��rk-a�rq�r +o
b�ack, rqthP.r Cntirse�`r CrZrgfqi�.�p1A� rock.
z. The ��.bbro rrener �on�ist� of l�l�raclnr�+e, alat��+P, �r_�1 ma.�neti+e tvith a
l;+tle bi.o�f;ite an� �.�ces�orv titan;te.
4. Tt i s a t�,m; c�l �abY,ro, f'�; rl�r �'rPsh, or wi.+h +he auPite �l+ered to
ur�lit�c� hernblende.(�6011
q_?; GRANITE ATdD ASSOCIATED APLITE((61-631i
]_. �Tranite is the nrin�ipal mounta�n-mat-;n�* rock in the ?'di�hits re�ion((61)1
?,. Its a,_rP� � s �*r?a+,er t.har_ that nf �,].] +t�P �+,her i�'neol?G rocks �oml»nec�, and
ie �rolat enual to +h�t of thP o+hPrs an�' 1-he ol�Pr Paleozo�.� se�liments.
'�. The rP] A+; �ns of the mr�nitP +� +�e �^ahl�ro � r.c� i �ate t},a+ +re �ran;+e is
vmm�Pr an� t1��+. i+ �n+rrdes +he �abhro.
4. Rni-h �c�c��r �n l�re�e m�s�Ps, as shoti�m, an�1 +re �*ar?�ro is cia+., rz* ��'reat
mam.ber of �ranitP �r an] i+P cl{Ues, �a�hir�h in ma.ny �asAs c�n '�e fra�e� from
fha, Rran;tP *nass.
5. In nhvs?.�a1. asnec+ +h;s �r�n�+P �r9Y'�PF frcm� ��artr re�l t.� limht• n�nk �n�3
from mo�er�+P1v co�rse to f;nel.r nramzl�r.
6. mhe c�r»n�t-e in 9+.s srarirn�s n��ses is ri�h in �ri�h���ase en� nvartz, vNit.r
Y'P,1�.f��'P.�V SU�^t'(�117flfP s1T11n1a1'1�S nf' +Y�P. rls�rlr sili�a+es, hornhlende, H.U�'7.+P,�
nr �hj 01'1t;P.. � �sl i i
A-�: GRf1NITE_YORPHYRY At�IT) ASS(>CI?TI�,D AF'G�HYOLITE((6�-6411
1. A class o�' roclrs �npa,-Pn+lv close7�! rel�+ed t� +hP ar�nite �nmTf�SP,B
nra�+;�al]v a]� of the �arlt�n T!�olan+a�ns, t-he i�n?nt�s mas� l�T�n� bPtw@en
+he l�m.es+or_P hills in the ri��nitzT of n].txP ramron, nor�-h of 1!�ount S�ott,
an�l sorne hi 1� G near the northwest en�? of' thP 1-imes+nnP areas P,A,4'}' of Ra;.ny
P��o,anta,n An9 ��ion.
�� mhPv v�zrv from l,rick rec? to shades of lio�ht nink
;�. mh?. p�rnhvritic �harac+.er is �variahle, an� sne�imPns mav re SP]8�'fP,C� which.
h�nP �?��ar resamh]ance to �ert��n perts of +,he mran�te, but on +.he whole
+�e ma�ses dPGi�natPc� p�ranite-nornhvre are diffPrPnt from +h�se de�cribecl
as �ranite.
4. l��eaa5cor�ic.el]v +rP r��k annPars to be a rAther Cnfi�'SP,—PY`ti1P_P,(j anc� larv�elt�
felc?snat.hi.c nornhvrv.
a. �'Vi+h 1-he excPptior.� of +r� feld�nar ph.enocrsTsts, there seem fo ??e tzsual]v
nn rP�l cr�r�tal �rair_s, thP raTltR'1nCiP,]' o�' 1-hP ro�y r,onsi s+i+�� o�' a �lense
�'Pl_sitic� mroi�ndm�ss
1�. Ra.1^Pl�r q SnP�imAn ;_g �'otm� -"rh�c'h shntvs OCC�7.s�^T1?1 S^��a�1 �ta£iT'tz f'_'P3insi�6�
�xxi4A?���ar:xx��x��x�xa�aa�s�a�ai�Y�x�+�! xi��a�-k
�xx 9��aaexa3�maa�x�tr; �RRx�
5. 4n�+hPr p�rnhvr�r, c�is+.zn�+ fT-nm +1��+ -jils+. c�.es�r-ibP�, �s f�l�r_d ;r_ the east
end of +�P ��rl+�n Hi]�s, �i- +hP PtLG+' Pn� ��' A�a�-icinP �1��ff.
a. Tt i s a dull-nink rock, �r;+l� nher.n�rzr�+s n? f P1 �Snar an� �t�artz, 5n a
�lensP nr f�nPlv ar�ma�.ar �*r�l�ric�mass,
h. The ?e1�3SDars are a�l f'�'1A7'aPr? Zv�+h � f�nP re�l�]�sh dust, nrnh�rlv
hPm�+,ite.�i6�11
6. 7n Rll,e r,-epi� ��nvon, sPr. 11, m. 4 T?,, p. 1� ,•,,, a r�ek is e�-n�sPci ��vhich
w��= helsr,--�c� +o t,e � n�ase of the �ran�+e-n�rnhvrv, ru�` �hi�h on microsconic
examinafii on nro�*P�l +� rP an�rh�rol i+e. ( i 6?-64i 1
�, q� ;n +.hP d,r?�ucvle Tfoi�-�ta�ns, +hP �pnrhv�li+e o�ct�rs in. close a�socia+ion
w�+h t?�e p�ranite-norph�Trv, hi�+ +he r,nn+�c+. rel�t� ors were not mad.e �i�t. i( 64) )
- 86-
q_n.; DIAi3ASE( ( 64-65� )
1� The p��bbro, aran'+;e, �n� �rani�e-oor�h.rr�r, t�e onl�� iare�ias rneks
;n the '�ashita ra�ion c��h�ch are ?�r_nwn to occt.�r in ]ar�e masses, are
�tat. �v �rea+, numbers of' cl i a�ase �iUe� .
?, Trese �ikes ran�e in thi �k-necs �'rom serPr�l feet to thin ct.-ir_aers
�. `r}'lP,V �ross the contact between +.he P_'rg7'1�fP, an+� the t�abbro �nc�
intersec+ the a�ranite dikes in-the �abbro.
4., mY�P �i_A�,��P ranaes from a modera+elv �'ine-�rai.ne�l �ark—n'?'AV to fine-
+Pxtnre�l bluish-black rock.
F. As e rule, �re lar�*er +.he �i_�Ps +,hP (!OlqrSP,T' +he �;P,X'�U1'P.((64�1
6. A�tm�rer of �iaba�e ��kes �uere nn+Pd intru�lins� +he �r�ni+e-norph.rr•T
of +t�a �i]��e �ree)- ��mron �rea near the Camrrian �onta�t, an�? nebrles,
both of e�r�ni+e-porArvrv and of diahase, m�1-e rOnalor!erste becls in +.he
T'eaa�n f�T'mnfipn� �RT�ic1�i i� the ol�est se�imen+.ar�T denoGi+ of +he
re�ion, hP;nm m9��le �ambrian in ��e.i�6511 .
7. Th1�G al l+,he e'�T] � P..nCP, of the a�e of +.he i�nee+as� rocks so �'ar obtai.n-
�hlP �r.�'�c�+es that +.hev are Older than.mi�?�le rambrian, e.n�, sin.ce
c�ran;te� form �nlv at c'07187.(�P,Y'���P, �lenths or unc3�*- �rea.+ nre�st?re,
fhe in�'eren�e � s th�t tre�r �re mt��h ol �1er t�an mi.d�1 e �amhrian.
A- ,: �UARTZ�sMOrT20r?ITE( ( 65-66� �
1. rer+�-i_n rocks o��urrins� in aGsociation �i+.r ar9ni+e-porphvrv, �ranite,
or varrro, an�l i� +he fiel� r.on�id�rec� to re o}�e5es of 'f'�]P,SP, roi!ks,
Ori m1G2'OSCOp1C Si"t]�iv �n7P.1'P. �'Otattc� i:n bG' �u�rtz-monzonite.
2. It i � �?ense, T'F11-hP,Y' f'-i ne-�*rained, nornh��ri+i c, deep red in color, qnc� `
has a aeners�l phvsica7 resemblan�e to mt��h of the �rani+P-porphvrv
of the reaion
:�. The nrPdominant cons+ituents of +he monzoni+.e are or+hoclase �n� some
pla�ioclase feldsnar, whioh is dif'f';cu7t ta dFtPrm�ne on acc�ovn+
�f its de�ompos?� condition.i�6�11
a. 4coees�rv minFr�ls ar� inco�snicuons.((6611
q_g; �TTARTZ VLI?TS OR DI�FS (( ggl 1
1. Tl,e lara�P ia�neo»s mas�e� ai�o�Te desorirPc? �ontain here �n�l there v�ins
or aiUe� of tnrhite nue.rtz
7. Probablv the mos+ extens��re deno�ite of �uAr+z occur in ne�rlv east_
west lea�� in +he central nar+ of +he �a�+Y+rn arc�a of +1�te Ravae�lv
A'�o�ant� in mrolap .
�. ?+ has �een gho,am tha+ the �'rani+F_no•-nhvrv �n� thP (�i�]�£iSP diyPs
�vhicr �.ntria�le i+ were fo,^necl prior +-� m;r��1P f'ambr�an +�ime.
4. ThP rel ati ors of �uar+z ro�-i es an� �li abaGe rli_�es ;n +he rr�,-l+on
rRo�in+��n� an� +he t�renvlar s+ru�+u,-e o�' +►�� �u�r+z su��es+ s+rnn�*lv
+,h�+ a+, l�ast one of fhe quartz rod�es is a+rt�e dil�e a„� nn+ �
ve�r_ denosi+.
A_�; GRORTIDIT�f (66-6711
]. 't'v��o dikes of' t�e�tal7.�r nature, cu+tins* �a�hr�, were locr�+Pd, one
ir +�,P Sr. 1�4 se�. 4, T. 'i TT. , p 1�?�i. ,�,n�? the o+h�r ne�r +he
cen+er of' s�c. Q of +he samP t�tvnship.((6611
?. mhis ��kP ro�k i s rer�c�i sh t;o �rePn� sh a�rc�,y, ancl r�r�nul ar in �exture( (6711 '
B. SEDII�4�NTARY ROCKS (( g�_�7 j 1
]. In the '"�rich't� rP�ion an�' +-he Arl�tic�rle 1iRourt.ain re�ion the fnrmQ.+-ions
belo�� +re "pe� Re�s" a�ree in all eGser_+i.als, ro+,h in li.+.holo�ic
r�'tqra�tprg an� in a�e, �n so f�r as thev a.re exnosed, an� �re of
essentia�]v the same thickness.((671�
2. TherPfore the classifi�a+ion an� +.he formation ncimes emploved for
+he Arb»clrle .re��on are tasPd al4o for t,he''��chi+a �-�o�anta�ns.((6t';�
R-1 : CAlu1BRIAN RUCKS ( ( gB_6911
1 . T'eaaan sanc3stonP( �6P-691)
a. The pea�'an sand�+,one i.s the low�G+, rAmbr; �n f�rr���� on in the '!�ichita
re�ion, �n� it rests on. the eroded ianeven s��rfAce of +he �ranite-
porph�rrv, from ivhich mos+ of ZfG materi.als ha.ve bPen der-i�*ec�.
b. The �'orma+ion i s �,noi�.m to oiat�r�n i n+�,; c r��; nn in btat f�Ur �reas .(� 68i 1
c• `T'�'IP, z'P,�tc*qr! ��n��i-one ; s s1�*1rnY•imatP.� V�00 feet th� ck �n� i s ecr.rpesPd
of har� an� �oft sand Gt�nP, a�ri+, c�na�] nmera+e, sh�l es, �r_ri
sillce�iis shell ].�mestones.((6Q1�
d. T�e SP.�i:1On of the format-ion z s eGs�nt_,:_q17v +he s�me aG in the
PTP,St"P,?'T1 end of +he Arbu��] e r�o��n+ei:ns .(( 69i `
_z�_ USCS p :�1
R_2; CAI�''BRO_ORDOVICIAN P,OCKS((69-7011
1. Arbv.ekl e 1 imes+one i� 69-70i �
a. Arozie +.he i'e�,ean form�+ion �.r_ �onformable sv�.c.essior_ 9s ��reat
7imestonP section essent-i�l]�� +he s�me as the Arbu�vle fo_rma.tion in
+,he Arruckle I�"ountains, vvhere the lower nart, �racticallv the loti�rer
thir!�, was founc� to t�e �amrri�n, �nd the 1?��P,r' two-thirds Ordovi�ian
in a�e.
b. r?�ar the transi.tinn zone, hetwPen the rocks of' the ttvo neriods, ver,y
few fossils hr�ve been rotmcl, so t�a+; pre�ise dist-in�ti�ns as to ar�e can
not be ma�3e ai- +.he preGer.t timP.
�. The snme �ondi+ions of denosi.tion seem i-�o have ocmarred in the "�ichi+a
rePion e.s in +he Arr�a�kles, an�? the rocks mus+, be �lassifi�d in the same
manner .
c� . Ther = sPems to �P no rea��n +,o cl ot�bt t-ha+ t.he �ormation is eontinuous
+'ron! �ne rea��nn to the o+her hpr_ea.th "T�ed Reds" denosi.ts.(i69�)
e. There are �iaa�a �ertain th;n limtr s+r�,ta in thP "�e� Re�s" vvhi�h �o not
resemble +he ol.der limeGt�nPs ar� ���*P n�+ hPen mqpnp(�.((�nll
f. The .Ar�t��kl.e limestone is oomnosed o�' a nrac+icaZlv �nntinu�tas succeG.sion
of limes+,onP 1-�e�s, ll�l]b]Z��T les� +l�atisicli fi fee+., in thi�Une�S an�7
aP^o�rerratinP_' 4,OOt� to �6,l1f)0 f'ee+.
�, ThP in�iri�iaal re�s lv��,rv Prom �ense, fine-�r�ina�, rrhi+a limestone to
cre�m-colored dolomi t.i� 'l imP�tores int-ers+r�t; f; Pd ,A� t-r s] i A�+-1,r ar�il-
FiC'P(�US ar.d sila_�eot�s lime he�'s, Urh�.c�h arP ustaa�l�� no+ so h�rd.
h. Occa�innal �hert�r li*�Ps+�nes, an� �nnre r�trPl`T f�+in rP�s ��' C}"1P.ri�� occlar.
i. qs � re�,i�lf ��' +he TTflr1��IG' harc�ne�s of the re�ls, the mo,-A re�isf,�nt-
OrP,� ���*e a reliPf ,��hich rarel.tr P.X('P.PfiS F or 6 fe�t.
,j. .A comnlPte sec��an nf thP �'orm�t�or. is r_ot- axposed in fre re�i�n.
R_�z; GRDOVICIAt�; ROCkS((�0_71i1
1. Tn the Arbla�kle R�oianta�ns th�re is a format�or_ 1,50� to 1,£?�� fe�t thi�k,
COfi'�OSAC� Of' 11P?P,G't;OY?A� S1_'1silP.� 3Ti(� StiT1C�Sf;Ot1P� �'YIOlN21 A,S t:�1R G]Ti1pSOri f'OTRPB'�1Q71�
wn�i�h o�ciars 1�et�rPPn 1-he �rbuclrle �n�? Tr; o1a lime�+.ones. ((7�11
?,. T1�e ro�ks of thi5 forma+3.on are f'or +he ,nos+ nflr+ so?+er +han the
��nt; :-1�ou� 7 imesi-one unon e�.ch si�e, ancl �rP +,here�'nre It?n�"P, easiltir �ear��ed
an�i vsual'�� form low lan�ls or vallevs.((��-�111
3. In �he "dichi+.� rev�ion th�.s formati�n, i�' it oc��zrs, i.s entirely concealed
t+�r +he "�?e� Re�is" �lenosit.s 1n��;�r stirro,an�l i-hP Ar1�+»�kle �nr' ��i.ola limestone
exnostaresi(71�i
4. ��iol� limestonei(7111
A. Th;.s f���+; on, �vhi �.h o�nitrrs -i n fta11 exnosvres throu�hoiat the Ar�vekle
�011Yt'�-A.171 rP.�'1071� is fm,r..c� here in {-rseee isola+ed are�s, v��hich form
�,n��l r��zn�?P� l�i_1�G risin� f'r(1m +he le�*el o�' i-,r� "Red Rer�s" plain in
+.he vi��.ni+sr of T'ainv �Rouni-ain T�iscion
b. Thev are �n a].i�nment, Qn� P.X+P,1'lf� northl.�uest-so,�+he�st, in the �PnPral
si-rike of the lime�+�ne:= �f +�+is re�ion.
�.. The t�i�kne5s n? the forma+.��n, whe*e it i5 ltn��vn �r_ +he A*rla�kle re�i_on,
is 50� to 7�n fePt; �v+ ;n t;hP '"�1ch;ta re�?�n onlv ?_.�tl-to :i0� fee+, �f
'�;�'1.P. m�.f�r�1P pprj-.i ntl si?'P P,Xt�OSP,(�. •
�. Tr,P form�tion is composed entir�lv of ]�mPGt.�nPs, w-itr occasion�l thin
]er+il-like ban�s an� no�3iale� �f chert
e. T+s litl,o���i� �har�eter, inrltad�ne� +.re rheri-, qn� +�P abvn�?ant
nr�mri.r,i�n falm�, are nra�t�callv t�e same hPrP as in t�e A�►bu�kle
����o„n+�in co»ntrv. �
f. Arc�rdir_m +o its nosii-ion �r_ +„re sec+9on +r�s limes+�ne shoulci OCrUi'
l�e?�Aa�h thP "Re� Re�'s'� n�rthes+�+ of +Y�P mrnttp of limPstone hi1 � ��P�.rina
n�•-tht*le�+war�1 from t-h.e TMi cini+�� ��' Aic�.�rdG, and �also solath of tre
eas+ern en� o�' +he A,rb,��kle 7.iTM�e�tone sot�+,�? �n� sovthwest of Fort fiill.
a. The Zriola. f�?^r�a+;or+ is thinner �n� more easi7�r erroded +.,hor +1�P 4rbu�kle
1imPs+nne, �nd a� � result has beer_ aradiac�llv worn cio�m to lower levels
and �onceqled hv t��a "ped Re�sn ciex��sits.
h. A"nst, likelv it wil] not- �+e foiand ir_ +he re�ion be�rond �he limi+.ecl areas
near Re.i_nv h"ountain Mission.
,ri. Tn tha Arrii�l�]P �.�o�mt�;.rs +he �ri.tbla li*nest�r_e is staccee�e�? bv a soft,
�re�nish sh�lP form�tion +ermec3 +h� S�rl�an shale.
a, This i � �t the basP of +he �ilt?ri an, qnd is f'ollo�ed in tUrn r.r the
_�g_
Nllri+��7 11mPS�nnP� wh� cr rea�he� +o the Pevoni an.
'�. qh��*P t;l�e Silurian is neRoni�r �hert, �ahic�h is sia�cPec�ed b�• a
�r�rv +�+-i.�� sect�on �f C�rboniferous rocks.
6. Tn +he '-"fi �hi.ta rer�ion all these roc�l�s, so far as lrn�wn, are
con�ealed bv "Red �eds" denos5i-.�.
7. So f�r as c.an be -jtidmed fr�m the gtrlar,tllrP, o� +,he ?R1i�hi.ts lit�lif't,
the S�li�r3_�n, nevonian, and Carbonifernvs ro�ks shoizl�? oc�cur
stt�cP�sivel.v f�rt.her awav fr�m i-he Qxi al nar+ o�' the ra�a�e
bevo��l the ota+cr�n o�' thP �rdo?rici.�.n s+.ra+a. ((71 i i
�3_4; CARBONIF�ROUS ?�OCKS((�2_7B)1
R-4-�: PERMIAN((72-7611
1. ��pP,Cj �ec�s"((7Z-7611
a. 7n �li_scussin� the s+.rAt� �rax�hv of the ArbUck7 e I�olanta�n.s it
has heen st�+e�t the+., the "Rect BedS" 1 Ap ?cros� t�,e wes+ern
enc� of trP A�'bvrklr unlift u?��on�'orma�-+ly, c�ncealin� tre
wes#:�nrard contir_l�eti�n of tY�e flo1.�1e�1 stra+a, incltat�i.ri�' Orclov�.ci�n,
7levoni�n, and Carboniferous rocks.
b. From +rP ,�e�+ern Pnd o�' .+,he A.rrv��rle unli?'t these "R�d Re�?sn
denosits are �.ontinvo�a� WCS'C��2'f� to �n� ar�vn� the "'di.�hita
ivi�vntai.ns, �lso 12c�r+hq�re�t�r,rs�ra in+o nc?rfhPrn Oklahoma and
K�nsas, r�nc� soiathwestward in+o mexas.
c. Fro-^ +t�e Arbuc$le TTo�ant�.?n� west�rarc�, mi�vrav to the �^Iichita
rRovnta9.ns, the '�Re�1 Re�s'� din sliahtlu (less than 5°) to�.vard
+he ZqP,St;.
d. �till farther ivest, to an� arovn� the Z�i�hita Mour_tains t}�e
"Rer� Rec1s" hane loc�zl var�able bt�t low dips a�e.v f$om t�e
mour_tains, which aPere the ol� PPrmi.an land sreas.
e. The�e lacal struc+l�res are �onsi�erec� to be duF to den�os9tion
��' +he se�'iments upon the slopin�* near-�hore sea b�ttom rather
than +o post-Permiar_ ororrenir move*ner_t.s.
?. In the Parlier n�r+ �fl the sa�s�r_ oF 1.9�1 �nd at oi-heT' times nr.
('reor�e I. A�i �Ms m��e some sfr±a�--i.a�r�nhic intresti �a+i ons �or:rernint*
+.hP as*e �f +he "Re� Reds" in nor+l-nnTPs+ern Tr�;an Territ�rv and
ea�+ern Ok] ahoma north of �an�c� i an �'i,rer.
a. �ie observed �+r�t +he red �olor transmre�se�? t-he si-ra+a
diat�onally from the �anper nart of +rP Penns`rlvanian �n+.o the
P�rmian.
a 72, The �arl�onifer�us ancl pPrmian A�e of t�e per� Rec?s of
e+�s+ern �klahom�. from stratia�raphic Ptriden�e: Am. Jour. S�i.,
4�h ser., vol. 12, 19Q1, pp. :�R?-;�86.
b. r?o indic�.tions of �aneonformitv be+wPPn +he Pennsvltrr�nian an�i
Permi.4.n, or bPt�rrAPn of;her s+.rA+i �'raphi c hori zon s� tnrere n�te�l
bv nr. 4dams.
�. 2f there is n.o l�n�onformitv at the base ofl the "Red Re�G"
nor+h of'l',anadian niver, an�3 if noe+or Adam's observations
concernir_? the color of the stra+a are correct, +he s+raticraphic
uncon�'orm�tv o£ the "ped T�eds" across the AY'buclkle taplift i.s
loca], th�nah the uplift w�� nrofol�nd an�l the erosion are�.+ from
+,he bee�:innine of the vnlift throt�mh a large nart of "Red Reds"
time.
�. In this disciassion no a+tem�t wi11 t�e ma�e to distine�taish b�r name�
or CZ�S61?��! the r».rious �3enos��t-5 wh�ch m�ke thP "Rec� Re�3st' except
�s to order of succession, Since thC�* werP stia�i.P� onl�r t'�rrOss +he
western en� of the Arbia�kle �anl:ift, alonr� the se�ti�n he+-ween the
Arbuckle �n� '�Tichi+a 1�otan+ain reminns, ar.� in proximi.t•r to +he
pre�-Permia.n rocks o�' thP ��T�chi-Fras, an� since no fossils, ex�ent
� fevv sm�ll fra�en+.� o�' b�nes which are n�� �e+Prmin�ble, vrere
?ovnc3 in them.((721)
R_5; �UATERNARY R.00KS((�g_�71i
]. Pleist�c�ne(?i eravPlsfi76-7711
a. 1n relat�velv re�Pnt t�'eolo�'i r ti�res chertai.n �'ra�el an� oerble
c�enosits of qtaartz an� ni�artzites WP,?'P, in+ro�uce�l ir+n +re
�'ep'io17 of t}hP "li�hi.ta Mo�,n+a,ns r�n� nrnb ocovpV the hiPh leRe]s
_�g_ USGS P. 31
of �F�rtsin d i�ri �les �s wel l as t-Prrgt•as �i�+ in +hP i�*nP��,� rocks
B.FFOC1f3+P,(� with somP of the lar+�er stre�'ns 1�� to ?n� feet qbo��� the
�:�nPr�l level of the nlains.
�, These a'T'8�'P,18 are v�re]1 rrn�nded, smool-h, anc? arP c�o*�nosPr� of qt�artz
anc� quartzitic materialx ��' �rariolas colors, �hz.efl�r of li�ht and clark
shades.
c. �l�he s�ravels �re no+ec3 esnecial7�* on thP di?ri�e e�st �f Fort Sill,
ne�r the e�s+ ]ine of +hP nreser+ Ap�che "e�ervA+�on.
d. Tha�r or.c�l�r simpl�r scuf+erec� ur+on +�e siarfacP or as Ei, VP,T'\r thi.r_ r_Is�n+le.
(�761)
e. rrrg,Zrals o�' similar n�t,t�re WP,re no+ed also nnon thP urani+e mass ��x�}a
at +he nor+,h en� of +he I.,ov�er N�.rrov!{s, �h�t?t 6 mi] Ps northwest of
Sn,r� er. ( � 771)
f. �ra�re]s �.n this ins+�,nce occlar ub�n �i +P7'rs�,CP, in +hP �r�nite 7'C1JTP,SPrt-
inr� an ol� 1PRe1 of �tter �reek bef�re ciat+ine� its nresFnt narrow and
shar� �hannel.
�. TTo ori�nial materials of +he nature o�' +heGP e�ra�*els have been foiand
i.n the rPRion of the nresent dr�.i.na�e of (ltter r,reek, and their
occ.»rren�e here incl�ca+.Ps +hat +�e•• were intr��>>cecl ;rto the rP�ion
bv � s�rs+P,n of c�rair,�a�e �n� t��1aP,r con8i�i�ons n�i- nn�rr in Pxistencr.
IV. STRtTCTiTRf� OF TI3� r�ICFiITA ����1TTaTAINS (( �7_Rnl )
A. ( (Ir1TRODiTCTIUN) ) ( (�7i 1
7. The �richita T'�oiant�in rar_�e, eV�ent the �^r�uo oi olatlTri.n� ridces on the
nnrt�e�st�rn si.d� and s�me lo1N cleta�rP�? hil7s �n thP sot�+hern side, near
the e�s+,ern Pnd, is �omnosP�i en+irel�� of ipnern�s rocks.
?.. These ianeotas ro�ks ar� SP,t�sirg�F,P.� in+o m�re +.han 25n �P,{"fl('E'hP,(3 qrP,HS� anci
f�rm mountqin5 r�n�l 1�i1 "I s.�hj.rh rans�e fr�m ('�OSP.]�T c��rnec+e�1 Rrot�ns of
1�0 snlaar� miles i.n arPa +� � ��a �tPr�, sharp k1'inbs TM�h; �� ri.sP AroRe +he
nla-ins ].i�P islan�ls.
�. The m�ern�,s small ioneous m�i�n+�i+�s �r.�' hi_11� -in the �!v^s+ern half of
+he r�r�e ±�.rP esnP�-i �l l�r hrot�Pr ar� �?is��nne�ted
4. nll th?se r�rovps and mrnzn+A�ns are svrroian�P�i bv +he nParlY hori.zont-�1
"Red RPds" clenosi+s wh;rh exten� �n all si�es of +he .-ano�e �'or lon�
�is+ances
5. Thesj� conceal +he rocks of i-hP 'xjich;+� Aliour_tc�-ins to sia�h a de?�r?e thnt
n� a�?eqi��+e c�ncep+ion nan be r�cl o�' +hP ext;ent of +he '"?ichita upli�'t
6. The archinelat*o-like arran�emPnt o�' +h� a�r�nit.e moim+ains and peaks
in thP nl ai.n ] eave� one to ��siame +r�+ c�n1v a sm�7 1 t�flr�}; of the i�neous
nore of +h.P '^r;.r�i+a �apllft is now �xnosed.
B. FVIDENC � OF DISTiTRBAPJCE IT1 TIi�: IGNEOLTS ROCKS (( 77_7P i 1
1. These i?�ne�t�s masses of +,hP i"�ichit� ]tRo�antains nos�es cert��n r�er_eral, Vet
r�.ronotanced,strvetiaral fe+�tvres.
2. The ?�ran�t-e has bePr_ �ntr�ac�ed thr^uar the Fabbro inpart at least, r�nd
snreac� out i.n a brnacl �nra�r upon it.
�. ''�'l8?'P, +he Prns� on o�' PPrmi an ar� more rPCPnt t.imes h�� �mroT*Pred the
��.t�hro i.n wh�t i s nnUr +he �enPra� lv levPl nlain, +hP aab�ro are3s are
fol�nd +.o he oriPr.tP� in a dire�t;�on a�nroxima+elv T?. 6Q� t� 70° �., as
�nrm�7� ?�P �he �ase ;f +hP �abbrn h�d been Q.+'c'.hP� in the aacial t�art of an
uplift.
4. The lar�er ares�s o�' r�ran�+e, eGne�� al]v in thA "7� �h�+a �nd �uara mount-�in
�r��zp�, and also a t�rPat numrer of the smaller ones, �re founc? +.o be
oriPnted in i-he same r�enerql 1'to?^thweSt—SOU�'.�'1P,fi8'f dirP�+ion.
5. In +he strike of thP nr�n�inA1 ric�ves ar_� l��es o�' nPaks an� hills there
are ^�arl-Pd zones �f f2'�c`t�ire or of m�ior j�ir_+�na.i�771�
a. ThPs� ?;nPs of ;join+1nr� are Ps�eci�ll,y nron�tanced in +he wesfern na.rt
of t-�e "'i�h; ta �roiap, so1�+-h of ��ount Raker. ( i77-7(�)1
b. Tt�e samP structiares t��ere also notecl nP�r +hP P,�S�P.rri end of tri.s aroup,
e�;st of RRount Cummins, �n�l -in t.he b�rphyrzr of Carl+nn 1�.�ovntQ�ns.
(f78}1
�. In thP west�rn part of +,hP ran�e the m�,ior joints are �*enerally nearl,y
vertic�l, �a��ile in thP e�.s+ern nar�, +h�v are inc7 ined to�rard thP south
a� �n r�n �l e of :�0° t-o 40° .
d. Thi.s inalined joint�nc* is so marked in +,he east�rn rn� of the �arlton
-4A-
rdonnt�ins, an�l in +he �ranite Pnst of' I�Rotmt Cu*rRnins, i:ha+ at a
dis+ance it resem�les pronour_ced s+r�+ifice.tion.
e. Such str»�+lares, catasinP �*�ri s�h] e�*eakne�ses -in trP i�neo�as
ro�ks, were emnhasize� to a marked degrPe bv a�e�ts of de�rac3a+ion
before +he nrP�ent dr�ina.�e s�rs+em wa.s est�bli.shed.
f. �speci�llv nronovnced inst�nces are ?ovnd in the larp�e resur-
rected Pe_rmiAn 49Z�P,�r leq�in� s���+heas+t•rard fr�m ��ilitarzr Pass
befween the '���i�hita an� !�uana m�»nta�_n �roians.
�. Other in�tan�es of lesc nror�uncecl rl'1�rA(',tP,T' o�ri�r �n the s�ta+hern
*�art- of the; 'Ari�hi+As, s�t�+h of 1�!�ount R�1rer, �vhere +he �"](�mCS And
v�l]evs �re oraer_ted in �hP e�Aner�l s+rike o_f the r�n�e.
h. ThesQ m�i�r struat-»ral lines wo»1� n9.ttarallV be concPAled +o r�
e�re�t.er ex+ent �.n the ltzre�e area of i.solated mountq�n� c�nd hills
makin��the west�rn h�lf of +he rana�e.
i. 1+��m� of these moiantains, howP�7er� An�i even some of +he smaller ones,
sho��T nrono�anced ma,�or joints in. zon�s of rr'tzs�'ted rocks bearina� in
northwes+erlv directions.
j. Stach �ccur in �;lk T�ot�ntain an�l �rP esneciallv m�rked in Twin
A�rnmtains.
6. Aside from the major jointin�, it v��i1] bc� observed b�r reference to +he
mag +h9.t wi+h a fe�^� ex�•en+ions thPse iane��as moun+ains and e�*Pn small
hills ha�Te their ZOrip'P,r axes arrano�ed in (jlY'P.l'"�"1CfT1S P;e71P,r�11V northeAs+
a��] sotath�rrest.
7, This is dovbtless due +,o the sursri�ral of +.he more resistant zones of
the i�neoi�s masses para11e7 ?��ith th� linPs of' �e�kress.
R. Conspi.cuo��s ,joir�tin� occurs in o+her di.rections than northvrr.s+ and
soiatheast, +he most pror_oiancec� heinp� nqrth and south, across the �rend
ofl +.,re ran�e. ( (7�ii i
C. FOLDING APTn FAtTLTING OF TH�3 STRATIFIED ROCKS((�8_7g)1
1. In +.he s+ratified ro�ks on thP n�rthe�as+ern side an� near the erosion of
the r�n�e th� strt��+lares are morA �ronovn�ed an�l easilv internr�+,e�.
?. These rorks o��t�r i.n a sm�l.l p�rt of thP �^richi+a Rane�e, an�, as exnla�ned
�ro�re, are nrsbal�l,y l�ia+, a small part of +hP unlift.
�. ThP Ordo�ician limestone, whinh fo�-cns p�.rt of +he thick Arbv�kle form�tion,
o�curs npon the n�rthern and sovthe.rn sic�es o�' +•he 'rTichi+a M��anta�ns near
thP ea.s+�rn end, sh���Tin� tha+ +hi� part of fhe ran�e is anl-iCli.nal.
4. On the sovt�Prn side of i;r� ranve, so�a+h �nd soiathwest of Si�nal
]l�ountair_, the remnants of +hP ArbvrtrlP limes+�ne o�.ctar in l�w hills
dipo�ne� s���th and S0�1t}linrP,St.
F. �r.e-half mile southe�s+ of Fort Sill +�+P same limes+�nes di.n towar�l the
sota+heast.
6. Ree-innin� north of Fort Sill snci r,xtendin� northwestward t� Rainy
Moi�ntain ?�Ri ssion the whole Cambri an. s�c+i on and �. lar�e nart of +�e
Ordovi�lan are exnosed in a t�roun o�' stra�aline�, lot�r motm+ains �nd
n��zs.(l�e)1
a. I oral foldin�s oc�tar in t'�I.P,BP, limPst�n_e hill s, and +.hPre are reb-
et�tions ir, the Gec+i.on �ne +o f'�,t�l+.;.n�, ���+ throu�;hout the exnosed
sPe+;on of 4,000 to 6,000 fc�et +he e�eneral dirertion a�' ��ap di.p is
t,���r�rd the northea�t. i(78-79) i
b. This shows, wi+,hotat do�abt, tha+ +hese separa+,ed limestc�ne hills are
nerts of the nortrern limb of a areat anticlinal fold Urhich encomp-
assed at least the eastern part of the '�tichita. R»nr�e. (, (79) i
c. ThP c�iver�ine^ strikes of the rocks on ea�h side of +he e�stern �nd
of the rana�e indica+e that the uplift bPesme br�a�ler an�1 prorablV
more el ev�i-e� t;oward t-he no_rth!tirest,
7. �ili�? �reek faults((791)
a. Ir the vi�ini+v of .Rlue rreek r.,�n�on, about 7 miles n^rth of rRolant
�cott, th.erP �re t���o lines of pror_o>>nced f�ultinr�.
b. OnP o�' +hese faults follo�as +he r�nvon �n.�l be�rs 71P,Arlv I�. 20� W.,
w�ile fhe other is a m-i 1P east of the r�nvon and strikes i�t. 40° W.
c. Tn e�ch c�se the thr�ir� is �lo�.mwarcl an� +,oUrarc? the soufih��rest, an�
the disnl a.cemer_t of +he �avon f�lal+ i.s t�re�.ter than the other.
d. As � resialt of the disnle.nements due t-o +hese f�ult.s t;he nornhvey
mass hfl.s bPen elevated with resnect ta the str-tified rneks on
the northeastern �nd sovthwest�rn szdes.
v.
-41- USGS P. 31
e. The RluP C,reek faulf extends +ot�ar� the north�Pst �.r_� eenerates the
1 ime�+one and porphvrv r�rer�s i�non the northeast. from 1 imestones of the
same charac+er an� a�e un�n th.e southwest..
f. Fxcent.;n� alonc� Rlue �reek l;3nvon the exten.si�e denos�ts of "Re�l Re�s"
conneal tre f e,ialt, �ont�.�t�.
g. The limeston�s southwest of +he norphvrv belonr* t� 1-he s�me forar,e�tions
as those t�non 1-he r_artheas+.., qnd in each arPa +.he dips si.�'P, in the �ame
e�ener�zl northeastv�-ard direc�ion, exposi.n� the limestnne se�tion to a
th5 ckness of 4,�00 to 5,000 �'eet.
D. AGE OF THE V'TICHITA MOL�TTAIN UPLIFT (( 8p� �
1. In the discussion of thP strati�raphv it w�s shov�m 1-h�t the i�neous racks
of thP re��on are pre-Camhrian.
?. The snnceP�lin� Cambr;an anc� �rdov�cian strata, rebresentine� ap�roximately
6,�00 feet of strata, bear no evidenr� that thPv we�re either ?olded or
nplifted into ] anr3 ai; anv time dtarina� their cieposit.i.on.
3. The ro�k secfion exnosed i.n this reaion �s an �.lmost exact reniti�n, both
in stra+,i�ra�hy and. in striacttare, of that of the Arbuckle Motantain iaplift.
4. As �.lreadv exnl�ined, 1-he Arl�u�kl� unl.ift beaan near the mic�dle an�?
culminat�d near thP (`l(�9P o�' PPnnsvlv�ni�n time, nre�ri�i�s +o the denosition
of the "Red Re� s't, �*�hi ch �ccvr nnw undi sturbe�3 bet�vPPn +.�P A.rruc.kle and
'1Vi�h�ta �ountains.
�. It has heen shov�m +.hai- t.hez-e is no record to iridi��+e +hat. +.he rocks
of the ''ri �hita hRounta.in re�� on werP d-i stnrbed dlar;n� +hP rleAos�.ti on of the
�amrrian or Orrlovi�ian roc�ks, r_or since +hP format.ion of' the "ped Reds";
theref�re the deform�+ion n� thP r��k� oc�iarre� �etween Ordo�ic�an and
Permian time.
6. The Arbuckle and '�^Ti��i1a moimt��ns O('rltr nPar '�A�'P,�1'1P,Y'� hatre �he same
c*enPral form of ural�i+ �n� Strurt;l�r�1 trenc�s, �n� sho�r i.�]e�ti�.s�l strati-
Fraphic sec�ions and i�nP�v� �ore� of �im�le.r rhara�ter and a�e, a�hich are
�ood reas�+ns for supnosina tha+ their vplift�nn and f'c�ldin� oc�urred
c�vri.n�* the Iatter pa.rt o�' +hP ��rbonifer�us neriod.
7. ARnreover, since 'f}']CSP, upli�'ts are in ali�nmer_t it i5 nRtvr�.l +� nresume
thai- t�±e�� bel��n� to +.he s�me uplift, l�einr senarated bv d�no�its which
were laid (�OWY1. S1Y1CP. +.he foldin� oc�urre:d.
Nt>TFS ON OCCUYREidCE OF' URE DEPUS ITS IPu THE VdICHITA bIOLiNTAINS (( g0-81) i
1. �'�i+,h t��ao excentions, which �nclizde the r�abbro, +,he ol.dest i�;neol�s rock� ar_d
a loc�l ancl v�r�r limi+ed dike of �rorudite in the �abbro, a]1 the ��neous
rocks a� �uell �s the nn�rtz vP�ns or dikes of thP '�ti�hi+a N!ovntains are
c3uplicated in t;he Arbtae�kle rPe�ion.
2,. mhe te�:tl�re of the �ran.ite� varies in an vnim�ortan+. dee�ree, but the !�ran9.+e-
oorphVr�es, az�orhvoli.tes, c�i�l�ase, and qvartz are essPn+ially identical in
'�the t�v� re��.ons.
3. l�oreover, thev have the same a�e relations, r�nd all, tivi.t.h the possi�le
excention of some of +he qla�rtz, are, �ri+hoia+ any re�sonable doiabt, of pre-
Caml,rian orie^in.
4. i.�en i-he wri.tPr mac�e 8 SLar4esr nf the "'ichita re�ion in 1901, the 1anc�s oi the
Kioi�ra an�3 romanehe re�erv�+,ions �rrhi�h �nc1Uc�� i+, h�c? ,ius1- been onened to
set,tlers.
5. Pra�+i�a11�T e�rerv dike ancl_ i�neous rork tivhere it came in cnntaet �rith 8.1']�"t'�'lPl'
sho��Tin� c�ntrast in tex�nre or color he.d bePn nrosnec+ed, �PS1.C�P,S Permi_an
"Red Reds" and f`amrrian sandstnne ancl liries+one.((SO))
6. The li�ht-colored �ranite or anli�e d3kes in t;h� ��.?�hro un�' +he noin+,s of
intersection of s�a�h dikes w�t.h thP diabase clikr,s, e] so +.he �i��rt� bocli.es and
�ror�zdi+:e dike, nroved Pspeeially attra�+i�e to the nrospector, +�n!� i.t �ras
eastr enrna�h t� c�et fav�rr�rle renorts of the oacurrPn�e of �old an� silver
in samnlP submi+ted to some assavers.((80-R1.)1
7. As in +hP ArbiacklP re�ion, thP conts�ct phenamena befwPen the �rarious classes
of i�r.eot�s roc?�s, inclta�i�n� the dikes, seen b�r +.hP wri.t,er, p�ave no encovr-
amement to � belief tha+, m�.nPral dPnosits of vflliae �n��ld be found.((81))
F�. It i.s no��sible,thovah n�+ �onsiclered nrob�hle, t;ha+. t�e pre�ious mPtals or
thPir nres mav �c�tar in sm�zll �vanti+ies as oriQin�.l constitUents in the.se
ic�neous rocks.
�. Follo��r�r.p� the settlement of the lands of the TNichita re?ion in the sprin�
-42-
of 190?.,, nrospectin.� f�r +he pr��ious me.tal s be�ame more a��ressi�e; the
occUrrence of ri�h ores of a�olc� and silver w�r� rPnorted, �ncl a� some places
minin� oner�tions �xere bee�un.
10. These activi.ties resulted in civil �l3�tur�anaes be+wePn nrosnPc+�r$ and
homestead o��mers and mac7e neces�ar•r a thnro,��h inResti�*�+i�n of the
re�or+ed ore denosits.
I1. The apnended 7'PAnt"f of noctnr Ra�_n is conclnsi�e as to +hP o�cvrrence
of ore clenosits oi anv value . in the Z'�icrita I�oiantains.
. � , ..., � _ - - .
.. . � - ., • , ... t., � . . � . �-�
. . .,, , ., . �
,•, . r � . .. r , _ , ; . , , .. . . . .
. , . .� • . r, . .- ..
�,ti �, y • , . .
� � � . . • ,..
� , r - • �
� . � - -. . . ' '_ . . . , � , . , . . , - . � - , � . . , � i, rr =� •tr, � ryr. >..� .. .�
. !+i-� i � . .
..-- . .. � . .{,� . ..... . .. � . � , , �� � . . , • _ . � - �.. ... . . ' ',.. ,
�.J
�
-r}g- USGS Y . 31
REPURTED ORE DEr�SITS OF Th'E �'lICHIT9 MOiTA1TAITuS
b,y �'. Foster Rain
I . ITd1^RODZTC TION ( ( g � � )
1. For manv vears rumors o�' t�P occvrrence of �ol.d and other ores in the
moian+,�;ns havP bPPn rife, �n� etTP� nrevintas to t.he oneninr� of +he countrv
to selltemPnt consi.der�ble nrospect�nc ha� been done.
?,. "Then the reservat;ion nv�s +hrrn.�rn onen +o set+l�men+ ma.n�r min�ne cl a�ms wers
st�1�e� out, anc� reneat-e� anr_our_cemPnt of the discoverv of ore h3s stimizlated
nrospec+�;n� thr�vah�lzt a wide +Prri_tory.
�. 1oc�l assavers have constantiv renortP�l �old an�' s�l�rer rqlues, an�
occasionallv as��v�rs oUtside the �iiGtri�t have foimc� �*alues �in ores from
from thse m�unta=ns, or report;ec� to be f'rom +hem.
4. �n the ba�is of these rpnort.s a l�re�e numb�r of �eonlP h�ve loc�ted in the
terr�torv enr� a++P*�p+;ed its de?�elo�mPnt.
�. T}ZPre have been r_umProtas confl.z.�i-s as to +.,;tle, �n�? Tnuch li+i�a+ion has arisen.
6. Th� "�ic�hi+a 1�?o�znt�ains hazre been visited t�v a ntamher of aeolo�ist.s, buf in all
d�ses thPir intresl-i �3tions VF�rP, e�+her }'lUr'Y'l @� rec�nn�i ss�nces or WP,re
directe� +a ��neral nr�blems �f �eolovv ra+her than tre stu�ly �f 1-he reported
ores.
7, ?Tnder thP circumstances i+, Uras thnua�ht advisable to make a specie_1 investi-
c��+;�n of the ores, �nd th�s v�ra,s t�ccordin�lv �lone bv the author in the month
of QCtOher, 1903.
8. The imnortant m�nin� camps in the area extendinu� from I:�Urton +.,o Iur�art were
vi�ite� an� Siimp1.P,S were t�z1�Pn from the leadin�^ mines in ea�h camp.
II, b?GDE OF OCCUR.Rt��PtCE((�2-f?4i)
1. The �*eolo�r of the re�^ion has alrea�lv bePn cliscussec� in considerable det,ail
l�v T?r. T�ff.((R2))
2.. 1+ i s six�'fi ci.ent for +he nresent piarnoses to rPcall the fa�t tha+ the
moimt�.ins c�nsist of a core of crvatall�ne roeks, incluc�i_n� e�ranite, e/
�abhro, e�ranite-norphvey, and �ertain d.;abase dikes, the whole partiallv
en��rcled b�r a frirr�e of Pale�z^i.c limestones.((P?,-8:ii}
a 83 In �n earlier reconnA;ssancP trzp thr�u�h thP �"�ichita A'o�antains,
�±ade in 1t�Q4, +hP a.vfhor stia�i_ec� th�s a�r�n;+P, and foiancl, as he thoiiaht,
si�ffi�iPnt ev�denc.e for c�nsiderina� it erun+.ive an� n�st-Ordo�=i�ian in a�e.
(Rial7 . real. �o�. America, vol. 1] ,�n. 127-144.) 1ir�r. Taff's ful7 er studies
lea�l him to believe that tl�e rock is �re-Caml�rian. The at?thor belienes that
the mat+.er is still open to rea�^nable c�ovht, �ut �ri.th nresent kno�.vlede;e is
q1a�+A di snoGed to accent TvRr. T�ff t S de+.ermin�i-i or_ as nroh�rlv corrc�ct.
3. The o�ah�ro an�l +he arani+e-norph,rrv a+ least. are DrP,-�s,m�r1�21. ((P�)�
4. The �r�n�t-e and the �i.kes, T�rhirh �n�ll��e cert��n rarP 3ncl petro�'rs�t�h.ir�llv
in+erest.ina- tvpes, arP eruptive +rr�»ff?� +.hP o���r �_rvs+�] l inPs.
5. Pros�ectlr.� has hePn r�nf'ne�l i.n �enAral t� +he �rP� of crvs+alline rocks.
6. '"��1-hin that area it. w�� fotan� th�t ro�ks in five ma�es �f oc�urrenco �rere
beir_a prosnec+ed:
(1� �ertain we11-definec7 c�uartz vPing wh�.eh et�t b�th er?�nite anr! �abbro
(2) niabasP dikes «hi�h �pparer+ly cut indisc.riminantiv al] ��ther ia�neous
roeks
(3) f:nnt-aet of the �r�ni+.e r�nct c�abbro, narticularly whrre, as often hapnens,
+he �r�nite senr�s off into thP Pabbro lon� aponh�Tses, or c?ikes, usuallv
as�vm�n� an apliti� nhase.
(e�� T?� sintep�ration �rodi�c�t� of tre �abbro.
(5) Al�nt� simble shear zones i.n i-he r�r�nz+•e.
7. It wi71 be a+ onee �pnarent th�t, of +he CZ�SSP,S of OCCt]I'T'P,I1C'P,S ab��e enumer-
a-�-ed, some were of the sort t�r�� �h, ir_ view of the rP,� &t10T'�S o�' the ro�ks,
mi�*h+ rre71 be exnecte� to W?T'T'Ar?f; nrosner.+,in�.
£�• �O]" P,XfiTC�'p1P.� (�U�1?'�;7 VP,7YlS V'F'Y'�t rr,Tlm'!0711V CaY'T"\r lr01� Ett1� n'�;�'1P.7' tTIPf31S 1T1
stiffi�ien.t amount +o ma1rP, +�e *�+Prial an orP, thou�*h 5.+ �s also true
that ri�nv �f t1�e laraAst an�l rPst.-de�'i.ned c�t�artz �e�ns knrn�sm carrv either
no valt�Ps or su�h lotrr �nes as +o prerlude the vrork�mm �fl +hP �*Pi.n.
IV.
V.
-44-
b. ShPQr zon�s in �ranite, �n +�� o+hPr han�, v��•tT sel�om have beon
fovnd to CAr�r or�, anc' then �n]v in t.hP irm�edi.ate 21ei mhhnrl�oo�1 of
we11-reror�ni.zed ore bodies of oi-?�er �v�es and of considerable
richness.((P31)
R. In al� , o�er 30!� poLmds of a�mnles taPre taken, anc� 71 assavs were
made, as C�P,'t811P,CJ �JP,104V� wi+hout 9n anv c�se shov�,in� a�old..((8411
LIST UF SAT�:�YLES((84_glil
( ( omit+.edl 1
R�I'�RT OF ASS1'�YS FOR GOLD, SILVER, COPP.�R, AidD LEAD. ((92) )
bv �. T. Al1en
((omitted))
CCfi�CLUSIONS((92-93i) �
l. 1'n vieva of the �recatat-ions taken i.n coll��tir_� the samples, �n� trP
areat c�are w��h t�rhich thev were assaved, +hP a�solu+,elv uniform
�rsPn�e of e�ren a frane of �old ar.c� only the occasion�l �aresence of
� small �uantitv of silver, conner, or lea�3 allo�rs but one conclizsion
to be drawn, namel,y, that noae of the prospae�:s exam-ined shows any ore zn
the nroper sense of the term, nor does anY of �:hem hav� anv nresent
or nrobable fut�are vallae. ( (92-93)1
2. The nossible exceotion� in the caee o�' �opner and le�d ha.ve alreac�.y
'he�n discussed in �?etail.((931�
'�. Tn the nranite mountains near Iu�art there are certa�n co�.rse
oep�matii-es shc>win� cr�Tstal s of �iaar+,z 3 inrhes or more �n lPn�th.
a. '":rith the q�aartz crvst�ls are somP sma]], black, semi�itre�ns
cr��st�ls recop�nizec� bv noctor Fiillehrand as belonain� to +he
colu*nbite-tantqlite �roup.
h. I+ 7s honed that further intres+1��tions m�v shor�r the presence
of some of the rare earths.
4. �"'hile t-he resialt,s of the i._��Res+�.��t;ons y�ere d�.sa�no�n+�ne^ in so far
as i'11P.,�J f�ziled t;o show +he presence of t,he exoec+ed ore boc3�es, +he
rea�-i�n is one of o+t�er ualia�ble resnvr�es.
a. Th? �rani+.,e, �r*hich i.s so abt�nc�ant, is sv#table for bui.ldin�
nurnoses, and is a+ mamr noin+s excell en+lv sitt�ated for quarrs.r-in�.
b. ThP limPston�s are svailabe for t1�e mam�fac+ure of li.*ne, ar_c3 are
of suitqble comnosition for the manufac+.ure of portfiand cement i.i
fuPl and indl�strial c�ndryt�ors ever chan�;e so as i-o �sarrant
investr?eni; in that indiastrv.
�. The sm a17 asAhalt sprin�s foun� ne�r the east end of +he Fort Sill
pP,S@?'i%8t1021 97'E3 n�ssibl,y indicati�e of larp�er dep,osits of oil or
�as, and the excellent soil of the �rairies an�1 vallevs, combined
with p��o�l ���a+er res�,�rces, aff�t-c3 +he bas3_s for a lar�;e an� thrivin�
populati.on.i(93))
INDEX ii94-97i)
- 30-
USGS B. gp2
�
BULI:ETITT �,02
ANTICLII�AL STRIICTIIRF IN PAFTS OF CGTTON AND JEFFERSOid COTI�.TIES
OK.LAHOr.�A
bY �arroll H. �e�emann
TTnited Ste:tes f;eoloaieal Survev
Geor�e Otis Smith., nirector
191�
i(Bib. ref.: Pub. o�' the �. S., rAa,y 1953: *602. Anticlinql struc-+.ure
in parts of �otton ancl Jefferson counties, Olrla., bv C. N.
�'Ve�ema!Zn. 1915. lOt� pp., 5 pls.))
�,
� U SZiS B . 602
Pla+P I
GLOLOGIC SKETCH r�AP Or OKLAHG�"A qND NORTHERN T�XAS
((only broa�?e5t �nc� incomplPte �laGsi�'i.��t;ion nf rocks sho�,vn
bv e.bstrA�ter�l
�
��;.�
_ � ��
a
_
o�
�
�
_a
; ..
Sv �
0
� ,� �� � �
� � _. � t �
� , ;�, �; : ��
,, � �
F V `��., � �.
:�1'�%. v
, � i
Op�. . `. \
. �� �
, ; rz � ;
� ' �
, � �.
:3
.,�
\i � °6 N
�I � ..r.�
v �� . ' .
,--- _ __ _
� _ - — ----- ____ � _
�� � �.
- --_.___ .._ _ .. ._ a .
„ ��
a
R
o .
�
.
-1- USGS B. 602
AI�ITICLItdAL STRUCTURE ITT PARTS OF COTTOA? AND JEFFERSOFJ COL�?TIES
OKLAHOMA
b�� C,�,rroll H. ?"le�em+�nn
TTnited States !'�olo�i �al Survev
��:LETII� 602
1915
((a�stract notes and bulleti� �- Bul�.etin fo�tnotes
pa�e references)�
�......� - bre.ckets
.............................................................................
((Pa�es 1-�: Title ��p�e, contents, list of i��.ustra+�ons, and Pre�'ace
bv Pavic! i'Ihitel �
IPITRODiTCTI02d( (g_ip) �
I. REPORTS ON ADJOINING AREA,S((gll
1. The "Recl Bed.s" area of M�rthern Texas �2�.d sottt-hern �kl�homa has until recentiv
receivec? but little at+ention fro*n �;eolo�ists makinc� explorations for oil,
not becaLise i.t v��as thou�ht that t;he roc,lrs c�ntain no oi7. but r�ther because
the �lelineati.on oi structlzre, on� of the c�n+rolli.n� factors ;n the a�ciunula-
tion of oil, w�s cor_sic?ere�l an almost h��eless task in such beds.
2. Recent inues+.i�ati.ons, ho�re���r, h.ane sho�,:m th�t the task, th�umh diffi�talt,
is b�r no means hopeless
3. It is bossible to determine with more or less �zccur�_ev thP s+ructure of the
strate� a+, manv nl��es throua�}io��� thP "Red Beds" re�ion, an� thus to point
oiat localities f�vorahle or unfavorab] e ta the accumul �tion of oil.
II. LOCATION A"1D EXTEPvT OF' THE AREA EXAA�IINLD((9-101)
1. The pr2SPYi't renort is the result of ext�min�.tions ma�.e in the summer and.
autumn of 1913. '
2. The are� coQerec�, about 270 squ�re mi7Ps, lies in Oklahoma north nf the
Red �iver an�' east of the �ran�lfield fl�s+�tict.
3. ?t is limitc�d on the north an�3 east. bv i-.he line ��' the Chica�o, Rock Island
� P�cific Railway, a�hich nasses thr�>»�h the towns �f Rvan, �,'�aUri.ka, Nast�n�s,
and Tem:�Ie.((9))
4. Sotith of' the are�, across ped niver is Cla;✓ Gour_t,y, Tex., wh�ch comnrise,s the
e�stern part of the territ�rv coT-ered b�� the bul'etin published bv the
TTniversit�r of Texas, abotTe cited. ((9-1�1 i
((Ru1.Jetzn referred to herF is Footnote �Rull. pa�e ((9)) �1
1 9.i�clden, J. A., anrl Ph�.11i_ns, n. I�RcAT., A reconnaissance report on
the a�eoloe�v of the oil ar�� r�as fie].ds of ?'Vichita ancl Cla,y counties, Tea.:
Texas TTniv. Ru� 1. 246, 1912,.
II I . ACK�TO�.�LEDG1�9Er�TS ( (1 �� )
1. The v�riter z+ras assisted ir_ t�e 'r1.P,�� bv 14�essrs. A. E. FQ+h an� R. '"�. N�well,
********�
2. �"r. F�th comnile�3 the map an� made +he microsco�i� exqmi.r_r+ions af the rocks,
and also assisted in mr�n.v other wavs in nrPpari.n�* the report.
3. Thanks are due to the R;versi�e 0�1 Co., the Green River Oil Co., and. the
'�rest Virt�inia Petr�levm Co.�'or lo�s of the�r wells.
IV. SETTLE��'Er�iT APdD II�TDUSTftIES ( (10)1
1. qlthot��h this part o£ the i'OL1i1tT'jr has been oP@� �� settlem�nt bY w�ite men
but a fepr vears, there is li.t+l� Go�rernment land remai.ninp�.
DRAIrtAGE AND TOPOGRAPHY((10-12))
I. S TREAa.�1S AND THEIR RELP_T ION� : TO S TRIIC TtTR.E (( � �_ 1]. � 1
1. ned R��er, the Iar�est stream in this aeneral re�ion, forms the s�vthern
bonnc?arv of the qrea here descrihed.
2. It is remarkable far +,he �re�t wi�?th of �ts crann.el in comparison with the
width of its i*�me�? iate vall ev, which is unusl�all`l narrow for a stream of i+.,s
s*�ze; also for its qui.�ksand and for the �raat variation �n th.e amount of
w�ter it carries, the channel at many plac.es beinp� entirel�r dry durinp�
midsummer and carryine� a rushine� torrent of water cha.r�ed w-ith red mu� at
the f irst e,dvent of the aUti�rnn rains .(� 10)1
- �-
3. The are� here considerecl is dra�ned bv three streams, which flovv into Red
R;ver and which, named in the orc�er �f size, are Cache Creek, Reaver Creek,
an�l �'?hiske`r Creek. ( (17 )1
n, Fa,st C�che Creek, which heads northeast of the'�'U�chit�t, �!�ountains and
�rosses the wes+ern part of thP area fi'rom north to sovth, is j�ine�l by
neeo ??ec? Run and '"Test �ache Creek, the lat+er headin� on the s�lith
£lank of the T"Tichita ��o�ant�,nas
b. Re��rer �.reek, which heads e.�st o�' +,�e ?��'i.chi+a TAoianta�ns, para7lels
Cache Cr�ek, lvinp 6 t� 10 miles east o�' it, �n�1 flotivs �earlv sot?+.h-
a��rd alon� the east si�e �f the �rea
c. It has no l�ra�e br�n.chefi, such as }hosa of C�che Creek
d. ?rthiskey Creek is a small stream, n�+ more than 12 miles lonc�, which
lies midwasr betweer_ Cache Greek anc� RPaver Creek in th�ir lotNer
cot�rses.
4. The fall of Red niver f�r the ?9 miles of its course alont� the border of
t&is fie��1 is 111 feet, the avera�?e fa?l S.n this stretch be-in�* 2.i?5 feet.
tn the m�l.e.
Q. The �si�+.,h of the channel, as marked b�� the bc�rders o�' the s+.,rearn at-
hi_ah water or bv the tnridth of t'�e hel+ of barren sand at ti.mes of
�
drovp�ht, �*arie� considerablv ?rom point to voi.nt alona; its covrse.
b. Ooposite +,he moiath of Cache Creek i.+, s.s 3,50� feet wide, but in the
�*re�t bend 6 miles eoi.athvres+ o�' "�avr?.ka it i s contracted to a width
of about £�00 feet
1) The cause or cause� of this ve,ria�ion in the width of the channcl
are not certainlv known;
2) Tt is nrob�blv �ve to the eombined action of SeverB.l fa.c.+.,o�^s� such
as t�e hardness of the rocl� strata enc�untered bY the stream at
dif�erent places, the dip oi the rock beds, the dsrection of the
pre�ailine� win�s and hence the direction in which the sand of the
ri.ver bed i.s drifterl at t_i.mes of low water, �n�i the locat5.ons
of the mota+..hs of tribiztarv streams, like C�che Creek, which add
the:[.r l�ad of materials to the loac� carried bv the main river.
5. It seems �robable that Red River, a lar�e stream, established its course
on a. base-lev�led plain anc� maintained.it, �an�n� been lit+le affected
b?r subsequent- slia�ht an.d �*radlaal foldinQ, �rhere�s its smaller tributaries
�,VP,rP, vnable t.o C�.v�P,pP,11 their channe]s as rapi�ly as the s+,r�+a W�PA tapli.fted
across theix courses, and thi�s were nompellPd to readj»st themsel�es to
the folds.
6. The present cot�rse o�' Re� River � s therefore i.x�depen�ent of the structtzre,
follova�in� an anticline throu�h part of +he are� under discussion, whFreas
ne�rlv all the smaller strearms flo�� in svncl�re s or .foll.ovv the dip of the
rock strata, e�en thou�h th.eir cotarses thus determi.ne�l are ��re�tl,y ���v
from t�e main stre�m, as are the co�arses of' the s+reams in T. 4 S.,
R. 11 l�T. (�11i�
I7. UPL�'`ID PLAIN( (11-12)1
l. The channel of ??ed ?i_�rer has �een ctat �bot�t 1�� fe�t below the letrel of a
e^entiv rollin� pl�in vahi.ch co�*er� much of sotat��urestern Oklahoma.
?.. Th�s plain is apparently t�e resul+ of t,�se lPvelina accomplishe� b�* streams
flowi.n�* at �rac?e avhen the lanc� areas were rel�tively lo�rer with re"srence
to s�a le�rel than at present.((11))
3. R'9f'f' ���4PS +.,he a�e of t�is t�eneplain as probahl�� Terti.Arzr.((1�-12))
4.
F�
1,(11) Taf�', J. _A., ��olo�y of' tre nrt�iac?rle and ''�i�hita mou»tains, in
In� ian Terr-+torv �.�� Oklahoma: TT. S. Geo7.. Survey Prof . Paper 31, p.
1.7, 1904.
This ubl�n.d surf'e.ee slopes �:entiv southeast-�r�arc� at abnut t1�e �ra�e of �ed
River.((12)1
The f loo� plain oi Red River, �uhich in some places is :� m-iles wi�e, as well
as the �'lood pla�n� of trib�.�tarv stre�ms lil-e Cache Creek an� Beaver Creek,
represent a surf ace of planation n�w in process of formation.
-3- iJSGS B. 6Q2
STRATIGRAPHY((12-3211
I."RE� BEDS"((12-311) "
l. The str�.ti�raphY ofl the exnos�;d rncks of the re�ion is com-�arativel,y simple.
2. These rocks consiat of two series of beds, the older eomposin� nart of the
i:'�ichit� forriation of the Permian "Red Be�s" and the �rolmeer t�e m.ore recent
de�osits, rex�resented by surf ace soil, the unland �ravr�ls of old river
terraces, a�d the alluviv.m of the present flood plains
3. The detersninat3.on of the stra+i�^r4nh�r of the rocl�s bane�i-h the '�ichita
formation, which are not exnosed in the are� consi.dered, is more diffic.ult,
as it invo]�-es several unkn�wn f actors.
4. It is, however, 1'm�Or'tg7S� in t�.e studv of the accumulation of oil in the
area, in�amuch as these underl�rina rocks probablv constitute the nrincipal
source of the o?1 found in ad;joininr� fields.
A. AGF OF' THE "RED BEDS"( (12� 1
1. TY�P nRPci Beds" of northern Texas and sotzthern Oklahoma �re now �enerall,y
con�edec! to be o? Permian a�e, althour�h this jnd�ment has not pe.ssed
unquest3oned.
2. �f the fossil flora 1�lhite makes the folloro�rinm stAtement: f
"Tn accordance with tl�e pal.eobo+,anic�l strar_c?ards of western
Ftaro�e, T refer the plants of t-he Little �"Vichita. in Texas to ,
the lox�er Permian, the terranes beirm brobRbl?T referahle t�
thP f'hase ar�un in Fansas."
1 1? �ordo?�, C. Ti., The �Ii�hi.+�, form��ion of northern. Texas, with
d9.scussions of the f auna �n�l flor� bv G. H. (=irt�r �xac1 Da�r�d T"ihite:
Jour. ('=eolomv, vol. 19, �To. 2, nn. 11�-234, 1911.
3. G�ri:y, howe4Ar, i.n +,he s�zme 7'f?T�n�"t comments or the evidence afror�ed
h�r the invertebrate fossils �s to t?�e DPrm�an a�*e �f the "Reel Be�s'r
as follows:�(omiss�ons belovr ara frnm R�zlletin tex+.,)i
"I �m therefore accentin� t?�.e P�rmi.an aee af the 3�ans�s �nd Texas
beds, blat at present stri_etllr on baleobotanical e�ridence. **** An
in�p�ction of the faun�.s ( O�.J PC�"P,f� fr�m the strat� imMe�i.qtely
concerned **** sho���s a rather notewort.hy chan�e ^f facies between
!"di.chi+a ancl the �isco, a chan?�e, howezTer, which is more or less
bro�ressive and has i,+,s be�*i_r�inp� in earlier beds. This shnvrs
itself r�+,her in a li.mi.tation +,han in a chanae of fauna �n� in
the prominence of certain �rouns more .rarP below."
4. ?�ost t�ertebrate paleontolor�ists have been incli.ned to consider the
"Red Rec?s" s�s Perm.ian.
5. C�sP, t�o�e�Ter, prefers to cal] them Permo-Carroniferous, lavinp� strass
on th�i.r close re�ation to the un�lerlvin�* formati.on. ((12))
B. DIVISIONS OF TH� "RED BEDS"((131)
l. The "Red Reds" were orie�inally divi�?ed by�:�C1�?ins � into three divisions
whi.ch, from base to top, are the �"Vichit+�, �he Clear Fork, and the Double
R�ountain ( (1 �) i
2, .
3.
4.
5.
6.
1 13. Cumm�ns, �^. F'.�The Per*nian of TPx�.s ar_c� �ts o�-erlv�n�* beds:
'rexas �eol. Survev First Ann. Rept., p��. 83-197, 1�90. .�=eolo�v of
northvrestern Texas: Tex�s �eol. Svrvey Seconc� Ann. �ept., p. 400,1890.
Of these, the Urichi.ta on1V is bresent in tre arer� lie�e?-d�s�rib�d, the
hi.p�her c�i_visi�ns bein� f�tan� farther west
AccordinP� to Cummir.s descri_fit�on, t�P "richita is composed o? sands+,ones,
cl��r �eds, �nd a peculiar con�lomerate.
The sands+.,ones are of' v�.r-io��s colars; the clavs arP, rec; an� blui.sh �nd
�rP., in pl�ces copz�er bearint�, �s Rre also +.hnse of the ('lear Fnrlr +'ormation.
There ar� iron c�ncretions in the red clays, ar.d the neculiar c�nvlomerate
is composPd of clav or clay .ironst�ne with a ferru�inot�s matrix_
The �le�r Fc�rk Formati.on c�nsi.sts of li_mes+,ores, cl.a,y anc� sh�le bed.s, �n�l.
sar_� s+�ne5.
a. The sandstol�es are not so Rbundant as in th.e '4ric.hit�.
-4-
b. The elavs are red an�l bl.ve
c. There is a cofl�;lo*nerat� �il�e th�.t in the ��'�ich.i.ta, bv{ it is
less abundant
c�. A fev�r bedG of �vpsum are present
7. The nourle 1�.'�ounta3.n formation, which overlies the Cle�r Fc�rk,
is said to �onsist of s�ndstone, 1-imestor_e, sandv sha.le, red
an�1 hllaish clavs, �nd th�.ek t�ecls of �wsum.
C. WICHITA FO?�Z�rATION( r 1 g_:�I �)
l. In the area covered b�r thi.s renort the "Vichita f'ormation consists
of t�eds of shale and sandstone and thin lavers of sh�le con�lomerate.
?. The �'ormation conta,ins no limestnne, althou�h some o� the sandstone�
beds are verv calcarern�s
3. The �tr>ti�raphi.c thickness of the rocks exposeci in the �re here cles-
cribed is abotat 2�?0 feet.
4. The "Red Recls", hrn�e�er, exten� t� a�3epth of aboiat 1,�0� feet bel�w
+,re sur$ace, as is shcrnm �,y +re loc*s of deen we11s c�ri.1 i_ed i.n the
vici_nitv of the field.
F. 7irnv mlzch of the 'a'lich�ta formation has been remn�ecl bzr eros�_on i�
i.s imnossit�le to saV•((1�i)
C.1 SHALE((13-14)1
1. The �_ndivie�ual beels or shale o�' the �Ti.chita fnrmation exposed ir�
this field ran�e in thickness from a few i.nches to 42 feet, .and
one bed of' red shale, rP,Cn7'flC[i at a�epth of ZOO PP,9j: �P,IOW the
sur�'ace in qvell TTo. 1 of the Riversi�e �il _Co., is 101 feet th;ck.
2. The sha] P a.s of m�nv col�rs and sha.des.
a. In some beds the color rana�es fr�m recl to p�ra,y, in �ther� from
orren to purvle; in sti11 others it is �3unost �lack
b. ARuch of the shale, especiallv where it i.s exp�sed to we�.fherin�,
has a mottled appearance, the colors beina_; red and 11.Pht �r�y or
e�en a�hi.te.
c. The chanae of colorrdoes not 1T1var1�b1V conform to the beddin�,
which, thouah finelv �e�eloT�ed in certaa.n strr�ta, e��ciallv
near sancl stone bec2s, is not astaal lv pronounced .( i 131)
3. iTn�'Pr +,he microseone a th�n section of finelv 1f�minated shale
closc�lv associr�ted w�.th sandstor_e is seen to c�nsist nf clark-red.
amorphous materi.al, narti�les of qu�.rtz, slender l�ths �f a color-
less minPrs�.l havinr� para7.7 el extinetion (serici+e?), �n�' a t�reenish
to bltzish, hi�h1�T refractinrrmi.neral.((1�-1�11
�. The red t�morphotas m�teri.al increases in amoui�.t ne�r +he lami.nation
nlanes to the prac+,�c�l exclUsi^n of the oth�r mir.erals.((141)
b. TTerv fev� of the particles ^f qiaar+,z i.n thP sec+,5on ex_aminec�
h�ve £i c�191riP,t2r of more th.qr_ 0.0?. m�lli.meter, �nc? the ave���*e
diameier �f the lar�er narticles is 0.017 mi 11i.rne�-er.
4. ScAt+.ere�l thr�t�t�h +he ms�.ss of the sh�le, ir_ so.ne plaees �_rr�n�ed
alon� +he bed�ina� plane�y there are concretionar�r masses, which
are of var3oias form an� ranRe in si.ze from sm�ll e^rA�rs to m�sses
a foot or more in diame+er.
�, The material of' the concre+ions, if sueh thev reallv are,
consi.sts of shale resemt�lin� i.n mos+.. respects trat -i.n �nrhich they
are embedd.ed.
h. The cemen+ina� ma.teri�l is calciiz_m carbonAte, l�ut the masses
contain consz�erable amoiants of ir�n oxide an�' �lso �f
man�anese oxide, whic�h occ�ars in some places as dark broum
or black denc3ritic formF penPtratine; th? concretion from the
surface toµrard the center.
c. '�'he eon.ereti�ns c�o not show eoneentrie strt�etiare anc3 are as
Y����b�e in shape �s thev �.re in size
d. Some of them sre almost rounc� , have smooth svrfaces, an�3
resemble closeltt the pP'�bles of the concre+ionarv conelome�•afe
descri.bed belocv�; o+her� �re fla+, thei r lon�est �li simeter lvint�
parallel to the be�?dinr� of the sha7e; still o+.he,-s are roian�ed
in outline Qn� h�.vP extremel`► roumh surfaces, bei.n� co�*ered by
a deposi+. of c.alciiam carh�n�.+e bvilt out -ir_ a sharp ed�*ed
netvrork, as if the sh+�le ar��an.� the r,one.retion rad ia�ic�isx��t�Cx:iR been
hroken bv innumerable cracks ?+vhich were filled bp the deposifl
_5_ iJSGS B. 602
e. �Runn � referrec� to these forms as "cl av-lime�+,one"c�rcreti.ons",
an� this term wi.11 l�e emploved in the preser_t ren�rt. 2/
1 14, rAu�n, 1!R. J.,Reconn�isssn�.e of the �.randfield ci1S't;rj.Ct�
Ol�la.: n. �. �eol. Survev FU11. 547, p.19, 1914.
�14�) F�r theories in re�ar� to +he for?na+,;on of c�ncretions, see
�ar�'r_er, .T. N., The phvsical ori�'in of certain. concretions: J�ur.
�Polo!r,y, vol. 16, pp. 452-45�, 190�?. Also Tod�l, J. �., ('oncretions
an� their �*eolo�ical effects:�eol. �oc. America Rvll., vol. 14,
�p. �5'i-'?68, 1903.
��2 SANDSTONE((14-17)1
1. The s�ndstone� of' the '�l�.�hita forma+� on are compose� princ3.nallv of �reins
of quartz anc� ver�r suborr�inA+,elv of �rai.ns of feldsp»r an� 21.Y'COri.
,',. AfUscovite and bio+,ite we��e fotanc� in 7 oi the 12 thin sec+ions of san�lstones
exa�m:i.ned, an� in al) tl�es� ali�es only thr�e r�rAir_s �f +��„-r„�1i.ne �rPre
ob�Prved.
�. aRost o±' the �rains of felclsnar are wPa+herec� �nd, so far s�s coul� be
�etermined, s.11 are plaa�ioclasP.
4. The e�ra�ns of Z1T'fOT1 are cnns��era�lv smaller ahan trP �rA.ins of �uartz,
bei.ne�, in the sPct3.ons eYam�r.ed, �r�v+ one-third R� lar�*e.
5. Inclusions of aps�tite, rutile, anc� zircon occur in soMe of the �ia�rtz
e�rairs .
6. The �^ra�ns �f s�ncl �re a]m�s+., i��T�ri ablv anuular, their an�ul arity
increasinp���*i.th decre�se in size.((141)
7. 1�'e71-rrnzndec� :�or*�s are rare, re�n�* fotand onl�� ?.n �ra3ns �rhose diameter
is e�rcater than one-+,enth �f a mi7lime+er, the lol�rer limit to rounciin_v.
by tre �cti.on of water.((14-15))
8, S�.I1rP, eolian 9P,P,Tt.C18S are cepable of roundin� sanc� �*rai_ns of sma7ler
di �me+er than one-te�nth of a m3_lli.m�ter, the fact thr�t i:he finer pa*^ti��es
af thP G�n�ts nf the i�:�ichita formation are ?�ot rounded but invariahly
anp�ular indi�ates �.t leas+ that rvind action has h�d Ii,+tle to �lo with
their denosit.i.on.((1F1�
g. The pr�nc�.rial cementinR material of the san�stones is calcite, but silica
oec,urs ir+ subordina+,e a?rotm+s
a. Tn the �alci.te-cemen+ed sanc�stones iron oxi�e stains are common, ancl
in a flew sr�ec�m.ens are so nronolanced th�t the san�stone has a di�ti�ctiv
rec� col or
h. Ir�n oxide w�s fonn� t.� be TitOrP, +han a s+�in in the ca.lci+.e cement in
or_lv one specimen, in vrhi�.h it �'o?-mecl pract�icallv a17. the �Pmentl.np�
m�.terial.
10. The s�nc�ston� beds vr�.ry consic�er�hl�r in thicknes� fro� place to place,
4ariations of sevPral fe?t henP�n� b�^�n note� �r�thin horiz�ntal cl�.s+ances
of eII�v e�'ew tr�.rd s.
a. The �re�.test thickness mP�sured f�r amr �ne san�s+�ne is 32 �'e�t ***.
b. The ��rPra�*e thi ckn�=s� is 12 f'eet.
11. The sandstones are of two differenf, types, R�hich for c�nRenien.ce will
here be te�r.ed the r_orma.l an� +�e fine-e�rained sa.n�stones.
a. The tivo t�Tpes dif�'er in s� ze of erai.n, �er!eni-, be��in�, thi.eknP�s,
re�,talaritv, �.n� in +he asGoc:i.ete�l_ con�lomerai e, +he di.f`'erenees
bein�^ c�ue m�inlv to vari�zt�ons in the condit-inr_s under vrhich the,y
�fP,rB �lenos9.teci
b. There arP manv �radations between trA two t-.ro es, but +.he characteristics
��' the ex+..remes are mar]�ed1V distinet
c. The normal t,ype exceeds 1-he fine �rained both in ahsolu+e amount of
sedi_ment an� in the persister_ce of i.ts beds over censi�ler�ble areas
d. It is the importart rock in e,eolo�ic work as it furnishes the only
ke,y horizons in the �'i.el� for the co.rrelation of strAta between
oui-erops �nd for the �eterminA.tion of structure. ((15)1
12,. The ce?n�nt�.n� material differs in t.he +wo types of a�ndstone. ((16) 1
a. The n�rmal or me�?ium-�rair_ed tvt�e is for the most n�rt cemented
�i,'y�`-�al �i+A;
r. The f�ne-mrained tvne i.� cemer_+ec� principallv bti� sili_ce�us ma+eri�l,
presumabl,v qvartz.
- 6-
c. A p�rt of +.he ee�ent of the normal 1-vne �ioes not disin+ev�r�te in. cold
di.l_ufe ht�drochloric �c3.d and i s prob�blv c�u�ri-z, A.s is a�n�rent also
from the examinai;i.nn of thin sec+�.ons t�r_.�er +h� microscope
c�. In lik.� manner thP cement of the fine-p�ra�ned t;vne is no+ R1.1 sili�a,
as i.s shown t�v ��s e�'�'er?rescinr� on the apnlir,,ai-ion of hv�roc�hloric
scid.
S. The c.ai�se for t�±is dif�'er�nce in c�nen+�nr� mat-erial bP+.ween the t-wo
+,vpe4 is not clear.
1) It e.ppears to be a direc+. rela.tion to the size of tre �rair_s of
+hP sa,nc�stone and. mav i.n som� mann�r he con+rollP� bv thP ra�iditv
of the circula+ion of ���ater throv.ah the rock, whir.,h woulcl be �rea+er
in the coarser-�rained materi.al, or by the amoiar_t o£ rock starf ace
exposed +,o water act�or_, whieh w�uld be mre�tc�r in. the fi.ne-�ra;ned
sandstone.
13. The t�vo t,ynes of s�nds+one diifer in bed��n�.
a. mre normal t,ype shows the �e+,; on �f r:�ther swif't currents duri.ne� i.ts
�lenosition---c�n�lomer�.teG are associated with it, i.t shows almost
P,?TP2`�JW}1P.re CI'OSS-�P,�C�7.11�;� and �vheY'A it does no+ the horizor_tal bedd.ine
i s Il?nrP, pror_otinced than th�t in the rine-�rained tz�pe
b. The _fine-�ra�nec� tyx�e is not as a rtz�e as�o�iated with conr�lomerate
�n�l shows little or no cross-bed�l�n�.
1) In one exnosizre, *�***(iloc�t�nn omitted)), leaf im?�ress;.ons
•,vrre f'otznc3 ;n t�is +,rpe of san� ctone
14. The normal san�l�tones are the mos�; ronspi�uous becls of th�_s re�^ion
anc� ai�e�aPe ]0 to 15 feet in thic�ess.
1�. The fine-�ra�ned. sznd�tone is usvall�r fot�n�? in C07!�p�1'�i'i4P,�`* +��n �eds,
rarel,y if P,VO?' excee�in�* 6 feet in thi.ekness anr� �enerall.v occurrin?� as
thin sanc?v lavers or streays zn +he rec� sh�zles. (�16) �
a. Bein� leG� �'irmly cemPr.tec� +h�n the nnrmal tYt��, �t d�Ps no+ resist
the a�tion �f tarea+h�rin� so v�re11 , an� �e�n�* thin it ;s not aenPra7.1V
conspicvovs in expost�res.((16i)
b. 1t is the.ref'ore impossihle to t,r�ce +re beds of the fine-mrAined tvpe
f�r anv consic�erahle distan�e or +.o make ors^r�a.t�ons on �he�r
cor_ti.m�itV, but i.t is beliez�ed from the stu�•r of sinu�le E7C!�nSl)�'PS
+,�at these beds v�.r�r mrea�lv in thic�ess from place to n] �.�e �nd
a.re p^enerally lenticul�r.(�16-17))
16. A common char�.c+eri.si;ic o�' the normal tvpe of sanr�stone is i+.,s enn+ent
of man��nese minPrals (oxi.des of mar�anese), u�h9_ch discolor tl�e rock
alon� the bec3�in� planes and occur in concre+ionary masses.((17))
17. 9t certain localities copner m-i_rerals in small amotan.ts £orm p�rt or the
cer�ent of the normal sandstone
1(?. These minerals �o not occu.r in the f�ne-�rQ.ine�l se�.d��n±�es, poss�hlY
beca��Ge t�eTr are less permea�le to wat-er soli.atiors than the cottrser
s ana s+,ones
19. T?�e preG�nce of' so few minerals �t�er than qt�artz amon� the san�i
ar�ins, �nc? these ?ninerals or_ly the mo�t resistant ones, indi�ates a
hi�h det�ree of �sGor+ment of se�iment, whi.ch is founc� onlv in ?�e�is
c�enos�ted a�h�° eorPi�b���is�ence from t%�e so�_�rc� o_f' the ma+erial or in beds
forme�l o�' ma+,eri�l +ha+ hac� bPen a�itated b« �ai-er for a consi�erable
time
�,, The fineness of the s�n� ar�i_r.s, e�er. i.r_ +h? no►-mal tyr�e of sand-
s+one, also �hcyes tl,a+ the assortment is of rit�h nrr�8r� arr� +he
ey,frame _fin.Aness of �rain o�' th.e fl'ne-�.rai.nPci san�st�ne �s e��en
more remerl�able.
20. Ir� stam•nar�*:
a. The san�s+nnes o�' the n�rm�l tzrpe arP comnosed of sand 2�ra�ns be+.t�een
�.?,5 �n� 0.062� mill tmeter in diazhe+er, arP ceme}�te� �*i+h calc�+e,
and show cross-bec�din�, �re�ter th�cUness o�' beds, an� p;7'P,��'P,7' ur_i�'orm-
�tv oQer l�.r�e areas tra� thosp of thP f�ne-�r��ned tvne, arP ass�c-
iate� �rith cor_e�lor+.�rates, and �ene a] ]y c^n.t�in man.manese or capper
mi.nerals
b. The sanr�st�r.es o�' the fane-�rai.ned t•�ne are c!�arac+erized bv thin
lentic�lar beds, absence of cros�-bec�r�i_nv, and extre�nely fin� Prair.,
the r*rains measurin� less than 0.062F mil l im�ter in cli.a.met.er.
_7_ ��� $ • 60?
�_� CONGLO;�ERAT�( (17-2,���
l. Ass�e�ated ro�r�.th +,he bec�s �f normal sRn�s+c,re �ncl at som� pl�zces in+erbed.ded
with +he shale �re be�� o+' �on�lomer�+e, w�ich ran�e in thickness fro*n a
fraction o�' an in�r i;a 3 or 4 feet.
�, mhe �nnalomer�te is composed of rotaa�hlv spherical nebrles, wh�_ch bear
a close resemhlance tn �.orcrPtions an� m�v, in fa�t, he concretionar,y
in ori.�*in.
;i. F?P,Ca.I�SP. of this resemblqnce anri for the l��k of !� hetter c�?SCrl.�"F"14P, +erm
the roc�k rv�.11 be referred t� ir th�.s renort a� concrPt� on�r.Y con?lo*nerate.
4. The usP of +he term m�y b� onen to Question, rut it can no+., le�c� to
confiasion, as the rock, no rra++er TMr��t i.�s ori.t�in, is ��n�^lomera+ic in
't'AX'F1�T'P. an�' h�.s IJ""iS desc.ri�e�l as CAn.olO?T�F'1'f1+P, in Set*P,r�]_ trPolO�"].0 reports.1/
( i1711 —
1 17 )�um^�ans, ��a. F., The PPrmian ��' mexus +�n� its ��er�tiTin� bec�s: Texas
�Po7. �tarve�r Fir�t A.nn. Rept., p.lA7, 18°0. ?�ur_n, ��. ,T., Reco�n�,issa*�ce
of thA �Tr�r_dfield,di.s+r9rt, (?�T1�.;STT. �. rP�l. �urve�� Ru11. 547, }�. 23, 1914.
Ti��len, J. A., ass;s+c�r� bv Phill;ns, 7�, 1irtc�T., A reco�.naisGe.rice report on the
e�eoloPv o�' the os.l an� ��s f1el�.s o�' ,�icr�ta �n� �l�.�r c�ni�t-;es, Tex: Texas
TT�iv. Bull. 246, p.2�, 1912,
5. T1�e concreti�ns ranae from fi.ne-�rains to nebl�les 2 in�hPs in di�me+er, an�
some speci?nert5 of th� enn�lo�nPr�,+P inclu�l.e sl�?�anp�i�la.r fra.�ments of sh�.le,
the laraest an inch in 1en�+h.((17-1$1)
6. T?�e so-call.ec� cor_c�efifiv�.��ranae in color f'rom ,-ec1 +� hrn�vr. an� are hiPhly
cal��re�us.((1F1)
7. The�r resemb�e in appearance an� comAosi.+i.or_ the concret��ns th�.t �a.re
scattere� irremtz7.arlv thr�t��'h the sh�.le �f the '°tichita forrra+.,ion
�?. The m�teria.l fillinr� thP s�A.ces between the shale fr��ments and the
conc-�etions is !�ener�llv f;re san� cementecl bv calcit.e, btat in some
nla�Ps it i.s Pn'-i.rel�� calci+e.
9. An ex�mina.tion of thin sect;o��s o�' thP canmlome�-ate unc�er the microscope
shotius tha+ the roun�ec� con.crefi.on-lilTe nebhl�s areo�' t��ro princ�.nal tvpes,
shale pe?�bles ar_� ��1 cinm carbonate �ebrles
ln. The sha.le neb�les are bro�m to recl, the color bei.na �lle.ma.�nlv to the
pre�en�e of iron oxic?e.
11. The c�lcium carbonate nbbt�les are comnosed of cr`�tocrvstalline cal�iiim
carbonate, which �s &Si'a.i i"i)� P, hut 1� t+1 e staine� by i ron: ((1�� )
12. Thev e�n+ai.n scaf+.,ered �r�1�s of sanr�, as �?� the shale n�brles.((1F�-19)1
1�. Th? oonr�lomera+e oc�vrs as a ru�e a+ the base o+' a str�+v*n of sandstone,
in pla.ces as a si.nt�le �e� S�p!?rfl.+,nc� t-he san�s+,one frnm the lanc�erl�ri.n�
shale, an� �n nlsc�s as SPVP,7'�1 tF'112'1 �1?S���S interl�edded w�.th bnth �sAn�stone
and sh�.lP.((1911
14. It i� fo��n� n�+, onlv �t thA r�sP of san��+.�ne beds rtzt a.lso T*�i+,h�n them or
at their tope an�t in nlaces is emhedded i.n she.le wi+h wh�ch no sand�tone
is �.s5c��i�+ed
1F. �?o+ infre�uer_.tiv �'ra�?nents of h�r_e arP foL�nd �,n +hP c�on�lomer�+e
16. The con�'lomer�te at the b��e of s�n�ls+one str�ta or �a�i�hin +.hem is i.n some
pl�ces com�,�see�. entirely �f �'raenr_e�ts of shalP, no �onerP+ions re�n� �rPsent,
an� in suc� Alaces the C'Or�T� (imA?"afF? is v.sua] ��r Pr��* �r �reenish p�rav.
I�. Th� �on�*lomexa+e has �+een (�PSCrLhAf� 1�v several. �bser�rers, an�? a h,ypothesis
ior �ts orie�n is nu+ f�rwar� by TT��en �.n�1 Phill�ns, 1/ who su�a�est th�t
t�e concret�ons were in x�s�rt forrred in fhe rec' shale of th� 1"7i�hi+a, vKhich
v��s aftPrwar!3 eroded an�? redeoos;tec� c'ur�n�^ 1�ichita +„?.mP, the concret;ons
hP-i.n� 8nrt;C� by �rave �ct�on en�l mixed �vith fraamer_ts of shale.
a. They �lso res�arc? the So-called concreti�ns as ir_ 1�9rf "mud lumpG" fo_rme�t
b�r the roll�np� of masses of ni�cl alonp the bot+�M in etarrents oz,�rloaded
�+li t:h fine sedime?�t. 2/ i f 19) )
�xSee footn�te 1/�3v]1. va�'e 17((a'��tra�t Aa�e 7)) )1
2( 19))(iSee footnote 2,/R»11. naae 14, abstra.ct pa?�e 5: "Gardr_er, .T. �.,
The phvsical oria�in Ptc"�)
1�. It 3s apnarent that the �r=a+er �urrents whir.,h deposi+ecl the con�*lom�rate,
althoua�h swift, �.s shown by the �ross—�lP,f��1171a �r_c� the s�.�P of the
con�reti.ons, cli� not transnort +h? ma+er�al for am� �onsi�erqt�le �iis+ance,
. - - -_ _ . . — - - - - - -- - - ------- ---- --- --- - -----
-�-
as the shale f'ra�ments m�.n.�lec� 1�rith +he concretions are suban�*ular in
oiatl3 r_e
19. T�o forei�n materi�al other than fr�.a�ments of bone or bits nf c��l
reAresentinr� fossi.l woo�1 ara fo��nd �n the c�nc�lomere.te, whi�h ap-��ars
to be com.posPcl entir�lv o� m�+erial �e.ri�*Pci from the ��ichi.tr� hP�s
f;}1E�'T� S E3� 4P.S •
C.4 COTTDITIONS OF DEPOSTIO�IT AT1D CAUS� OF RFD COLOR( ( 2�_241)
1. The condit�ons under �nrh9ch. the "Re<i�ieds" were c?eno�it-e�l an�' 1-�e� causP
of the�r calor have ne�Pr �een s+�+;sfacto*-i1v �etermined.
2. F. C. Case, 1/ in a p�ner on the "Re�i Re�s" ofl Tex�s, savs: "It is very
evi�ent that this re�*ion, like +he le�vuPr PPrmi�n of Afr7r� �n�? Inc?ia,
the Fcca ar_� Talchir forma+i.ons, is l�rp�Pl�r r;vPr-deoosite�l material
in somP old delta or on some shalloa� tidal coast."
1 20 The charac�+er of the �^iichita a,nd Clear Fork di�rz.si.ons of
the Permiar_ "Re�l Reds" of Texa.s: Am. rRus. Nat. Nist, i31a11., vol.
2.3, p. 659, 1907.
a. Ir� his opini.on the sediments v�rere derived from the ele�ration no�r
renresented bv the 1�iioh�_ta h�otlnta.�ns .
b. In a later ar+,icle 2/ Ca�P re�ar�ls the strat� as c�eposa.ted alon!�
the c�ast of a la�oon, into �vhi_ch were v�ashed the remai.r_s �f
animals qs well r�s debris �'rom the land.
? 20, TTotes on a collectin� tri.n ir_ the permit�n of Texas d.urin�
the stam*ner of 19�8: ��ien�e, ne�r ser., �ol. 29, p. 19�, 19�9.
o. �e holds that the deposits �re not, stric�JY sAep'�?n�*, es+,uarine.
d. The bed� w�re not laid do�m �ancler ari.d con�itions, but the more
remote cotant-rv from which the se�imAnts �sPre c��rive� may h�ve been
arid .
e. The vertebrate fauna he reF�zrds as mac?e vn of land anima.ls, as is
inclicate�l b�! the st.ru�tlare of the fc�et ��' stich forr�s as Tl�me+rodon
an� A'aosaiarlas
S. Danid �h3te, on the other hand, a,-a�lae� i:ha+ the red color of' t.,he bec?s
and the 1a�Ters of e�Vnslnn that ocet?r in some of thc�m cio not neces�ari.I,y
indicate tha.t � arid climate nrevailed at the time of their �3eposi-
tio�, for the fos�il florassu��est an ec�uahili+..r r�.d uniformity �f
climate wh�ch is not compatibla vvith ari�ity in a reaion �.s f�r north
as Ent�l.anc� and the Culf of St. I-awrence, the latitude of some of' the
Permian deposits of red she.les.
�,. The lo�n�er Permian of Germanv, France, Prussia, an�l Pennsylvania
is comsnPr�i�liy co�l-bea.rin�, and �he Permian ��Rec� �ieds" nf
Ransas and Texas carrv thin coals
b. Peat is formed in the T?n5_ted States toc!c�v onl,y in �reas h��rinp
at least 2.0 inr.hes o�' rair_fall, �,n� it is therefore ar!�ved that
be�is that contain coal, in the f'ormation o�' which neat is the first
sta�e, mtzs+ haz�e been laid dov�n in are�s that had an anniaal rainfall
of more 1-,han ?0 ir_ches.
c. The fossil plants i.n the "?�ed Reds" of PAnnsvlv�nia are not differe�t
fro*r tn�se found in e�uivale�+, seclimFnt;s, whieh a.re not re�l, 50 miles
f �. .rther s outh . ( ( 2,0 )1
d. In con�lusinn DRr. '�dhite s�vs: � i( 20)1
3 2,0 �AThite, n��id, The uoper Paleozoic flnrs.�s� t�Pir sucness9on
an�i r�n�e: Jour. �teoloP-�r, nol. 17, TTo. 4, n. :�4�, 1909.
"Is it- not }�ossible th�t i.n some i.nsfian�es the ea.vses oi' rec� bed
�enosif-io» lie t� a lart�e ea+ent in TP,�.Rf11TC1V slo�v sursi.dence of
the basin and in difierenti.al w�roina� to nermit exposizre �+rith some
redi.stribution and dehv�lrat�.�n. It is nrobable thnt there was
ariditv in certain .re�ions �nc? �ari.n� certai..n int�r�als af the
Perm.ian, bUt there �nras evidently enoia�h moisture to produ�e
most extensiTre �laciation an�l l�ter to prc>mote thr, f�rmat� on
of coals o�rer broad areas. "( ( 2.1) )
_g_ USGS B . 6�2
4. Accorc�inc� to J. �'f. Beede ]/ the sPdimen+s th�t �'ormed the "Red Beds" were
derive8 fror� the l.and mass noTnr representec� hv the A,rhu�vle-�N.ichi�;� v�lift
an�? thosP foi�nd at some d�stanee from the moiznt�.ins were cieposite�l in
sh�llo�r t�zrbuler_t water or on vast tic!al beachPs �ander cond�tions i.ni�!*�ical
to life, since the seciiments ere �'or the most �art devoid of fossils or
carbonaceoi�s *natter.
1 ?,1 , Beec�e, J. 1�T., Orie�in of SP.fI�?fiP.Yl'tS and colorinc� matter of thc�
P,ed Rec?s of �klahor�a: �cieneP, new ser. , vol. 3F, z�. ?F0, 1912.
5. TTdr�en an�l Phillins, 2/ in +heir de�crintion of f.he sands+ones of ?�richi+a
anc� f'lav �o�m+ies, Tex., ar? of b}��nion((siell th�t the nresence of
ero�s-bed�line� �n�l fle.t anc� thin lamin�+;�rs of the bects, toaether wit.h
the occurrence of niameroias qn� loeal ianconformities, inc�icQte ti�al action,
? ?,1 iTdr�en, ,T. 4., an� Phillirs, P. r�cr?., A recn.r.na.issqnce T'PAOi"t on
the �eol�rrv of the oi.l and aas fi.elc�.s of �'?i�hit� �n� rlav c�oiznt.ies, Tex:
Texas T1niv. Rvll. 246, p. 31, 1912.
a. They bel�e�e th�t the sanc�stones WP,rp ori.�,inally 3U�?RP,T'?P� san� hars
and that so*i+e of the_m. were sand�r be�rhes.
b. The rc�rit�r of Wtt4P. 7riA?'kS an� mar?rs of rainc�rons +hev re��r�1 as evide�}ce
that mos+ of the sand banks were �bfiiz�ebvub�water.
c. In c�i.sctzss�n� the clav limesi-one con�lomera+e, wh.ich at, manv z�la�es lies
at the ba.�es of san�istnnP beds or i.s jn+er�edde� with the s�n�s+,one,
t?�Pv sue�^est tY�at. "the �,bsence �f e�Prvthinr� but indi�enotas m�terial in
conr_�lomerates which clParl�* have bPen pro�3lxcec� b,y �izrrents of cons�.dera�le
strena�th sva�ves+.s isolaii.on of the cc�asts fro-� *�ountain l�nds while the
�.�iehita beds of this re�:ion were deposited." �((sin bull na�*e 211)
6. �or�on, in hi s studt� o�' thP T!�ich.ita re�i on, 3/ �ta+.Ps thpt "The character
o�' thP se�imantation an�? the conten+s of the stra.ta in the 'T�ec� Becls' area
su��e�t thn� thP rePion 1NA.S +� tjdal 'f'ZEi+, (�r a lorv, swa*np�T area subn}eet to
overflo�r an� ad;join9.n� +he onen �.rea which l�.v trnvar�? the sovth anr� west."
3 21 �ror�on, �. H., �eolow �nc] undere�rouncl waters of the "riehita ree�ion,
n�rth-�entral TPxas: TT. S. rP�1. Slzrve�r ��Tater-Supnlv Paaer 317, n. 26, 1913.
7. The resul+.,s o�' the pre��nt i.n�*es+i.a�i;i.ons a.re in veneral in accord with the
views r�hove quot;e� .
t�. The shhles an� san!�stones of the "�ichita forma.t3on, e�*Pr_ the coarsest
of the^+, are extremelv fine a�r�inPcl an�i exhi�it a hi�h assnrtmen.t of
materials
b. Thett thetr haQe been workec� 04E3r many timeS b�� the ac�ents of deposzt�on
se�ms evi�ient((21)1
c. The presence of a limestone l�ed ir the '��ichita rer*ion in northern Texas,
�escribe�l b�- TTclden an�l Ph31] ips, 4/ an�? its ahsencP in fhe re�ion under
c�iscvssior� woi�l�i seem to ir�di�ate that +,he land area from which the
aec?iments were derived 13v to the north, in the �eneral re�ion of the
Art�ucklP-�icr.it;a uplift, wherPas the clear, open water �'avorable to the
cieposition of limes+,one l�v to +he soi�th, i.n Tezas. ((21-2.2))
4 21 ,Op. c�t., p.31
fl. F3ee�e, �in his stv�ies in northern Oklaho ma, fo�and t-h�t thP limest�nes of
the basa.l P�rmian of ��nsas (whi�h is proba�lv the Pquivaler_t of the ��R*ichite�.
form�+.ion) p�ave place to sandstones farther sot�th, in�icatine� that +he source
�f secliments lav in that �irection.((??11
1 22 Beecle, J. �`d., �ri.�in of sediments an� col�rinr� matter oi the "Red
?�e�is" of Oklahoma: Science, new ser. ,�*ol. 3�, Pp. 348-3F0, 1912
9. It is fai.rlv well estab]i.shed, t.�erefore, that tl�e solarce of the "Reci Beds"
sediment w�s � land mass �-ha+ lav in nart ir� the re�ion of the nresent
�arichita and Arbuovle movntains.
-1�-
�. Th�t this land mass �as f ar �reQ+er i.n are� than the mnl�nt�.i.ns qs
thev no�* exist is shrnnm bv +he r�*r.o»nt of +,he sec? im�nts deri�recl from
it, anc� it is possible that a�rpat nart o�' the �rea 1�V farther
east, alonQ the Ouachita uplift, of whi.ch +,he Arbuckle �nd '�Tichita
motanta�ns are biat a cont�ruat�.on.
t�. F'art of the ancient land ?nass maTr novv b� conere� by the rl'!OrA recent
sediments �f the Cretaceous period.
10. Tha.t the sanc3stones af' the �dichita form�t�on, ,ne.rticularlv those of +he
no►-r�al i;��}�e, were deposi.+,er� in shallow water bv the action of swi.ft
cUrrents is ind-i.cated by t;he nrenalence of cross-re�din� anc� the ocr.,ur-
rence at certe�i.� locali+ies of .ripP_l.e maks in +he s�ndstone.
�. At the ��sP of the sancls+,one be�s i� m�r_v nl�res there are unronform-
ities p.roduced bv thP erosion of the lander].vinp� clajr or shale prior
to the denosit;on of the sand.stone strata.
b. That e�ren the finP-�raineci shale was 1 aic� c�own �n eomparativelv
shallow basins is shovvn bv the �lternation of beds �f' san�i5t�ne and
shale.
c. T�e thir�rness of -F,he beds of she�le rarelv exceeds 30 f Pefi and a?*eram�s
�.bentt-��nf eet
�l. The o�currence also oi beds of con.cretionar�r eona�lomera+,e underlain and
o��rla-i.r bv �hale v�roi�ld seem to show that the conci;tio�s un!?.er which
+he Gh�le vvas C�Bt�OG1'F,P.,Cj wPre �ot incomnatible �a�ith the action for
brief perio�s of str�np� ct�rrents. i( 22)1
11. Thai; the "Red Beds" �xere not en+.irel�r su�mer�ed durin� their denosi.t�.on,
or at least +hat th�v were sUbiect to neri��s of emer�ence, is in�3icn.ted
bv the presence in them �t certa�n locali.ties of well--�reserved fossil
leave�s. ( ( 2�11
a. Most of the leaves are fotan� in san�?stn�e be�s �n� r�re the rema�ns
af plants resembl�n� in manv resnectes th� ferns of the nr�sPnt- ci�.•r
b. Th�ir fair state of nreserv�,tion ind._i�ates tha+ t��ey e;rew ne�.r the
plaee where +,hev were buried
12.. Some o�' the �I��fie�aams�=�h�+ are founr� 3.n these rocks repre,sPnt, �,ccorr�ine
to Ce�se, � land �.nimals, amon� them +:he p.ri,m;tive rentil es Dimetro�'on
and rTaosailrus, l��hich wQlked on lanc�, as is sh��va bv 1-he �ons+rnr+ion
of thPi r feet..
13. Their apnears to be little eviden�e to sup�ort the theory +.hat t.he beds
of the "?ichit�, formation were c�eposi.+e�3 in an arid �lim�te,
a. Beds of �vpsum are not asGo�iate� with them, as th�v are w�th the
C] Par Fork a�� novble 1lRountain ?ormet:t.ons or thP PPrm? an, 2/�n�l
the fossil flor�z inr�icates a rather moi.st �lima+,e. 3/
1 23, Case, �;. �., T7�tes or� a �ol] ectinp� trip in fhe Permi�n of
Texas: ��ience, new s�r., Rol. 29, p. 19ti, 1909.
?, 2:�)iGu^rnin�, "?. F., Tgx�s reol. Survetr Second Ann. Rept., n, 400,
1R90
3. 2,311i�Uhite, navid, The upner Paleozoic floras; thnir successS_on
end ran�e: Jovr. rPol.o�*v, vol.].7, fi�. 4, p�. 320-:�41, Z909
�.�i mhe red color of the shale, �rrhi.ch i.s due to the presen.ce of dehy-
drated oxide o�' iron, �loes not necess�zri.lv im�lti� an aric� cli.mate
on the lan�l mass from v�rhich thp sedi_ments were c�erived, as is sho�+m
bv the formation of recl soils a� the nresent time in the co*npar�a+iQel,y
moist clim�te of the southern Appal�chiars.
t�. If ari.d;t�r must be p�stul�tec� to ae�o��n+ for the associat-ion with
some "Red Aeds" of �vnstam cienosits, ,!vh�ch are T�ro�hahl�r thr�m do�m
fror� raz�i.�lY evanoratin� wp.+er i.n �rholl�r or b�rtllr �nclose� ba�ins,
it is not necessarv to assvme �.n arir? �li.mate at +he so�arce of +he
se�iments.
b. These sedi.me�ts may hav� been derined fr�m hi�*h anc� ��rell-wAterecl
molar_tair. arPas an� �"r.s�21SC10rtP,(j b,• rivP.7'S to the ari.d c�n��+Ql nl±�.ins
alonr� the mount�in foot, where +hev �rare denositeci ��n�er con�i�.t.i.�ns
ti�rhich vlocald nermit the forma+i.on of c��rnsw?i beds.
e. The ?��Iichi+.a formr�tion, hc�ceve.r, includes no be�s of �S.nsvm, �na the
fair st�te of preserva+ion of some of the nlants indic�tes th�+
thev t�.rew near +,he localities c�+ wh�ch thev r��.�t�.d.
-11- tTSGS B. 60?.
are no1Fr found. ,
d. T+ �.� possible that i-hev ma?r hr�ve r�roUm near bodies of water th�+ lav
in a� n'I;}'!P,7'W1SP, arid �ol�n+rv, bvt the fa�tG a+ han� har�llr warrant the
'assvmpt-i.on of ari�i.tv.
15. It i.s p�olsable th�t the material fnrmi.na the "Re�i Reds" was in �*reat part
red before it was denositec� in those beds and th�t it was der��ed from
res� �_v.�l soil oi' some deenlv wer�therecl 1 e.nc�. stzrfa�e. (� 23)1
16. The �'ormation of hem�tite rather than limonite bv the alteration of +he
maa�netite an�? other iron minerals contained ir_ i?�neolas r�eks, with the
C��senueri; nro!�uct.;�n of red soils, is a nrocess but li+t.le unc�erstooci.((23-24))
17. Red soils, as has been alrea��T st�+e�, are as a rv�e charact-.eristi.c of
w�rri, moist clim�tes, in Zn�hirh +he rocks �re �e.eplv weatrared and the
siarfa�e covered bv luxtzri.ant ve?�eta+,ion. ( i 2411
18. Tre color of the soil formed b�.� the vveatherin� of +,�P Archean rocks of
the 4nnalachis:n nrovince, iro exa.rnp).e, is rec?der z.n the solat-h th�M in the
north.
19. (�n the o+.:h�r hand, the nro�uct� on of red soil is noi' ch�racteri.sti c of
(�PSP.7'f ?AQF�t�1E'�"1.''1(t•
20. It is perh?�s st�rAris3n� +hat hPmati+e, the dehv�raterl oxide of iron, shoul.d
be forme� in th� presence o�' abun�'ani-. moi.�tl�re, ba+ it ap�n�rs to be so
f' 07'tt+P. C�
e�. The nresence of ve�etation an� the �ro�ii�ets o�' its decomnastion mav be
i.�^�ortant f actors in the chan�*e.
21. Th.e nro��a�+-i.on o�' red color ra+:her 1-han the b]vish. �rav, vello��, or brown
of the hvdra+,ec� oxides doubtl��s de�ends o� a fi_re ad,justment of �arious
fact�rs, an� ad jvstmen_t t,h�.+ was no+ Pvervwhere e?fectP� c�.l�rin� t�+e derrositon
of these �P�ls.
a. 7'n eoseQqiaen�e not a�l tlie shs�le beds laid down. wPre red, a considerable
n�rt or +.he sha.le exhibiti.n� t�e other col�rs e.boTe ment�_oned, narticularly
blt�ish p�r�sr, which may Y�e di�P in ?�art �$ the presence of oarbonr�t�e of iron.
i�. That red shale has been in som.e places altered t� rlui�h-�xavor a�rAenish-
�ra�� shale is evi.clent from the fact tha+ bands pf 'FhP,SP, colors follow
�oi.nt planes ,�.rhich ci�t tre berls an�? alon� wh7c�h p�rovn� wa+er ciroulates.
c. �'vi�ence of +,he chan�P from �rav to red mav also be observed.
d. The deoxi�!�tion of rec� shale to �ra�T, forr!in� smal] circular spots on. the
fre.�t�ared starface, is tar�bably due +o the preserce of minute narticle� of
c�rbonaceous materi�l in the shale, and such a�ter�+ior.s are doul�tleasthe
caiase of +hP *�ot+leci ap�Parance observed at manv pl�ces in the sha7.es
of fhP �+1� chita f�rm�t� on
?.,2. The, sandGtone be�s of the '"Tichit.a. are i.n some A]a.ces whi+e an� in others red
or rr�m, +,re color beinr� �l�e to +he nresence or absence of iron oxides in
the cqlci.te cemPnt between the arAins ra.t�er than to an�r staini.nr� oi +he
�r�ins themsPlres.
a. The iron oxic�es ma�,T haQe been intro�tx�e�1 �v the a�rol��id w�ters which
denosited the calci+e cemen+ �n�l +�;s su��es+�on is in a measure sustained
b�� thP fact that the fine-t�ra�ne� s�nds+�nes, the cement of which is silica,
are nowhere, sa far �s obserrecl, redor br�+wn bu+., i.ni-�ri�at�ly blt�ish-mrav
in col.or.
b. The iron oxide is not, howe�er� enPnlv di.str.ii�ta+ed throtar�h the calcit:e
cement but is se�rer�at-ed ir_ irrea�ul!�r nat�hes, as if cr�vvded tn one si�3e
bv thR erystallizat�.on of the cal�i+e.
c. It is possible tha.t i.t was nres�n+ �s fine mud �enosited v�itr the sanci
e�ra�ns in eerta�in of the beds in u�h�ch t�e ma+eri.als were not th�roiat�hly
aesb�hted, anci th�+- i+., was entarel�� remo�ed from otl�er bec�s in vrhioh
assortment was more perfe�+�
d. The 1 atter �,eds vroulc� �'�rm the white s�ndstones and the forf*�er the recl.
or bro�n. ((24))
C.� FOSSILS((25-27))
1. The ±'os�i_ls t'onnc� in +he area un�?er discussion consist of remair._s of
nlants an� of nertebrate animals.
-12-
?.. The marine invertebrate f'ossils � tha+ occur far�Eher south i_n Texas
are not foian� here. �
1 2� �nT'c�Ori� C. R., The "7ich3.ta �'orma+ion of nor�-hern Tax�s:
Joiar. reolo�v, �ol. 19, �+To. 2, pn. 11�-134, 1911.
3. The foss;l nlant.s colle�tec� duri.n� the investae�at:i.on are �e•-V m�q�Pr,
con.sist�r��* of onl�* a fev�r rr�.�-ments, rPnresen+in?� Permian forrns.
4. `�ertebrate rem�.in.s are more commonlv fotand. th3n remai.r.s of plants.
5. The soec�men� vaere i�?enti.fied b�r r. �r. (^=ilmord, of the tTn-�te� S+a�-es
TTAtional R'�useum, and v�ere exatn�.ned also bv T'. �. Case, o?' the
jTn�nersits� of 1�ichiean, who s+ates th�t. t-he�� �,�� are tvni.c�+l Permian
.venera((25��
C.6 REI,ATION OF THf� WICHITA FOP,MATION TO THE UPIDFRLYING ROCK�S ((�7_'�1) )
C.6-1:RELATION IP1 ADJOINIATG AREA,S((?7�1
l. As �o exposures of the rocks below .+,he �lichita fOrm�f�Ori are found
i.n +,h� nrea un�er �iscvssion the re� ation of that fo_rn+ati.on to the
��n.derl�Tina� beds can onlv be inferred from its re7at�on in adjoin-
in� areaffi an.d fro�n a few deen-�re7.l recorc�s.
2. Of the contact of the "Red Reds" ar3th the uMderl�%ine� roeks alon�
the 9rbuckle ��ountajns, J. A. T�.ff 3/�n•r;tes:
"Thev lie in a nearl�r fla.t nosition across the erodPd edr�es
of severc�l thalas�nd f'eet of t.he Penns.rlvanian, all of the 1�Aiss-
issippian, nevonian, ancl Silizrian, and a l�.r�e part of the
�rdo�ician rocks. These olcier formations rrere sharplv iol.ded
�n�? eroded �rior to the deoositi_on of the "Red Beds".""
3, 27 Taff, ,T. A., Geoleay of the Arbtacvle and ?"ti.chitc� mourta�fias,
in 3nrli�tn Territor,y ane3 Olrlahoma: TT. S. �:eol. Starvev Prof. Paper
�1, p�. 35-36, 1904.
3. To the sovth, in TPxas, the contact of the basal "Red Beds" �rith th�
iandel-l�rin.� C-i.sco formation of the Penns?Tlvani�n is oon.formable,
the txo forriata.ons p�rad in� one into fhe o+her in such a manner th�t
it is impossible to draw a def�ni.te ].ine of �liRision between them.
4. Conc�rn�.n� this contac+,, C. A. 'r�fhi.te wrote in 1R91: 4�
"The Texas Permi.an, while not com�tas+,�nr� strnn�*ly �vith +he
"Co�l �RFastzre" formAti.on �rhich underli�s it, i_s rea�ilv d-i stina-
�aishable from it h�r �P119Y'?�� esnect zca�.'^litholo�*ical charaE+er;
and. vet the Permi�n strata blend so �r�.duall�T vrith thnse of the
ianderlvin� "Coal Mea.sure" a.nd with the otrerizrin? Pypswn-bearir_e
beds, which are presently to be noticed, tha.t it is difficult
to desi�nate a plane of !�emarkat�on((sic)) in either case."
4 2.7 �`'h3te, f',. A., The Tex�s Permian anc� s.ts TRes�?zoic tupes of
fossils: Ti. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 77, p. 11, 1891.
5. The relation oi the becls is clescribed by ??�l�?en �nc9 Phil7ins as
follows: � ((27))
"�Ne kn�tiv that the unper 300 feetor more at Flectra bel�np�, to
the �!Pichita forr�tion and that the shales and san�s penetrated
from 1,4Q0-to ?.,,000 fee+.• lancler the svr$ace belon� to the l'isco,
but hova m»ch of the intervenin� 1, 200 feet should be a.11 otted
to e�.ch we c�n onl�� su�^�est from t�e litholo�ic ax�nearanee of
the secti on as m�de lrn��rm by tre driller's rec�rcls. "( ( 27) )
5 27, tTd�'en, J. A., and Philli.�s, n. r�cl'T., A. recon.n�issance rebort
of tre �eolor�v of the oil and �as fields of �R�i_ch�ta and Ciay coi�n��es,
'rex.: Texe.s TTniv. Rull. 246, p. 86, 1912.
-13- USGS B. 6�2
�.6c�: DEEI'_�'�EI:L RECORDS((?8-�11)
1. In or near thP �rea covered r.v +he uresent .renort se�r,ral "eild�at" wells
have be�n drilled in sear�r nf o3�, ******,
2. To muc� i.mport�nce can no+-be atte.ched to the a�ctaratP re�^rdin� of �ell lo�s.
3. In p�Pnere,l stud�es ofl oil accumul�tion qs �ell as in examinataon5 of
?��rti.ovlt�r fiel�s accurate ln�e are irnaluable to t-he ?�Pol�a�i.st in sol�inp�
nrob�ems most vital to the oil obPra+or.((28)1
4. I�� of well TTo. 1 oi Gr?en Ri.�er �ilf'o., 2 miles northwes+ of Rand]ett,
Cotton Cot�nt�r, Okla., in, T1r; 1/4 sec. ?5, T. 4 S., R 13 lN., In.dian
meridi�.n. �"rell i�e�un Dec.. 28, 1913; completed Jz?ne l, 1914�.
( ( I;o�* to ?.,5971) ( ( 2P-?.,91 1
5. Iop� of F.H. 1t�arleV ivell TTo. 1 of �teGt jri.r�*inia Petroleum Gol, ne�r
uastir_Ps, Co+,ton ('ounty, Okl+�., in SF 1/4 SV'� 1�4 sec. 1, T. 4 S.,
R. 9'N. �Tell be�tan Feb. 16, 1914; completed June, 1914.�( (I o� to
2,1�51)((29)1
6. I:ot� o.f vrell ?�To. 1 of' �'tiverside (1i.1Co„ in Texas, one-third mile �outh of
Red Rirer and 1-1�2 mi1PG soiathwest of motzth of Cache rreek. �`:�ell be�un
nec. 7, 1912.%((I�o� bti 2,51F)1((�0)1
7. ThP nri�ci.p�� d�s�in�tion be+,ween the upper and lower be�s, as recorc�ed
in the precedin� we11 loa�s, is one of �olor, the be�s in +he well ne�.r
Randlett re�n� Pre�lo?ninan+lv red to a depth of' 1,�5R feet ar�i hli,e
(probablY bltzish �ra��), urith streaks rere and there of i�i?Zk n*' red,
belo�vv +h�t cie�th.
a. The fi.rst limestonesis re�or�dc� at.1,9R2 fee+, or P24 fPe+ below
tre red shale(f3011
8, In the well near Hastin[�s the lov�rest thick t�P�7 of re� shale was passPd
throuah at 1,3R5 feet an� +,he firs+, limestone was struck �6� feet lovrPr
�t � denth of 1,9F0 feet. ( ('��-;�li )
9. In the we).l of thP pivPrs.ic�e �il Col i-he lowest thiek bec? of re� shale
was nassed throu�'h at 990 feet and the fs.rst limes+one encorn+ered 6�7
f'P,P.'t; lower, at s�'epth of 1, 597 fPet. (( 31) )
1�. It i� nrob�l�le, althot�a�h bv no me�ns certain, +,ha+ +l�P limes+one is of
Penns�Tl,*an� ar_ a�e.
ll. The vnper nart of the rer3 shales is Permi.an but thP I.OWPr n3rt ma,y belone�
either to the Permi�n or +..0 1-he unc�erl�rin�; Penr_s��lvRni�n, which, as exnosed
farthPr north in the Texa� re�*ion, �onfa�ns near its ton pfnk, red, �n�.
purplish shales.
12. Tha+. the dis+.,ance between the t�ase of the re� sh�.'_►e and the ton of the
limes+one series Raries �re�tl�r at differen+, loc�li.+.ies is not neces=aril,y
evi.deneP of u�confoT-mitv.
a. In northern O�Iahoma and soia+hern Kansas there is a�rertic�l trans�,ression
of the red color acrosG thP rock strata f
1 '�l Beecle, J. �'�., �rir�in Af' SACjI?Tl�'?7+S and �olorin� matter of "Red Reds"
of (lklah�mas Sc�anc.e, n�nr ser., vol. �5, pp. 34£�-'��0, 1912.
b. In of.her v:orcis, �Y'Z"1C� of shqle �h�eh in one plar.e i.s recl mav at another hP
e�r�•r, .the re�s bei.n�* equival.en+., t� ea�h o+�.er but the color beinF �ariable.
c. The s�ne condi.t�_ons mav reasonahltt be ex�ec+e�l t� �olc� _f'nr the beds nnt
CynnSP,f� at +,he surface.
13. Th�t an un�onformit,y �s nrdsent, ho�retter, is �erv possit�le, althov�h the f acts
a+, �anr3 are not sizffieien.+ to nrove or di.snrove its exi s+ence.
C�7; RELATION OF' TH� tiVICHITA FORMATION TO mgE OVERLYI�tG ROCKS ((�11 �
1. TTo bec�s are fotind abone +he '*'i�hita in�^�a�iarea.r.under di.sct�Gsion, but hi�'her
strata are expos?d far+her s�uth, in Texas.
?,. The relat�ons of the PPrmi�n to the overlvina an� the un�l�r]vi_n� be�s are
so cle�rlv described bv C. A. �"Th�te � that his cornnlete descrintion is
here p�iven.
3. Tn this descrintion, +he 1,000 feet of strata un�erl�.r�n�* the �VpsLnn-bea.rin�
beds are re�^arc�ed as the probable equivalent of the T�ichita �'ormations
_._ _ - - -- -- -- - - - ___ _ _ - ----- --- --- _ . ----- - -- -- - - - ---- _ ,
-14-
r' **** There is in ihe �art of nor+hPrn Texas to wh�ch sn�cia� -
reference has bePn ma�e a�reat conformahle series of stra+a
which has a�entle FenPr�l din to�ard the west, an� wh�ch includes j-�� s+
the stra.ta that in tr.� s beal � et3n �Ru11 . 77� �rP re�'erred. to the
PPrmian. It is over].ain �n1_,r b�r the debris resultint� flrom i.ts
cn�m disin+e�ra+ion except alona the eas+.ern and �sestern bordArs
of the ret�ion which it �r.ctani.es, whPre Cretaceoias forma+�.ons
lan upon it. This overlappi.nR conceals its base, l�ut the Psti-
mated th3.ekness of' t-he w�ole s�ri.es, so far as i+ is exnosed. to
view, is 5,050 feet. The lo�ver 1,80� feet, t��Pther ��.+.h an
i�nkno�m thickness beneath, is referred to t.he Co�l ARPas7�re5.
The next overljTin� 1,000 feet o�' strata are referred to th.e
Permia.n; and the u��er 250 f�et of the whole series, corm�r+onl,y
�nor.m as the e��stan-bearin�^ 'heds, prnb�blV conatitute 1-he
upper nart of the Permian.
"The Cretaceot�s strata: referred to rest unconformablv and �vith
a contrarv d�p upon ��elearlier, e�stern }�ortion of' the �rrhnl��
series; �rhile uoon the later, w�s+ern portion of �t they rest
�ri.th aon�rent conformit,y, althoLl�h thei.r real conformit�r ma;v
well be quPstioned, bec�l�se tre �Ttira seems to be ent�rel,y
�vantin� there." ((31)1
2 31 , 1"Thite, r. R. , The Texas Perm.�.an �nd its NTesozoic tyr�es
of fossils: TT. S. �eol. Su_rvezT Rull. 77,. pn. 13-14, 1891.
II. TERRA�JE GRAVELS , ALI�iTVIUN`, A_�TD SAi�TD DiTNES (( 32) )
l. On mans� of �;he uplan� surfaces al�n� �:�+e streams there are r�ravel
de�osi.ts, z�vhic�+ rar_�e in thic2�neGs fror.i a fPw i.nehes to several
f'P,Pt. •
2. The net�bles consist of qiaartzite, limestn�e� �nd rhyoli.te no?'UhV�T�
the last nz�mec� bein� �enera) ly broken Q] on� jo�_ni- nlanes into 8.n�'UZf�7'
forms.
3. Frafrments of silicified wood a.re common.
4. The l�rc�est nerbles fovnd are F inches in di�me�er an� m�n.�r o�' the
pebbles are emt�edded?r. eoarse sand, t�^e v�nc��le dennsit beina� slir�hfilv
consoli�ated t�v calc�t�m carbonate.
5. '�'�+e �'ravels a�near to be stream det�osits, re:�reGen+ine� materi.al
brolaaht from the ��ichit� l�oi�n+ains bv the n.resent s+.fi�q�s �+ fnr�p?-
sta.p�es o� thei.r development
6. These deposits, however, m�v be in z�ort comnosed of reworlred m�terial
d�rived fr�+n a tividespread sheet o�' unla.Md �*r��vels +hat �n?rP,rS 7 ar�;e
�reas in (?klahom� anc? northern Tex�s. 1�
1, 32 ]!t�unn, 1+,R. J. , Rec�nna� sGance o�' the �randf ield di stric�,
Okla.: it. �. r;eo) . Surve�r Riall . F47, n. 28, 1914,
7. The �'lats alonr� all thA streams are fo.rmed of e.11ut�ial deposzts
laid c1.oT�m bv the streams, pa_rt;cularl.y at times of flood.
a. �imilar material is hei.nc denosited bv the streams at the present
t ime
8. Alon?� the cot.�rse of Red R�ver +.here are denosits o±' driftina� s�nd
lrno�n as d une s
a. I)uri.n� m�dsummer the channel of the river bec�omes praeticall,y drv
and broad stretches oi fine sar_d are ex-�osed to the �ction o�' the
wind, vahich niles i+ hi�h upon the ri�er b�ntrs, the mo»n�s o�"sand
shift%ne� beFore the wind � 1!rP, dri fts o_f' snomr.
�. Such de�osits hazre bePn formecl on t,he alluvial fl�+, 2 mi1Ps �re�t
of the moi�th of Cache f'reek ^��thin the memorv of the nresent
settl. ers
STRUCTURE ((g2_35))
((omittedll
FIELD WORK((:��_�ig�)
( ( omi.+ted 1)
DESCRIPTIONS BY TOV+INSHIPS (( 37-96) )
((omitted))
-1F- USGS B. 602
S�GGESTIONS TO YROSPECTORS((g6-9Q)1
��Om'ffCd��
DEEP 1'V�;I LS DRILLk�D IN Al`1D T1F �R THE �BEA COVER�'D BY THIS REPORT (( lOp) )
( i omittF�d) �((Tdame and loca+,ion onlyi 1
COAL((100)1
l. Sma71 deposits of bi+�ninous coal of no economi.c �ralue �rrere foun�
et several places in the area here consic3Predd
?. Theu occur as small "p�eke+,s" onlv a few in�hes thick and annarently
renresent the remains of sinc�le lonr�s rather than m�.sses of hedded
mater-i a.l
�. The coal is �lack and "slacks" or �ntzmbles Ori P,JCi�OS1�rP, to air e.nd
si�nl i �ht
4. It is ��h manzr �laces a�sociated lv�+h de�os�ts of conner and i.s
nrobabl�r thP ap�en+- �vhieh, hv deox�da+.•;on, nrecinitnte� conx�er from
�r�und �,�a.+er. •
1:�{ANGATIES E ( (1 Ol ) i
1. rRanc�anese oxide in �n xmorphotzs form, TJ7'0�9�1�* an imnt�re h!t�i�'OtzB
oxide, is found in manlr ��' thP ssncl�+one beds of the �'+�'iohit� formation
2. It ar�ne�,r� princinall,y as small snecks in the sand�tone, whi�h in some
snecimen� coalesce into dendri.tic i�rms.
:�. The oxide is nrobahlv nreci�itatAcl from p�roun� wa+er around particles
of some substanne wh-ich acts as e nrecinital-inp� a�ent, anr� the nrecinita+;on
oc�tars nri.ncinellv alon� bed�ine^ �lanes in the san�lsi-.one.
4. At some nlaces the manr�+�nese oxide nrodia�es small, round ��n�retions li.ke
bvrkshot
5. At other blaces it is dissemin�ted thrnu�h the sandstone, ap��reni;lv renlac�ne
tr.e calcite cement, and_ the sandstones in whi.ch such renlacement o��urs e�re
eatremelv soflt and fr�able.
6. 1r_ ealci+e concrPtions in sancls+,one and i.n cl.av-limestone concreti.ons -in sh�le
thP manp�anese oxi�ie �.t�nears as denc�r3tic ne�netrations, �vhich Pxtend from the
st�rface i.nto the coneretions.
7. It is depos�ted also -in the calcium carbonate and shale pel�bles of the
con�la?n�ra+e that is charac+eri.stic o�' the �!rir.hi+a.
P. �.Fost of the san�?s+ones i.n wh;n� the manPa.nese oaide occurs are �f the normal
t�Tpe, which are cemented bv calci�e.
9. The fine-�*ra.�ned t�rpe of sandstone, in which the cemen+, is silica, carries
relat�.vel.v small amoian+,s of man�anesP oxide.
1�. The dendriti.c denosits of man��nese oxide in the calcare�l�s sanc�st�ne anr�
clav-limeatone cnncretions nre t�?'obt�bl.v forminr� at the present time b��
c�enosit.ion from �r�t�nd rv�ter.
COPPER( (101-10?,) )
1. A.t ?!l�rV ZOCt��].?"�P,S �n t-hP rPvion un�ler �iseussion the nresence of cop�er is
indicated b�f the areen ancl. blUe �ol�rs of it.s carbonate m�nPr�]s, mala�hi+_,e
e.n� azUrite, whi�h appear i.n several forms.
2,. Thev occur as st�.�r_s on the sU.rfaces of s�ndstone ov+crons; as ame11 nodulea
in the s�nd5+or_e; r�s lar�er no�ules, fhe ZRrPesf ss bip� as a hickorv nut,
embedded in shale,; and as foGsil �ooc3.
3. .A criticr�l eY�mfination of the di�'ferent forms rP�reals i-,hP f�c�t that the
�reer. mala�ha.te and +he, rlue a?iarite of the no�vles and t�e fossil wood are
a.lteration products of thP co�ner sul�hicle mineral chaleoeii-e, wri�h o�curs
�n the in+erior of the dez�oGi.�-s.�(1(11�i
4. The e�alcoci+e renlaced a nreexis+.,in.a� iron stalphide m�neral, proba�lV
m�reasi+e, small remnants of which c�re embec�ded in +,re P,ri('rOA_r}-�inm chalco�ite.
((101-102)1
F. ****�, observ�tion ir_ oth?r fields has shrnun that mar�asi+A is a prim�r,y
m�.n�:ral and that chalcacite is of a secondar?,� ori�in. ( il{�2i 1
6. The conner stains found on some of +,re outcrops of sandstone �re �li-.erec� residtaes
left bv the ev�boration of e�rotand water.
7. l���lachite forms �art of the cement of some of the sanclstone beds, btat the �reen
c,olor due to the pr�sence of that-. mineral can usuallv be seen nnl�: on freshlv
�ro?�-en surfa�es of the rock.
8. The c�e�?osits enumerated a?�ove helon� to a type vvhieh is of almost worlcl-�ide
distribution in "Red Reds", part�cularlv in 1-he Perm;_an "Red Beds".
a. In Ameri�a the lar�est of these �leposits are found in the "Red Bec�s" area
-16-
of' the Pla+.,eau re!�ion. of TTew Mexico, Colora�o, an�3 TTtah.
b. SevPr�l attempts ha�e been mac�e to utili ze fl'1P,SP, c�eposits, but the,y
h��re, n�t heen �erv su�cessftal becr�use o? t-re mreat �omne+i+i.on
offerecl by the so-called �or�ohvr.y �onner denosits in the "re�t.
9. The "Red Beds" copper deposits of �meric� are al.l of lo�*r p:rade, onlv
a ieva of the richest sho�rin� a conner con+er_t of more +han 2 ner
cer_t.
10. As den�sits of this tyr�e occur in sedimenta•�r rocks, it is
d�t�btful whether the content of conner �n the r�ck �t the surface
differs r+aterial]zr from that found below the sl�rface.
11. In soutY�.ern Oklahoma such depos3+s of copner, altrov�h the�* occur
at many places, contain amounts of the ore sp small th�t- thetT are
probahl,y mizch less valuable t�an the lar�er �.n�l richer deposits
of the, �tpP,fj Beds" t�,rne in rTew r�exico, Color9do, �nd T7tah, an�? it
aPems probable that anv �.ttemnt to utili.z� the copner o�' th�s re�-ion
�znder present c�ndtions wi7 l prove a failiare. ((102)1
BIBLIOGRAPHY((103-105))
( ( omitted 11
I�'DEX((106-108)1
((omitted))
- .30-
USGS B. 7SaD
BULI.�TIN 780_p
PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES AND SECTIONS IP1 i1PESTE�N OKLAIiOMA AND
ADJAGEATT PARTS OF TEXA,S
b,y �Tevin Nf. Fenneman
United Sta�es Geoloaical Surve,y
Geor�;e Otis Smith, Director
192?
((Bib. ref.: Pub. of the G.S., L+ta,y 1953: *730. Contribu�ions to the
�eo�ranhy of the TTnited States, 1922; A'�. R. Caznpbell, �eolo�ist
in char�e. 1923. v, 139 pp., 18 pls.
(d)Phvsio�raphi� nro�rinces and secti.ons in wes+�rn Oklahoma and
adjacent parts of Texas, bv TT. M. Fenneman, np. 115-139.�)
0
� , .. . ,� r .. . .
C
�
�
-1-
USGS B. 730_P
PHYSI��GRAPHIC PROVINCES ANI3 SECTIOI�TS IN WEST�RN OKLAHOFRA AND ADJACEAIT
PARTS OF TEXAS
bV rTevin ?R. Fenneman
TTnited States Geolou�ical Surve,y
BULLETIN 730-D
192?
((al�stract n�tes and bull�t-in �- Bulletin footnotes
pac�e references))
�.......� - brackF�ts
.............................................................................
GEl`1EnAL FEATURES OF TrrIE .AREA( (115-1 l 71)
I� PAYSIOGFAPHIC PROVINCES((115))
1. The ar-a here considered iG a part o�' t'�e 1!'!+CY'?.02' plfl.�ns o�' the nnited States,
whic,h is a.n extens-iue rer�ion of relativelV sl��*ht. relie�' anci nearl,y horizontql
be�s of rock th�+, is di.vided be;tween the Great Plains province, its western
nart, an� the Centrai LowlQnd, its easte.rn part.
2. mhe bour_�'artr betu�een these tv�o nhvsio�r�phic provinces runs in �eneral
sotathward �nd lies not far fr�m the one hundre�th meridian---the meridian
thqt forms the e9s+,ern boun�ar�r o�' thP Texas "panhandle".
3. The mos+, obvious differ�nce between the Great Plains and the Central
Iowland is one of altitude, f or tha plains are p�Pnerally about ?,000 feet
abo�re s�r� level nea.r thei.r ee�tern ede�e an�l increase in hei�ht toward the
west, whereas the lowlr�n� is evervwhere below 2,000 feet.
4. The boun�arv line between the p.rovinces throt��hout most of its extant is drawn
at the foot of an escarpment, or at least at the foot of an eastward slope,
which is steeper than the AVC2'Qp'C slope from the Rock,y Moiznta�ns to the
l+�issi.ssipri Ri?rer.
S. At some places it is clear tha+ the lowland ia exnan�3ine� westw�rd by continued
ero�ion anc� tha+ the eacarz�mentwlhiah �e,parates the plains and the lowland
is retreatin� westward, and it is therefore evident that the lovrer svrf ace
of that nart of the Central Lowlan� has been producecl b,y the wearin� down of
+he Great pl�ins, which formerlv extenc�ed farther east.
6. Botr the rre�t Plair_s and the Central I�owlancl mav be diRide� into sections
that differ somevahat in topoffrnnhv.
7. Those represented in this ares are the Hie�h Pla�ns sect,�n of the �Treat
Plains�r_d�?t1�e Osa�e section of the Central I,owland.
II. HIGH PLAINS SECTION QF THE GREAT PLAII�TS((115-116)i
1. The Ai2�r Plains are remnants of a once continuous pl€�in ti�►hose surface was
fo2^mecl of Tertiar,y silt, st�.nd, and e�ravel :(�1151)
2,. This plain stretched from th� T�o�ky l�,�oiantains e�stward bevond the �resent
limlte of +h� Great Plains, at a slope of not more than 10 feet to the mile.
((115-116))
3. This onee broac� belt ha� been narrowed bv erosion on both sidas and is crossed
from west to east bv a few rivers, �vhich he�*e cut deen v�1le,ys, but the
r�mnants of the orie�iral plain sti11 dominc�te the landscape in the he].t
t�at �.s called the Ni�h Plains sect�on.(i116ii
4. These nlains are tyoic�lly exemplified in the Texas "panhandle," which
lies alone� the west.ern mar�in of the area herein described.
�. Generally alon� the easi;hrn ec� �e of the Fi �h Plains sect; ��n there ia El StCCp
slone down to the Central Lowland
6. Throu�hoiat much of its extent thi.s steep slope is an actual escarpment--the
"bree.k of' the plainst'---300 to 600 feet hir�h, at some places strai�ht, at
others made irre�ular by the erosi_on of strea.ms th�t heac� in the plateau
and flow eastward.
I I I. OS AGE S EC TI ON OF THE C Er,'TR AL LOVJLAND ((116-117 )1
1. The so��thwestern part of the �entral Lowland, knc�v�m as the Osa�e section, showa
throia�hoiat its extent the charac+er of c� surface prodticed bv dP�.radation
Z. The forrnations dip sli�htl,y tota*ard the west or nfirthwest and have been
- _ _ _ ,.-..
- 2-
pla,ned off, so that their ed�es crop out in belts that trend ne�r1Y
s rnai-hward .
?.. The olateropnin� ed�es of the more resa.stant members e�ive r�se +o east-
�rrard-fac�n�; escarpments, wh� ch are t�enerallv 50 to 2,0� feet hi.uh.
4. A1) of these escarpments have been more or less dissected, some of them
so mtzch th�t hillv belts sever�l miles wide haj�e taken the �1_ace of �
what m av once ha�e been simnle escarnmen+s
F. �n the inter�renine� less rPsistant formati�ns, Most of them comoosed of
sh�le, ere broad_, smooth siarfacas.
6. The �lternation of these t�ro tyAes of to�o�raphv is sufficiently com�on
to suP��est the term "scarped plains", which is o�'ten appli.ed to the
Osa�*e section.
7. Se�eral of these escarx�ments are ex�eati.onally hi�h an�? ru��ed.
�. One, between Cimarron and Can���a,n r�4ers, in western �klahoma,
t�rhich marks the outcrop belt of' the Rlaine formati.on(fi�. 43)
((ab�t. nae:e 2A)), extends f.rom the itansas bounc�e.rV soiat.he�s+ward
half��av across the State and is the most prominent of th.e se�Pral
hillv tracts bearin� the name (;ypsum Hills.
b. The other hi�h escarpments lie mainl,y in Tex�s �nd die out tovgard
the north in the vican�t�r of Red River. ,
1) The hi�hest an�? mos+ ria��ed of these escarbments, �rrrich is made
btr beds of resistant limestone, lies a little west of the ninet,y-
ni.i��sh maridian.((116))
8. AlthouFh these escarnm�nts contrast s+ror�lv in topot�raph,y with the
smooth plains on either si.de, the�r belon.g to the same �eneral class
w�th others in the Osae�e sect-ion of the C'entral L•owland, as the
surface west of them is not verv different in �eneral characte.r f rom
that on the east.((116-117))
NATURE OF THE INVESTIGATION((117-120))
I. PROBLEM OF THE "PLAIPI5 BORDER"( (117_1] 811
1. The studv described in this paper concerns the character of the countrv
just east of theHi�*h Plains.
?. It has been as�tnnecl by p�eoAraphers that a s+rip 25 to 75 miles wi�e,
oh�r�.c+eri2ed bv a rou?h.er surface, in+erQenes betroveen the Ri.r�h Pl�ins
nn�l +,he t,ynic�ll�r develoned Central Lowl�nd.i�1171;
�. Th_is s+,r9.p has beer_ call ed the "Plains Ror�er'� an�1 classeci as a section
of the Gre�t Pl�.in.s province.�(117-1181�
4. The question to be e�.nswered was: Should a d.i.st�nct physior�rar�hic sect�.on
?�e recomized between the Hir*h Pla�ns And the Cei�tral Io�rl�nd in wesfern
Oklahoma and northern Texas?
5. 1tRanifes+l,y the boun�ja.r�� between a h;�h nlain an� a continuous low pl�.�n
can no�.,rhere be merely a line, even if so renresentPd or. a map, and it
must '�he�te�ore��be assumed tha+ the two �.re separated bv at least a
ne.rrow trans�tional belt, rou�hened by dissectior_ but not base-l�veled,
e?�en s f siach a belt has not bePr_ s�e�if icall�r ment� oned.
6. The proprie+,y of +reatine� this rot�aher strip as a c�istinct phvsiopranhic
section depends nartl,y on �ts width
II. CONCLUSIONS((11811
1. It mav be s+,ated i.n advance th�'- +he result of the field investi�ation
hq.s led to the conclusions that the loxrer area next easf of the Rip�h
Plains has a t�ener�lly uniform character from ea.st to west and that it
should not be divided anr� its narts allot�ed +,o differ�nt provinces.
Z, It is e.lso cloubtft�I tivhether anv con+,rast b�tv�een its easterr and western
narts is �uffic�ent to jus�hif•r tre settin� ur, of two sections.
3. Further detailed stizdies ��ri] 1 nrobarly enabl e the phvsio�r�.?�hPr +o reco�-
ni.ze several divis9ons of a lUrer order, sand in deli.mi.tin� these divisions
the m�nor sc�rns shoiald doubtless be considered.
4. The proulnces and sect�ons, as revised throiaPh this in-�est-i��t�.on, are.
shoe�Tn in fi�lare 44, (( abst n�:e�e 2B11 i.n ��h� ch +he na�me "Smoky Hi11s
section" is applied to what remains of the "Plains Border."(�11�))
�x
- 2A-
USGS B. 730-D
Fi �ure, 43. ((117)1--Sndex map of v�es�ern �kl�homn and
ad�acen.+. parts of Texas.
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�� 1. t) Tert.{�r�� nocks (( 2) �T'xcar�am�nt of Rlaine
form�ti_on
(i'�) i�ther prominent escartr.nen+,s ((4)lIi,r2it of "Re� Beds
elescribe� of un�ettain relat��n"
in Oklhh��,
US �S B . 7 30-P
Fi�*vQe 44.((119i)--''h�rs�o�r+tph3.o sectior_s in WBSf:P,*'11 Okl�ho?na
and adjacenf. parts of 'rexas, as re�i.sec�.
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_?_ USGS B. 730-n
III. FI�I�D Y10RK( (119-1201)
1. The �ror� was necessarilv of reconnaissance cr.arac+er anc� jns»f�'icient.
to iia�+.if�r a ful l d iscusei or_ nf the phvsio�ranhv �f the remion, ���*. ((120)1
TOPOGRAPHY 9A TH� SEVERAL FOR�ATIOTJS ((12�-1261)
I. FORMATI0:�5 RECOGNI`LED( (12(1)1
1. There is no marked cont;rast between the eas+ern an�? �rPstern par�sof the
area traversed r��it� resnect to the presence of nearlv fla+ surfaces
irterpnnte�3 as remnants of a penenlain.
2. '►'he ex+,ent anc? f'latness o�' siaeh. stir�'aces cliffers somewha+ i*rith the
character of the underl��in� roc�'�.
3. The follow3np� forma+,�.ons are reco�nized in the area described:
Oklahoma:
Tertiarv.
Permi.t3n:
�uar+,erma�ter formation
�reer formation.
�'�T��od.warcl format3�n
Rla.ine formation
�'nid forma+ion
Pennsvlv�niar_
�Torth-oe,n+rPl Texas:
I�r�ter f'enozoic
Comanche(I,rnver CrHfaCCOl13�
'rriassj c(i)ocYiam �'orm�tion.)
P?rmian:
Doable Movntain formation
Cle�r For� formation
"�Ti �� �+a f orm�tz on
Penns,ylvanian
4. The TTn�tec� Sta+es G�olo�icr�l Starvev correlates the nouble T+�!�untain formation
o�' mexas wi+,h the f�reer and �tagrtermaster formations of Oklahomt�, the Clear
Fork formation o�' Tex_as �vith the Fnid, Rla.i.ne, and ?�7o�dv�r�rd format-i.ons of
Okfiahoma, an� the `-'�ich;ta forma+i�n of Texas w�+h+h� Chase, l�elli.noton,
and Z�arion formations of Fansas.
II. OKLAHOMA PART OF THE ARFA((120-124)�
A. ENID FORMATIO�T(�ERIV�IPN) ( (12.0-fi21) i
l. In Ot�lahoma tr.e Fnid fo�-r�ation is n�ted for its �reat thickness 2/
of shale and c�reak sandstone anc? a relative absence of esc�rpment-
makin� beds((1201�
2 120� �C. 1�T. C,ould (TT. S. Geol. Survev �NAter-Stat�nl,y Paper 148, p.
44, 190F)estimates the th�ckness as 1,2Q� to 1,50� ieet
2. Fat'tti'_e�' south in TeaQs the rocks are less vn�.�'ormlv wea.k, the escarpments
are more pronounced, an� t�e penepla3.n is less A�rfect.((121))
B. PENNSYLVANIAN SF�RIES((121))
1. The Pennsvlv�ni.�n seri���s fartker east and the hir�her fnrmati.ons of
the PPrmi.an se,ries fflrfh.p,r west incltade be�s o�' m�re une�ual resistance
to erosion
C. FORA.�ATIOPIS ABOVE THF ENID FORl!�ATION( (121-123) ) '
l. The surface on the higher Pe_rmi_fzn formations to the west is less smooth
t}��n th�.t on tr.e Fnid f�?�r!!ation
2. A.si�!e from fAatures �1ve to aridity, i� is more like th�+ of northe�stern
(?kl ah�ma
3. Escarpment of Blajne formation
a. The Fnid formatior_ is overl.ai� hy the Rla�.ne f'ormati�n, tiv�ich occunies
the belt next west of it in northern Oklahoma
b. The Rlaine is 75 to 100 f'eei; thi.cl� anc� ; s the most �rominent evc�sizm-
bear�r�p� f orr�ation in the State, �.nd its ota+cr�A belt, almost throu�:hout
its lene�th, forms a pronounoed_ ascarpment known �s the �vpsiun Hil].s
or "Gyp" Hills.((121)1
4. Sar�dst�ne beds of the'Noodward formation((122-1?3))
a. Th.e Permian formetiors th�t ur_derlie the surf�.ce west and so��th of
the Bl�ine escarpment are f airly vniforrm in phvaical character,
consi�i-ir_� mainlv of red sh�le an�� sandstone
h. The most consnicuous escarpment maker in the �;Vo�dwar�3 for�r�tion is the
Whitehorse s3ndstone member.
c. This member is �escribed � as formir� conspacuous buttes and mesas
100 to 2,00 feet hi�h from Fansas so�athvaard bevond ��l�shita River to
latitud.e 35�.
4 12,2 9nrin, Fritz, rTPolor�v of the red bed.s of Oklaho*�a: Oklahoma
Geol. Surve�� Rull. 3n, p. 28, 1917. N�ost o�' the localities of t�uttes
and mesas describe�l bv A_urin have been seen b.y the �rri+er.
-4-
d. In sovther-^ gansas the White�orse sandstone mPmber is �.n important
in the e�reat escarnment �.vhi eh lies �+, the e�1 Pe of the Hi.�*h P1 aans
in their lonp� e�stwar� ex+,ensi_on �✓;thin the "bir� ben�" �f Ar��ans�s
River
e. The di.ssection of th�t escarpnert has ?nade the Reci Nills.
f'. At thP south, 3.n Oklahoma., thi� escarpment, +o�ether v+ri_th. that
of the 31ai.ne form9tior_, turn� nort;rv+�es+ward alone� the Ci.marrori
to malre the n�r.row V�hose sicle face each ni-her across +�,�t
river.((122))
�. Farther sotath, to��ard ?�tat�n�a, Fl Reno, and Chi clrasha., the
ru��ed aspect of the escarpment is less marked, but the saridst�nes
of the �oo�?war� f�rmat�on tencl to ma.intain a sliaht ele�9tinn
a'�one the surroundint� conntrV, as in Blaine Co�intv; �r to �ive
a more sharplv rolli.r_e: character to the �ivic?es, �s betwe^n
Tlorth C�nadi_an ar_d Canadian ri�rers west of El Reno; or to make
hi�h, bold bluf�rs no�r sub-ject to revi�-ed erosion, as P9$t and
west of Anadarko.((12�-123))
5. CTreer and �uartermaster formations((123))
a. The topoFraphv on t�e Permian £�rmations ab�ve the Whitehorse
s�ndstone, as reco�,nized bv the Oklahoma �eolosrical Survey, is
f or the most part rollin� rat,her tr.an flat, but there are also
broa� srcas of ap�roxiTMa+,e fla+,ness.
b. Sa far as seen b�= the ��riter, sur_,h flat areas are motemarked and
extensi.ve fa.rther �est in the "panhanr�le" of Texas
D. "RED BEDS" OF UNCERTAIN RELATION((1?3-124))
1. The d.escri�tions thuG f�.r t�i�en appl�T to that part of +he area
consi�ered th�t lies north of th.� thir+,Y-fi�'th parallel.
Z. On the Oklahoma �eolop�ic m�ps a] ar�e area surro�znd.in� the T'Pi�hit�
r�ounta�ns apnears as "Red Reds of uncertair_ rel�tion".
3. 7t mieht well be inferrec? that the re�son f�r th� s uncertaint�.� i.s
+,o be found ir_ the �meakness of t�e rocks and a ennsequent lac�- of
outcrops, the sixrf��e bein� theref�re one of lo�pr reli ef
4. Thi_s inferenc� �s to tono�raphv a�rees u�-i.th the facts as described
bv Taff 6�and as observed. in the reoonnaiss�nce b,y the �rriter.((1231i
�123 Taff, J. A. , Prelimin�r�r renort on the eeolo�,y of the
Arbuckl e e.nd �"T�chita mo»ntair.s in Tnd ian Terri.tor�r and �klahoma:
T�. S. Geol. SvTMvev Prof. Paper 31, �n. 72.-74, 1904.
I I I. TE7s.AS P ART OF THE AREA( (12,4-12 511
A. ESGA_RPr"F2LT OF PERr�tIAN ROCKS NEAR THROCKP��ORTON( (1?a-1?Fl )
1. The Permian rocks chan�e in charac+er remarkahl,y both n�rthward
� anc? southward from centr�l Oklahoma
a. Tn both directions the red color disap�ae�rs and the thick beds
of sh�.7_e anr� ��nerall.v weak s�ndst�ne �*i.ne pla�e to shale anc�
limestone
b. Different sets of formations are reco�nizPd in_ Oklahom�, and in
Texas, and the corre�at�on of the two se+s i.s no+. fin.�lly
�3etermined.
?.. In Texas esear�ments aoAeer alon� horiz�ns n�t thus marked in
Oklahama.
3. SomP of them, if ex+enrled northwa.r� alon[� the S�-7'll�e� z��o��ld cross
the low plai.ns on the �Re�i Reds"of uncert�in relatian" aroian�l. th�
'"richita �Roi�nta.ins
4. O�hers woiald apne�r in the more s+ri��lv rollinr* surface to the e�st
c�r to the �rrest. �
5. The eas+ernmost of these escarnments in Texas seen by the V7r1.'f;P,T'
lies a little wesi- �f the ninety-ninth meridi.an. �
6. It trenc�s sli�htly �rest of s�uth and passes the eiliar�es of
Throclnnnrt;on and Al�emv.
7. In nlaces it consists of several rat�er than a si.nale escartament,
and it beeomes hi�her anc� more ru�;e�edly Cj1SSP,C'tP,Cj tcnraard the
so�ath, Zvhe�re its tot�l heie�ht is 15Q to 250 feet, hu+ on +,he north
it dies out in a. wide sloAin� belt near Red Ris*er.
element
_�_ usGs B. 7so-n
�?, This series of escarnments is nroduced bv resi.stant limestone reds
ir. the vnper U�?"t o�' the '"..*ichita formai-�.�n 7,�
7( 1?4 Gordon, C. F�. ,
re�ior of north-eentral
317, p. R, �1. 1, 191�.
Geolo�*�r and unclerp�nuun�? waters o�' the 'P1?chi.ta
Texas: TT. fi. �eol. Survev '.Yater-SuA1?l,y Pa�er
9. East of it lies �n t'irrP�u� ar rollin� surface of moderate reli.ef," �
the southwar�l extens�.on of the fla�test part of the �sa�*e section in
0�1 ahoma
£� 124: Ic? em, A. B
1�. Farther efl.st are the lowPr sandst�ne escarnments of t�P Penns�rlvani.an
format;ons.((124i)
B. ESCARPA�ETTT OF PERp,�IAT1 ROCKS NEAR ASPFRTRODTT((125)l
1. ?"lest of Thro���norton plai.ns extenc? comnletel�r across Raskel� Countv,
a�i.si-�nce of 30 miles, an� o�erlan into a��acent colxntj.es, WI']P,rP.,
thev al�ut a�ai.ns+. an 80-_f'c?o+., escaroment of �vpsum an� dolomite 6
mi 7 es eas+ of Aspermomt, ir_ Stonev�re.l1 Cot�nty.
2. This eccar�nent, vaith its �om�ani,on 7 miles f qrther wes+, 3s the
local renresentative of th� "Gvpsum �iills"
3. It �vv�s not followed northw�r� an� soti,+.,hward, anc? da+a to �shour its
exact correlation are not ��*ailarle
a. It mav inrlicate the ou�;cropoof the same bed� trat come tc� the
stxrfe.ce at the wbstern limit of the plaine on the "Red Beds of
uncertain relation" in Oklahoma
b. Tt is subject, ho!�ever, t� the same comment as the others, n�nely,
thgt the landsec�pes on its two sides shoFr little or no contrQst.
4. Se�ren rniles west of thi s escarnment is another, of aro��t the ssme
hei�ht, made bv beds �f t*vpsum and sandstone.
�. Retvveer_ the �ro escarpments is a stri� of n�arl,y flat plain in whi.ch
lies the toTxn of :4spermont.
C. PENEPL>AIN I?`1 T�XAS PART OF TFiE +�REA( (125)1
1. The top of thP escanpment we�t of Asner-r.iont �aff�rds a wide view of
a neneplain �r�hi.ch exten�ls thence westvrard to tho "bre�k of the plains"
--thr�t is, to the relati�ely narro«* s+rip of rou�h colantr,y �rhi�h frin�es
t�e e�stern Pd�*e of tY�e Terti.ar�r Ro�ks
2. Th.e distance arz-oss the nenenlain is sbout 50 miles
:�. Nere and there on this wes+ern ps�.�'t; of the per_enlai.n are buttes an�i
me�as, much the mos+ oromi.nPnt of �srh�ch is n�table Mountain.
4. t��ost of the others r�re close to the escarnments, of �vhi ch thev are
outls�ina remn�n+.,a
F, ThPv impair the perfection of the pen��lain much less then the intrenched
streams ,
6. .As stste� abo�*e, these s+rear�s �3o r.�t differenti.�+,P +he area here ennsidered
from the Osar�e secti on, i�nless by the de�ree of the� r re,i�en�t;ion. ((125� )
IV. THE "BREAK OF THE PLAINS"((1?�_1261)
l. The escarnment at the easter� edme of the Hi�*h Plains is eenerally clear,
thou�h not evervwherF� e�val 11� bold .((1?5) )
?... In onlv one of fi4e co�znti.es in �vhieh it wa.s anproache�i or ascen�ed in Tex�s
does it fail to ri�e consx�iruoiasl�r on the western horizon. ((126) i
a. The exce*�tion is the northern^�ost countv, �'Jheeler, in v�rh� ch it was
�ppoach ((sic)) at one place onl�r.
b. At th�t place a rise of 500 feet is accomplishe� in about 10 miles we�t of
the villa�*e o.f Shamrock, and throup�ho,at mur,h of t'�is distance sanc� dunes
prevail
c. A semicletached east�ard extc�nsion of the Hie�h Plains in Ellis Count,y,
Okle.homa, north o.f Can�.dian River a.nd the thirtY-sixth pArallel, shov�s
a similar slope like`vise �o+ted �i+h sand dunes
d. Such a�r�dation with lack of a definite escar�ment �+vill probat�lv be fo»nd
to be �eneral betvreen the thirtv-fifth aad thirty-seventh parallels.
:�. The escarpment at the er]�e of the Tertiar,y are� is mos+ prominent where
the Tertiar�r bed.s rest on resist�nni; unc�erl•Tin� roclrs.
a. In southern g�nsas the escarpment i.s dlae to Cretaceous beds ar_d
- 6-
Perm�e.n formations that have already been described
b. From the F�nsa.s-�klahoma boundar,r solath to the thirty-fifth
parallel, �lont� the edc�e of the fti�h Plains, Terti�.r�r �ra�el rests
or unner Permian form�tions, i.n w�i.ch no s+ron� escarpment-malrin�
members �re 1�-noTtim to the v�rriter.
e. Tt 9.s not �bo be expeci-ed th^t +,h� s par+, of' the Ri�h P7 �.ir_s
boundarv rvill be fotand +,o be as (;189?' and distinet �s b�bher �arts
d. Sovth of Rer� River the eas+ern eda�e nf t�p Ni�h Plains coincides
Qg�Pnti_allv vri+,h the Ol7+C?^Ol� be]t. of +he Triassi_c nockizm .f.ormation
and still furtrer solath tn�it?-� th�+ of the f'ret�ceovs limes+ones.
e. L�dden 9/ s+,a+es th�t the "rTorth-Centr�l P1 �ins" are botanded "on
the west b�T the hie�h erosion esc,aroment o�' the Pan Nandle �?i�h
Pl�ins and the Llano Fstacado," ti,ias imnl��iflr� the nresence
of �.n eastward-facin� escarnment throvphot�t the len!�+,h of +,he
rij ah P1 ains in this area.
9, 126) .nd�'en, J. A., Review of the p;eolotry of Texas: mexa�. rTniv.
Rull. 44, p.18, 1916.
SOrdE PRIRTCIPLES OF EROSION IRT ARID CLIM�ATES ((126-132) )
1. Some phvsioe;renhie feA.tizres of th9 s re�;ion can not we11 be clescribed
in terms sui.ted to concentions of erosion in more hlunid clima+.es or
on rocks oi other charact�r;
2. Th�ref�re, as a prelimina.r�T to the ph.ysiot�rs.Dhie historv of the re�ion,
a brief �escri?�t-ion of these forms and the nrocesses by wh�ch thev were
made will be t�iven.
3. It is r.,onvenient first to consider the effect of erosion as illustrated
in the smaller forms, be�innin� with the �*ullv, �nd to prooeed thence
to la.r�er features and the larc��r atxestions imrolvec3.
I. GIILLIES II'? GFhTEI�AL((�26-1271i
].. The �h��s�o�rat�her�s concention of +,he t�ro�ressiv�: dissect�on of
penenla3.ns, �s o�' other �lains, is base� mainl�r on +hP Qrovr+h of
�;v1.�zes.((1?.,6))
?. Ranid drnnm cutti.n�, steep sides, �T_sh�Aed cross secti.on, ar_d �r�nch-
in� 921'f:P.r m�s+, abLmd�ntiv in+,o his ment�l pict,u,-es of an tznland
of homo�eneous material or hdtriz�ntal rocks th�+ is under��.in�
disee��-snn, es��er.iall,y when erosi.on is ni�orot�s.((12711
II . LACK OF DRANCHIidG II�j GULI IES OF ARID R.EGIODIS ((], 27 ))
1. The fi.rst modifieation of th�s conception is made necess�ry bv the
fact that man,y �*ullies in semi�rid rer�ions like the one here c�nsid-
ered do not t�raneh at all
2. Others sho�.v on1�T incipient branches, so wic�e in proportion to their
len�th that the �ullv wall is scal�o�ed in a series oi' o�en �lcoves.
3. Gullies hav3.n�; �v�.11s retreatinF in t�+is tvav ha�re almosf ilat bottor�s,
man�* oi them verv wide
4. The flat bottom 5.s not unknor+m in hl�mi�i r�a�ions, n�r is the V-shaped
branchin�; �ullv unlrn�n in ari�] re?ions. 10
10 127,)Dutton, thou�h st�tin� that dent�dation in arici regions is
accomplishecl le,r�ely by recession oi cliffs rather than by �o�nm-
cut+.in�*, lavs stress on the fact th�+ the ?�ermilion Cliffs, in the
Grand r.am�on rer�,ion, are cut bv nt�merous branchin� eanvons (TT. S.
Geol. Survev I!�on. 2, p. 62, 18£�2.). From the vr.riter's o�servations
it Urotald apnear that, althotlPh sucr dissection. affects the r�te of.
recession, it is by na means the cnuse of f-he oreAonc3erance of lateral
strippin� over vertical d.own-cutt�na;, r.�r is it �oina on i.n nll
areas th.at show lateral cienuda+.ion.
F. "Ra,dlar_ds" are incleed commoner in ari.d +han ir humid re�ions, but �he
conditions favori.n� the develonmen+, of the flat bottomed "dracr" 11
with retrea�i.n� walls are more eommonlv assooiated vrith aridi+y than
with humidit,y.
-7-
USGS 730_D
11 127 The worci "draw" i.s �'rec�uentiv t�se� on +�,e �reat Plains to
c3esi�*ne.te a small � S�'181.� �4d vallPv, ree��rc?less of the �'orm of i.ts
s�des. The worcl is used here in the colloqvial sPnse +o clesi�nate
such a�alle�r thRt S'F.9.rfP.� a� a�ullv �+uf has bec�me so wide th�at
the apr�lica+.�i.or_ �f' the term "c�ully" would be mi.sleadin�.
6. The s�a�;�e�tion that stach forms are fa�ored bv alterna+.e bed.s of different
c.raracter and that thev are the be�inn.in�s of stratum plains contains some
truth but is inad.equate.
7. Two facts bearin� on this point mav be recalled---
Q� mhat such Porms are com*�on on the N�vh Plains i.n the uncor_solidated
Tertiary iormations,
b. And tha� their fl�t flo�rs r.la,v have a. steep slooe doums+ream, even
thoveh hori?ontal in cross section.
III. PERCOL9TION OF SLI�RBAGE Y�'ATE_R AS A FACTOR(�1271�
1. The absence of i�ranchinp� is no doubt clue primari.lv +.o the dominancc
�f pc�rc.olat� on as op�aosed to rtm-of�'
2. ?��There all the water �oPs into the p�rol�nd no channels iorm
3. A steen ed�e of homn�Pneoizs dense c].av coiald n�t escane r�endri.ti.�
�iase��finn �
4. This factor o�' lar�e nercolati.on is more common in �ric� rea�ions because
of +he drvness of +hP �round an�? the debth of the n.rAter table, but
ariclitV is'not es�Pntial
IV. WIND A,S A FACTOR( �127-12£'� )
1. 4. secon� f�e+or is the work o�' wind
2. �'hP drier the Pround the more effeci-i.�re i.s the wi.nd in f i7.� ir_p� incipient
channels an� erasin� the efferi- of on� rair_ be�'nr� anntrer comes
3. Ionc� �.n+ervals be+ween rai.ns �nd acarcitv of vec�etati.on make win�l more
eff ective
4. As all �ull ies have Gmall bep�inninv�s, S.t is not strant�e thA+ in �ric?
re�ions man�r incipient branches should be checked in thAir p�r�tivth
bv the work of the win� and tha+ s�me �u11y v�alls shoiald retreat
lon� d�stances withoiat di.ssect5.on.((127))
5. A con5equen�e of this checkina� of uullies in their incipient sta�es is seen
in the "co�rse texture" of d�,ssected plains in aric� re�ions.((1281)
6. Anart f'rom the absence of trees, the casual obsprver th�nks there is se�an��iit�
t��pically "�vestern" (arid) ah�lxt the lon�, unbrol�en slopes of the Great
Plains, where thev �renot flat .
V. SAPPING ((12���
1. Ncswever, �rhv �3�es the �ullv �rra11 re+rea+, and �r�h,y �oeg i+ remain vertical?
2. Maniiestiv the sec^nc� c�ndition denends on the first, as no cli.ff continues
l�na to be �ertical or even stee�a unless it does retreat
3. The Trl!�21riP.r of retreat is therefore +,he cri�ioal point
4. In humi� cli�a+es corrasion hv r��rect run-off is the main fac+or in the
�?eve3+onment- of mn�����ll?es, hence �1.o�*m outtin� is �iominr�nt qnc� wider_in�
an� hea�lrvard len�thenin� are merelv �ncidental to r�n�m cutting.
5. �!�ith incre�se of ne�rcolation, h�*�re�er, corras�on becomes m�ach lesG effecti.ve,
its effectivenes� dec,reasin� �n P'eC)1)1P.f'riC rafio t� +,hP �ecrease in the amolant
of run-off, flnd the lessPned clnU,m cutti.n� is ac�o*nn�nie�l b�r lessen��? l�ter�l
a_�c� head�rrard c�r�ivth of the �*iallv
6. Thi.s is offsPt. by s�nT�ine, as +re AP,r�nlat,'1��' we.+,er +ha+ did �ao+, cia+ back the
esoarpment rv corrasion accomAl3.shes t�e s�me result ?�v sanpin� at the be.s�
of t�e scarp.
7. Sa�ninF, therefore, is the domi.r_an.t fac+or in �'etermin�n� the form of the
flat-rot+omec�, se�rp-bord�rec� atallv or "draw" of ar9_!� rP�i.ons
P. At some pla�es lanrlslirles �zre e�'fect�ve, an�l where the vnc�erizrina beds are
shr�le mud flows may be a promi.nent or eQen the domin�nt ±'ac.tor in the
r�e�Telopment of scarns
9. 1nTinc� is no doubt one of the chief ap�ents, if no1- the chief, in removina�
waste ircrn th.e foot of the scarp an�' thus preven+in� t�+e proc�ss of recess5.on
from becomin�; self-limited
-R-
VI. FLAT BOTTO�S((12811
1. With its limitin� escar�ments thus rer..edin� the tendency of thP aull��
to beoome a fle.+,-bottome dra�N is apnarent
?. '�here dr�i.naa�e £rom a cansi.c�erable erea center5 in the dralc the
t�reservation oi' tre flatress of the ho+tom s s sur�ri s9_n�*, a.nd it
sePms £� S3fP, iraference that in all eu�h c�ra�vs the amoiant of se�i.ment
f?cl to the stream durina� a freshet is �re�ter th�n c,an be moved
bv +he current, �t least d�zrin� the subsi.dence of +,he freshet
3. Hence an�r char_nel bea�un �tal�in� tre earlier st��*es of the floo� is
later obliterated by �eposi+;on
4. Almest a7.1 streains are t�0'.'PT'ZOfiCjP.,C3�� �liar;na the subsidencenof a flood,
anci e�Ten a�ullv in � humi� re�ion i.s �+nt to have a narr�� sa.n�i,y
flat restin� te�nporarilv in the bot+om �f its V.
VII . DEPTH OF THE DRAW( (1?f�-129)1
1. The denth of the dra� or the hdit�ht of its lnra.l)s--that is,the level at
which the flat bottom is mainta_ined--i.s con��'o�led h?l a comhira+.;on of
_factors, one of vrhich -i s evi�lentiv +he i.nabila.+v of the stream to
transnort all the debris sunpli.ed t� it �turin�^ the subsiclen�e nf feeshets.
((1?�))
2. T�� existence of ne�rlv hori.znnt�l resist�nt beds thet m�1v act e�s local
base-le�*els for th� stream � s A.nother, en�7 le�s obviotas fac+r�rs are the
�epth of the �ra+er t�ble and the st�te of' the soil abo?re 1�e water
table, expeci.�.].lv With respect to its conten.t of moisi�i�re and s�alts.
((129�)
3. If can not be ns5umecl that the base oi +he escarpment i.s �ea�r�l��,y �s
lo�r as the wa+,er table or tha+ �roun�3 wa+,er issues alon� it in sprir_a�s,
e�s other ±'�Ctor'S he1T� to locate the horizor_ of effective s�.pning
4. Arid soil.s contain abuneiant sa.lts, tr�hich cement and indvra+e the soils
more at s�me le�els than at others, and the�� tend to c�ncentrate in the
unner soil and to ac��amulate and form "mort�r beds" near the ti�rater table
F. TTnPqual vertical �istribution of th�s cementation may rc� an i.mnortant
factor i.n de+e?-m�nin� the horizo� of sa��ina in an otherwise homo�'eneous
formation.
VIII. TERRA.CED DRAWS((12g1)
1. It is not uncommon to find a new p�ullv fUrrcYwi.ne� the floor �f a wide,
fl at-bottomed dravr.
2,. t�t first si�ht this mi�ht be in�Ferpreted �s indicati.n� a. ne�r e�Tcle
O'f' @Y'OS10?1
3. It should be rememt�ered, ho�ve��er, that c�nditi_ons o�' the s»me sort as
these which preserve� the ori�inal surface from dendritic dissec+,�on,
thou�h in an exnosec? posi.tion and abo��e its local base-le�rel, mA�r for
a lonr� time preser�e the ne�n� fl.a+ at thP bottom of the �raw.
4. 'Nhen, �rith the deuelopmPnt of the i�'81�P_.V� the �i.me comes t�� c,u+: the
l,ed of +he stream c�oT�rn to a r_eu�r leve] ,+he s�me or�cess ma�i be rene�ted,
and thus flat after flat Tn�,v be form�d more or less rhythmicalltr withot�t
anv chan�� in the rer�iona.l b ase-level
5. TTo dou�+, also, m�nor or temporftrv clim�tic chan�es or chan�es in vePe-
tation eat�se many n���rlv made �ral?evs to be a�araded an.c� c�e�raded ap�aj.n
within short per�ods
IX. LARGER VALLEYS((129-1�0)i
1. ThA di.scusGion thus far coneerned itself with [�ullies and drarvs because
the mech�ni�s of t�rnwth and chan�e arP ele�rer in those 1-han in larP;e
4a,��.P,VB� Y�ut the Sam� princinles eviclent-lv control the develobmenf of all.
2. ?'hP same fact�rs mtzst also c�nfrol the ('7C�P,??S14P stripni.n� of stra+um plains.
((1291�
�. STRATUN PLAINS((13p)1
1. The men+ion ofl"stri�nir.r�" at once sLz�*�-es+.� +he dem�da+ion of cert'ain
resistant beds ancl the production of stra+lim plains, whi.ch need n�t be
at th.e loce�l base-level
2. Tn the Rallevs thus far ment�oned. no p�sitiue e�?rider.ce �ras seen +ha+
the le�rels of the ne�rr and lower pla.ins (the �allev floorsi werd
thUs determ�.ned.
3. The topor�ranhic resiilts mav su�mes+ reszstan+ heds �enea+h the �ralletT
floors, but it should be remmeanbered th�+, si.milAr str�Apine� 9.s
observed in p;ull3.es an�l drar,Ts where +he control of resi.stant beds can
_g_ USGS B. 73�_D
not be asstamed, �nd th�t the �eneral. ap�earance of these larmer Qalle�rs
su�Pest� that the streams are at thP�r local base-lev�l.s, ���as makin�
nnneces�ary f,he hvpothesis of resistant re�ls.
4. AdvancinP onee m^re in the scale o�' size,�re come to the broqd plai.ns which
lie bPtwPen +hP ma�or eastro�T�rc�_facina escarbments
5. �iere t'�ere is definite e�zdence in the escarnments themselves thQt the
rel.at3�*P re�is+anee to erosi.on of +he bec3s he.s Y,c�Pn an imnnrtant ia�tnr
in.fixinc: the levels of the sever�l nlains, at leaGt near +,he�r eastern
ed c�es �
6. To some extent, at least, +,hese plains conform in ori.r;i.n to the customar,y
conce*�tion oi a stratum plai.n. ((13Gi1 -
XI . SPFCIAL COTIDITIOD?S OF' VALLEY CIITTING IN SCARPED PLAIIV`S ((13111
1. Another ti�eo�e�ica� nroblem concerns the cond5.tions of penenlaration and
valley cutl�n�; peculiar t� scarne�l plains(p.116).((abst p.l))
2. T�e redeveloz�ment of escarnments 3.n � sec�nd cvcle imnlies th�t certain
more resistant bP�ls 1'1E14P, b�en ar7e, �.+ lea.st ir_ nar�;, to �ainta;n
temt�orarv base-levels for s+ream bas�ns a�ove tre escar�ments
3. It is concei�rablr th�i- nenenlains m�v be de�el�nec� �n t;�e �.n'-ervenin�
weak rPds be±'ore the master strPatr+s flo��in� over the st-rnn� hec�s ha�e
etiat �ln��m th�er orofiles cc�mplet-Pl.y to the new base-lenel.
4. Further lowerin�* of +he S'FrP,9??l� s be� acrnss t�R har� rocks mnst then
be a�ct�mp�nied bv a correspor�l-ine' dcr,vr_ cutt;ns� U:ith;n tre limits of
the -in+ervenin� nenepl�ins
F. The ra+e of suoh �i��vn ca+..,+;_na ma�r be �� slo�r tha+., fihe local �?enepl�ins a,re
lo�rered c�ncUrrentiv
6. �r_ the ��-her hand, valueG mav be �,s���ne� +o tre se�Ter�l f�c+�rs innol�*ed
(resistar_�e of escarnment rock anc� of orerltiT�n� be�ls, power �f streams,
arc� of basi.ns, etc.) �rrhi�h ma1-e it -�ossil�le for the s+re�ms to cvt shallow
Fallevs in the penenlains
7. The fact�rs have not h�en evaluated in this area, bufi m�ny of 1-he streams,
esnecial?tr in thP western oart, occu�v �,vide �alle�rs of �entle slope, trenched
bv narro�v �alletrs brrtween steep hluffs
8. It seems nrobable that these wi�e vallevs are due to the conc?.itions here
�i.escribed, �rhich attend the �rearina_� dolam of scarped pl�ins �.nd c�o not indicate
�, disti.nct uolift of +,he re�.i.an, �s c��es, presumabl,v, the more recent and
abrux�+, �n.+,r�:nchment
XII. AGGRADING STREAMS((1�1-132)1
1. It is fre�uentiv asstamed th.a+ the char�cteristi.c features of th� strea.m
chsnnels of this rPp�ion i.ndica+e a�aradation--that is, the �rot�res�ive
fi1.� inr; of the valleys �rith alluvivm
Z. The features referred to are t�e exceedin�lv wide, flat. char_nels shotivin�
�t lc�w water nvmeroizs sanci bars am�n� �rhieh +,hP stre�m flows in "braided"
fas'�i�n s� len� as �.ny water remains in the channels
3. "r-i+,hoi�t �lotxbt such fle�tt►res are ch�r�c+er�.sti c of t'overloaded" S'�:?'PRP.1S
4. There can re no ql�estion that whAn t�e f��,ti.ares vi.si.ble �t lo�v sa+er were
formed the strefun was suppli ed ��ri+h mor�r loac� than i.t co�ald t�'ansr�ort and
was deP�sitir_� more than it wa� remo�ine�
5. Qn the other hand, the ma,�or fe�+.nres o�' manv af +he �alle�s �ive no support
to the assiamnt?on of prop�ressi�-e aE*^'rA.�ation
6. Thev r.la,y e�en indicate the oppos;te
7. Terracir_� is common in the lar�er nal.le�r�((1'�li�
R. Th� bui�c��.nt� o�' a sand bQr is of coizrse a more re�ent process than th.e
cuttin� of a fP..7'?'f�CB� anc? it i.s not 1^'I1O�81�1P, that recen+ d�qan cutt;.n�
has �iven wav to still more recent �'il7 ir_a�( (13?) i
9. T?�t},�n� is vet knoNm, hoN�e?�er, to -invalidate the as�umvt�on tha+ +he
a��rac�ation noi-ecl is simr�l,y that v;*hinh is inci.dental to the subsidinm sta?�es
of everv flo�d, anr� that dur�n� the r3.sin�; s+a�*es o�' the f'loods more materi�.l
is carr�ec� awav than is deposited durs.rc� the subsidin� sta�es.
l�. The �rocess of remonal is of c�t�rse not sub,�ecf +,o direct observafion, nor
are the resuli-s except ss seen in the lar�;er featlares o?' the valley
1] . The �'ea+lares du� to periodic c�e*�osit�nn are the ones tha+, m�st apneal
to thP eve durin� 99 ner cent of the t9me
12. It follows from thi.s th�t f,i SO-CAI�P(� }t04P.r1Qgd@ti�� stream is not necessarily
an aPa�rad�n� stream i.n the sense +hat implies nro�ressive or curnmul�ti�re
av�ars�clation, but one zrrhich ia sup�ie� with a versr larc�e �rolume of detritus,
s�me of which mores for�xard �:vith ea�h flo�d
-1�-
1�. Retween such t;mes the excess of loa� is sto�ed awa,y, a part of it in
sQn� bars but much the �re�te*- part of it in thP thic� s�ieet of sand
anc? ��•ave] th�t rests on the bec�rock iander the be�i of thP stream.
a. If tri.s sheet is so t'^icl{ tha.t the scoizr �1larina� floods fails to
rea�h thP ro�k benCs�+h� then d.e*�osi.ti.on has been eumtalative an�?
t�e streRm h�s bePn. a�e�.rading, fnr the level of th� bedrock
surfa.c.e i� due to erosion
14. �� the nossible dep+,h of sc�ur bv such s+r�ams is not lrnown, it c�n
not re posit�vel.v asserted that +,�e scovr alwa.vs re9ches the bedrocY
1�. The verv few c�ata obtair.ed on the thicl�-ness of' s�nd r�nc� �ra�el under
cha.nnels seem ta ir_�iic.ate that it is nfloporf�onal tn t�e size of
th.e streem, and that this shPet oi mA+erial, t�+o�at�h thicker than
would be casuallv as��zmed to be subject #;o sc�iir, is not thick enou�h
to i��arrant th� x�ositi.v� conclusion +hAt it is n�+ su?�;ject to siach
remonal
16. nepths to ro�k bereath��he lar�*er streams in this �ra� seem to be
f�irlv ur_iform--from 30 to 40 feet, or vertr lit+le more.
17. ttnder these circumsi-.ances much importance shoial�l be �.+tached to the
general featiares of the vallev, as sug�ested aboQe.
1R. Th.e ��di.tional fact thr�t active �ullvina is in proa�ress neAr the
lar�er stfeams add.s to the evidence that these streams are, on the
whole, dea�rad�n� their channels inste�d_ oi ��;p:ra�in�!
19, m��n mtach wei.�ht sho�zld n^t be aiven t� t-he evidence of p�ul) ies, ho�nreT•er,
in view of their intimats connecti.on with veeetation, cUlti.vation,
e�raz�i.nc�, etc.
?,�. The d istribution of ac+.,ive �ul l.�rine has n.ot been suffieci entiv stuc� ied
to determ�.ne wh+�t the �niluence o.f these factors ma1* be. ((1'�2) )
SUMti�ARY OF PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES AND HISTORY((132-1'4))
((omittedll
((pa�es 1:�5-139: Ir�dex for nl1 of Bulleti.n 730)1
- 30-
, �. _ . _ .
. _ ., . _. ,
r .. . : . , . . O
., , . - . _ . , . _ _ _ r. . . . '
- . . .. • . . . . �
USGS B. 73p_�
BUI_LETI�T 730-�
A 1a2ETHUD C�F �a"EAStTRII��G ,2PdD PLOTTIrTG THr� StiAPES OF PEBBLP�S
arlr�
A FI�',LD S�UDY UF TFIE SHI�'ES OF RIV-t�R rEBBIES
bv �:}"1P.S+�@r � � �niPntT�rorth
TTnite� Sta+.Ps rTe�lo�i��.7 Si�rtrev
�'r00ro�g �t�.s Sm; th, ni re�tor •
19?2
((�iih. rPf.: �'„b. o?' thP �. S., �.��v l�?Sz: *73Q. rontr;?�,�+,i�ns to
+,ha �Pn�ranhv of thP TTriterl St�+es, 1�??; 1'�T, n. !'.amn?�ell, �eoloaist
in cb.ar�e. 1Q23. v, 1�9 p�., 18 pls.
(c�The shanPs of ne?�bles, btT �'. u. 'Ven_t�nror+.,h., pn. 91-114,
rls. xiv-xv.)) .
�
O
V
-1-
USGS B. �30_�
A T:'�TNC)U OF ]J'�ASURII'�T(`x I�tJ� r'LOTTIrl�'T T'�i�� SII1�'ES UI� P�BBLI;S; ��-l�, A�'I��I:D
STiTDY OI+� TH�' SHAY�,S OF RIV_��R. i'�;BRI�i��S
bsr Ches+er T'. '"re�2t.tivorth
TTn;+Pr� c+�+PS reol o�ic�l Survetr:
BZTLI.��;TI]�T 730-C
19?,2
(( abs�.ra.�.t n�tPs an� bia11 P+ir_ 1/ _ R,a1 i �+;n fo�firotes
namP re�'erencell
�. . . • . . , � �T�C:Zrf?fiS '
............................................................................
A F���:THOD C�r r.'����SirRING A2��iD PLOTTI�rG T�� SF�iA�' �'S OF F�IiBIES ((al-�n211
I. ITvTRUDi?CTIOTT( (�].11
�• T71 A�rlPi 1�17+ SUh'�"P,gi--jirP, naT1Pr H� T,?� (*r�rnrT* 1� S`��rS�
it,4tt�m�t.s +o esf�.1?�.� sh Cri+p?'7 a�'nr r-1; c+i?�ntai �h� nR �j<?AC1'?.
T1p,�j1-i�P� 'f'7'OTTi 'i;l'1nSP. f'07`ri1.P,fj 1„r 1+i�,n•^g� rr�tiC'iP,r�;� n)" �PjT'�(a C1T"
restili-in m�'r�m wea+.h�r;n� ;n r7 ��e h.a�re 1Pr� #;o tmsa+i sf'�ctnfnr
result;s ."
1/! l�l, rre^'or��, c.T� r'. � TTOt:E;, OI't �'}1F Sh�?1P Qf' tnE>�h1�S: A�I''!. �Tn1iT'. ,�iri �� �
4th ser.�no1. :��� p�-,� ;znn_��a� 1g1��
�• Ne �'OPS O?1 fn S�'lOTnr 'j'rAi; �*�n ,-4- of 1-.1�f' S�PC'? fl1C C�'1�1'a.�'F',P.,r� S'�'i ('S f�S('rihn(� i'O
i'1P.'C)}?ZE',5 Of f�iff�E?T'PY)f OY'�n'�}'1 =1.�"P nY'O�l7CP,!1 O'�"I]•% �t* S'�Pr.ifl,� SP.?'S Of' ('0T1�1.'��C�rS
ti7i(� '{'l'1fl.+' mnS�' (?f' i-1�.�? �'er�ra.1 � 7,'3i;lOY!5 �':Tl,i ��"1 �l4tTe rPP21 TT!saf�P, �l!"P, oi+.hPr lli"I'�l'tIP.
�r �,n t*a�l?e a.s +.o be i?n.rel; ab1 e�nr {;r� c?.i5crim��n�t� on of' caepo�its in the
f;_e�d.
?. I'i; � S 't21t1(.' �"}'?'�1+ l�'1 F_i �rllfiC� "'LiV ii- i_� nn^57.��.P, i;n (�� S+�ncrt» S1'1 Ori 511?�1't
�8�'l"lEPP,n 7'7'tTP.T' 11P.�'?1 � F� � P'� £i('l 31 ?�P,�1'11E?S �'-1Y1� Sfi�7C�—�'1] �Si'.F',�l �P,�r] P,S .
n., nn +i�P o+her ?��nc�, i-1,e �*eaeral GPn�r�+;nn of reach net�hl�s ft^n,„ r;tr�,,
T7P�1'11(?S C'�]1 7!Oi; �� ri���E, ,a.�+ti� r,pri-�-in-F,�* np_ fl�� 1?f1Si5 rlf' ;�p,r rri�-pri� ?Tf>'f;
set rc?r+h.
II . THE Y�UBL�T:i( ( �1_g?1 �
1. Tn de�cribin� .+,he �ne+ho� of m�as„re��nt �•,h;c�. �s nvi-.1;n�� helo�Fr the �r:rr��er
^'�q1'E?� T10 '�T'P'f'.nT�gP (1f' r�ff �rirM �. ('n�-+7')l n;-P, ^O�l7i-.inY1 nf' i-1�iS nr()Y�ZPiR.
?. T�e �eszr�s r��!-.��r +o �res�rt tha �ro�e�a,.,r� le*��ch h�s r�en f���n� usafla]
ir. der.n+�nc num<�rica]�v some �f +ti,� ^ost si?�„�fz�ant {•�a��,rP� of +�e
S�'!a.l�PS Of' '"�E',���]F?S� i".�ifl'1 '4�1�� �n�f;(]gnrP '{"l�a'� f'�i1'1�1�. St7nr��;', in �ji.g'f;�71�'U1S�"111'lc*
j-b,p mP,nP.'�'i � mrOt11�S nf' '"�P,h�1 PS i'�tr i-1'lni �^ ��s�nAS � 7( S i2'1 ;'ti't� 1�SF: n'f' �Uf1Y1'i-1.'f',�i;� VP,
m�+.t��c� s . i � �l) �
3� ThP c�,��.ne� �f ne�?�lPs m�mh+ �P c19��;fi�� ;n nlim�r�ta.;; �-���,,rs, ru+., +he classifi-
c�+i on r+�ost 1 ilrelv tn be of t�s� t.� +�e c�enl oc�i s+ ; s a�ne+.i c. ((�1-9?i i
ti. The first fa�t-.or to be cons�r�er�d i.s +h� s+.r?a�+�,rA o�' +hP �aren+ roc�; �h�
sec�ncl ; s+r� 3�Pr._t btr ,�r',� �r +,},� sha�e of �he neY+rle ; s*^n�1,: f i ed; +he thi.rd
; � t�,P t��-e f�,.rfo,- �r S+�.^�e nf +�,� nro�e�'S �f mocii�'ic�t-� �n. ((P�11
F. ThP s+rt,c+vre of +,�,e �ria'i.n�l rock f,'n�?s exnress;on ;n +��r� nrincin�l �nra�,Ts---
a. 2n �ts ef'f'ec� or t1�� sh^n�s of fra�men-Fs �ro�i��e� by t'�e ar�ents of
vrP ai;h er�n e� �
b. And i.n its effect �n sti��n�s c?ez*e�on��l fr�m thesP �P�r�.t.a1 fra.mm�nts b��
fhP a�ent �r R�*an+s of transnorta.+i.or.
6. A7+'�.o,a�*h r!�i��h i s lrnolv�r_ in a�hro��] �ra�.r con�.ern� r_? +he resl�lts ofl weatheri.nr�
�n�l �or�e �,ener�l q1a�.li.+,a+.-iTre ebs�r�ra+.ior_s h��re b�er_ m��e nn +hP shanPs o£
�'ra�,n�nts pro�'�?ced, no rareful. sfiu�tiT o? the sha�es of' +,?�e nrodt��.+s o�' t.he
�liff�rent pro�essPG of inec�an��al •,^�c�atherin� has t��i-. bPen made.
7. '':rzi-holat an a.i-.t�rn*�� +.o oiatl�n� hPre the--mlanifold �r0('PSSAS an�l Aroducts
of we�the,-;na +}ia+ reslal+. in �lasi-;c f,-��ments t-.�,P follo��vi.n� matT be
ment�on?d:
-2-
^Xf �1 � r�+.; on
S��it+�n.v�
�rl�mrlin�
Sun fl ��inc�
,Tpi ni;ip p'
'"Jer1 r*e ��rnr1� ��' �1 �n+ r�o+s
Plu�l�in�*
,'•P�� �^e t�r�rl- or i�e
rT-i z*sai-.; nn
��oi s+>>re �h�nr�c�s
ri,.tirn6�-o?-ir i."/P,l�me ••,rn7'k
V'�I3TTE S
,qTAc? �,e ��Torl- of ne�,rl es
rrf3.c.lrs .
of
j_ n
�?. �+hers �•�ril7 occur +o one �+rho a++emnts to ma��e e�ren an "armc�a.� r"
an�l�rsi s of +1,e �*.rhole �roce�s of ��reather�n�.
Q. T'a�h of 1-hes� ��Fr_t� ras �i-s neci�liar e�'f�c+ �n �t;hA shanesof
�h� nieces pr�dv�ed
70. Fra�+ents x�ro�viced bzr exfoli.�.t-i.on differ in shape from t��se
�rodnced b�r crum�lin?� a� a result of differenti�l therri!a,l
expansion in di_�'�'erent m-i.nerals, and both d�_ffer in sh�z�e
�Pom fraTmer+s �ro�?uced h�r ioir_tin�*.
71.. It �.s �.iT�7v pror�,i-�le also +-hat the shanes of fra�nPni-s due to
t�e s�.r_�le nrece�s of exfol�.�t-i.on d�ff er ��•�l+.h each of rnamero„s
factor�, sizch a� �mount ard. rani�itZT of d�urnal ch�.nc�e i.n
+emnerature �.nd the �ondiacti_Zritv, specific hea�, +herr^��-exn�nsi.on
coefficient, anc� elastici�t�r of the rock
12. Tr.e shanes of c�i.stuT�ted fr±��nents from a�i.ti*en roclr in a r�i�ren
rE�i�n are �ue �.n r�Fneral to a combinat�on of seueral of +he
a�*en+.� sia��es+-P� �bo�*e r�.ther th.an t� �.m* one alone
13. Fach a�ent find� a di.fferent exnression in roc�rs of di.fferent
ttm� s, �s, for exam�] e, co�..rse or f ine t�rai.ned � r�neo�?s r�ck,
sch;st, ane�_ss, �n� hed��ed sediment�rv ro���s of �i.�rers k�_n�s
la� nt,i�en+lv the nrob7�m of +he sha-�?s o�' the frn�^:mFnf-s +1�at- result
from roclr r�isruntion is complic�+ecl
1�. It i.s ti�mrt�+�T of Si'l1C�Zr� ho�ve�*er, for i-he �rry �;n�l s�anes of
f',��,�men+s tha+ are �asr7 ed a_n�l a�ra�ed r�r �-he ZrB.ri �>>5 transnortin�
aP�ents are relai-;�relz% -�ers; �+ent fnr �re�.-` �;.�ta.nces �r_�? �,ave
consi.der�ble i.nfluence �n the f'or?ns �ssimle� rsr �:�1.PSP, fra�menfs
in s+a.�es of tl�eir hi.stnry.((9?.,1�
16. !�uftntitr�t�ve z=rork in r�re�t det�.i] on this �taes+ion nf' ori�ins�l
shanes � s nAedec� to fttrn-i sh an ac� eqla�te ba.s� s for si-ud i es of the
�*eneric shane charac�er5 sti.cs of �e?�b1Ps. i iQ2-9�11
17. It i s etri�?ert from the fore�^oin� statemAn+.s t;hat t�ere are �.n
�..nfini.+,e number of sh�*�es of fra.�men-t;c �,trai.lab�e f�r +r�nsnorta+�i.on.�(9�))
1�. These shanes are be] ie�re� to belo�t� to a, l�r�e n��mber of t;��es,
�rrh; �h nrnsent knorrlec�?� �(iPC n.o+, Gl�f�'i re to descr�.rP ;..r. de+�;1 .
a. Thej.r incltac�.e f1�+, slaba an�? tabloic� forms �? c�uadr�r.�*ular
or irre�Ular nrofl3le, ;joint-boimdec� b1.oc?rs, she71-like
,rexfoli�+.e�," fan+asti� nor'�talar pieces of 7.,,�,estone, an�
manv �+.her +,.mes.
19. Ir_ hi s aftemr,t to etral_la�+e +.he ?�odi.fi r�ti.ons of sha?�e �R.�h;.ch
resizlt in +},P formati on of ?�erl,l es, thP T.�ra� ter ras been orl i.��d
to seel- as a st�r+.;n� z�oi.nt snme onF cha.racteris+.ic tha+ i_s
�om*�on t� �.l.l or nearly a11 t-re t�rnes.
a. That chara.�.teri st-i_c ; s anp�ul �ri t�r,
r. And it is nalliable also -i.n -�-he fact that it ;s the c?�s�ra.�+�r-
� S{'i f1 ?�OS'f. t717i.C']T).17 A17� T110S+ 71ar^i gi-P77�'IV modified 1Y1 tran�-
n�rt�+ion
2Q. Th�r� �re nr�b�bl�� or;.!�;n�l shanes ,*:hi�h are no+. ar�*u] ar, rut i�
se�ms i�r_1;J-�].v that an,* �+her s�Mn1e �h9rAc+Pr;.�+;c �.s so menerally
t�rASP,Tl'f �S 'I'1'lfl;" ()f cirlf''UI£�.T'�t�r� ,,•r�iC�'1.�1S� '�".?'�@]'@fny�P� �f-1�� �a��S OF
fi�l'IP., 1n,mi�f;,P,7'�S g+Uf�V.
ITI . i�i�TFiOD AI'1D ?ESUI.,TS i( Q�-10211
1. `T'�'lE'nrPj-,i,C�1.��.1� ji-; lS �ng�'1h�.C? '�O ?TIP�i.S1�r(? ff.I1�r Y!1.7T'1��'.T' C)f' ST�f'('ifiC'. f'f',��;117'P.�
nf' �?��nP� hl�'� a. T17'ACi'.l_C 31 ll_T111�'; 7 S S"f 11�r +.11P.. YJ2P,� Of' 1'P,r3S��''tir� t-'
_z_ US(�S B � 73�-C
(���''1`3fl'1�. arlr'� nf —1-YtE? flSP nf CiTMtT?Z.n ingtl^1]'-tE'r1�"S
��.. �PC�11S�', Qf' 'f'1�P, r1P,"-i7'fl1�7�.��'.zl nf' tiSl71�' A. COOr'C3l.n'�+'a S�rGi-nPt
7n �;?rl!� C�i7Tm.nnSi t�nc 11Yi�.jt 'F?M17n. C�?3?"�.C�'P7']..u'Fi r,c, �s�zrp �1t�f�n liS?fl
presPnt s�heme.
°i. �lC)P� T'Jh.l f`1� rr�atr 1-�e C?IZP.�7 i-l�t(? ?^O�'T��I1ecg rnfl`>>
r�_
�. .TS R ,�1� �1I�"ljn� rl ig �he, ra.rl;t7s 7�' rtirlT?A'-la.re t�f, �-,ti1P
gliqr�r>c+ C�P�*2IC?*?F?('i !�� E',(��'G' si�rl T' ic }-tiE', T�P,?Il , H,��1�5 (�f
�s� i,Fg Tt�P, �'�.heT'� +hP, 'f'1.=tt;ne�� ,�a+jnYl�
n�' �l�++inr�
;n t-hP
i-hP nebbl e
r2
`rl. IS } in .r,iY7i('?� r� -j� !-hr. rn.r�l17S n��' ('lar,r��L1T';? ;p ''�.lE? �1C?S"r
R
c�n;�rr_,- rl ' rar�f-; nn �iri '1'ha f'�1 ��'i-C:St; E�P,�'c;l ;>r�c-(' f'��E? Or F,Or1-i OTl Or f-,}in
���T'�tir(�, �t�.? P i c i-':,p �.t"'''P, =1S �"'P,'Ff)•^F.
' . i_. -. .. n., .�'_._ _ �.._...� / / ....�-r\ �, .
, e � � . . . - _ , _ � , .. � : 1 ` . .. .
�.�q.�i �!��r -f-.�'1c�, l)c;rn n'�' f�'P_, '�'.P7'['1 tt(�P.?Tf;�(�T)t?fa/I ,��,.i �t'�pTn*1'h 1S m�r�F? F.(` i��$f'+7"�`T�!l�1F1'Ff'
�P,�"l"TE'F'�'� P.��'eS f111f1 f'faCP.fc r11�F "'�aipltr 1-.1� ?1�I"f1�7i'f' "1n�lflir�n�t-lnT1� ?"��'lir}� Ma�r ?�e
r3� � P,(� C�F.�TP,� O�r;C3 � �i1't� 'f'.1�r1SP, n�"E'SC't'lf', nT'] f%l;' nY'1P'lTl�!.] f'^R,�+IaT'E'.(� y�1-PC8 =iYl� 1_1n+
C�IlE? �!-r1 +��p, ?"'nrl- pf' 1'l�c± +r�i.i'1F'1C1r'�'�nP' a�"F'I1?'. T'1'lf? 1*:'rl.�-v.r i S ,nrpl l'��:r''i7'P. �':l�a.'+'
'f�''1Fi !7I1f; ?T!1i8�; �C'. fi7'E1;1'rl �.Y'Ylli-rc��^i]_V ar('71'C��r�m {'n +btP. �U�1r'>mP,Tl� Of' P'�(`1'�
ot�s�rver, btat ��e has noi- �ret b�en a�,l e t-.� �?e?�i s� a�e+,h�� �f P.1 ].m1.71`-'.+�27,?
1-l�� G ll?'��aP.,SI � EI.�'!� E A(?1'SnYl9-1 j'�C�'C�1'.
A.
i�
�,�1,,,�;jTT,:,���.��i'TS ��F CTmV�Tt?,�y, f (g�-9611
((omi++,P�?li(�In�+rt�'nE?YI'i' 'pn1^ 7nF��liririn +�71r� r+�f?'i'hn(� �f iiSA �" L)�n1"+i?'lfrl�
F�.;tr1_�rs l (97-io21 � �
ii��„j++P�ll �i-�l�++;ncr r��ta1+5 �fl m��svr�7'!�r�-s�l
A F�'IFID STUDV OF TTiE S?IAr';�S Ur �.IVN',R :i'EBELI�S (( lr?;�-a l¢11
I . IT�TP,ODZTCTIQ2d ( (1�3-1��-i 1
1. ThP stv�ltir hPre renorted �rrqs ZandPrtaken in orcl?r �!-o de+�rmi.ne the rPl ati an
retv�reen thP r�u�dness of pe�+b]es !3n� the !�i�t�nce th�zr ha�re l�e�n '�;T'tlnSAn�"tP,C�
hv r�mni.n� w�.+�r.
2. Thnt nPr�les bPc�mP less �rd less ana�1�] ar �nd. apnro�ch roi�nc�?c3, spheroi.dal
fnr?ns �.s thev tra�Pl f�rther �nrl f�r+her cloumstres�*n has l�np:. heen �n. ax�om
in �eolo�*y
3. '�taa1.�+,�tivP]v, this fact is amnitir nroved b�� castaal field. orservati.ons
�}, m� +he ti+rr� �Ar' s kn.rn�rlP�i �e, no quan+� +,�,+ 1�*e f� eld s+ta�lz,= h�s heretoforP been
�ade of tti�i s re7 �t� on retlrrPPn the ro�mdn�s� and dis+..�nce.
F. The ?��m;ter has bePn en��c*.ed for se�*�ral ve�rs in �-�neri.me�tal mP�sizremPnts
�f ��hble rot�n�l;n�. 1 �
1�� 03�1?":rrnf,nrorth, �. i'., h. 7'-trnr�fnr�r and fiel�? stu�v of co1,��e
a�ras��n: Jnur. r'rF±ol.oFrtr� ��1. 27, np. �n7-F21
a. The resi�lts of thPse s+»d � a�, t�rn,�h �f �ra_lre for co�z�a.r� sons, h��re
�l,�rio,�Sl,v reen nnan +o +he rri+ir�sm nf be�.rm �l-�+o,;_�P�1 t�ndPr r�.Phlv
ar+ificial �,on��t��r.s ��� kPnu�e nn+, hP;n� apnl��arlP +� fi.Pl� nrol,lems
6. `r'�"iP, Si'Ucj1r ��'T'f? I'P,nOr1-P,c� �'1�tS T'P.Y1C�Pr��1 9?Ta.11r�hlp �l�fa frOnt A 1£�2'�'P 7111tt1r9r nf
me�s»remen+s of ri�rer bebrles �n� als�, +�r�ia�h c.ampar; son o�' +hPse �?�+a
tirith +h? ex�eri~^Pr+�l ��+-a, h�� nrn,�e� con�lusi�*el.�r +1��+ +he i�v� set.s of
re^ults 9re ir. close a�ree��r_t
%. �Fll�}7 Z?�.�1��?�'11P, Tunr'}r PIBV 'I'hpr�?f nrE? 1-?P �nnF }i�t +1,F� �X?�C'r-jm�Tl' �.� ?ne't;�0!� � ?'rl"l'! C�'1
affords i,etter fa_r;.7;+iPs for �ori-rol.
P. The fiela u�orl� on e��;rh th�s ns�ner ;s �+��e� �ras don� in corn�e+.ion Tv�th
the in�es+ia�+ion of the co�l resnl�rces of sol�thvrPs+ern �ii,-r�inia un.�'er t-he
d-irecti.on of N�. T�. Cartpbelli(lf?3�i
II. T�HE FI�I,D((105-10611
1. ??iasse)1 rork of �ir� Sandsr pi�rer, i_n southrv?s+ern Trir�*�n-iR, rises on the
north flank �f Rir� A T�o1,n+�;n, � himh noint on Sandt.T A;dPe, tia�h;cr lies
'hei-z��eer +ra C'lin�h n�ver c�rair!a�*P r�sin nn the s�u+,h an� +he R�� Sqn�3v
?�i.ver �r��nq�e ras�n on +re r.nrth.
?. ni�5se71 Fork f]ovrs in a�enPr�,l. n�rthe.rl�T �are�+�on ��r�ss nearl�T horiznri-a.l
PPrnsyln�.n� an rO�.kc fr�m Ri c� A AFonn+,ain to 'fhe �reaks, YrhBT'P it ha� cut
�, m�.�r;f �,�.; �n+. �*c�r�e thr�n�h +hP har�er rocks o? +he core of t?�e P�..ne
IV.
-4-
T��lant�in ant;.cl�ne.
3. Re�rond P�r_e rFonn+a,in ii- ,-jn�ns o+her s+,rPams t-o f�rm R;_p� S�r_d�r niner,
v�rh i.Ch i � +ri bti+�rzr +� i-he C11� i o.
4. The head o�' +he nArma�Pnt s+renm o�' �vsse7 1 For� i s �+ an P1 e�-ai-i �n
ni aho»+ ?,60(� feet;.
.r,. I'- fa11s ���,�t l,?.On feet i.n +hP f;_rst 10 milr�8 an� has a consid�rahljr
lo�rrer P�r��lient. for t1�P next 18 o.r 20 m�lPsiil��l�
rr�FTH(1D OP' �4"�(iRK( (1�6-1091)
( (o��++er� 1 �
SIGT?IFI'CAI�?CE OF T;liSiJLTS((109-114�1
1. The f�rm ��' +��e �tzrve of �'��ure 41((n^'�1++P��! is �r�i�+ �rrhat miRh+ he
exnecte�l , ex�et�{; +h�,+ +he + rar. s;.+,: �n fr�m +,he r+�pid rol�nd i np� re*�re-
sentec� r�r t-.hP st�ep �ar+, to thP r10rP, Rra.�i�a1 chqn�e rPnres��i-e�
t��.r +he fl�.t+.,er part ia more abrunt �-h�zn t�rolaJd be a.n+i�in�+e�.
r�. It s�er�s t�rO��l�'le th�t the s+�F�er �Ari�; o�' �he c»r�Te r�nre��r+s
+.,�P ra»n��n� of e�1^�ec ��jr snalli.ne� o�' �orner� an�3 tha+ +he f1 �tter
n�rt renrc�sPnt� the Gl.otiver ro��nd�nm bV a�r-i.nd:i.n� proce.��, snallin�
bei_n� ZTPY'�r rare after a cert�.i.n dPPree of r��,n�)in�* has been re�.ched.
(llOgll
h, Tn+er�re+.ation of +.he form of th;_s ct�r�=e is zr;tia�ed +,n SO'�P. ex+en+,
r�r t�,e �h�.n�*�-nm of �r�r�; en+ r�nd coseq»entl�,* of �r; �1 ence �f trans-
porfiati.on, �rr� ch the w�it.er has c�I l ed "ri�or," from one part
of the s+rer�.m to �no+,�er. ((109-].1 pl �
�. ******, it 5_s r_o+ nossihle �+ �„�esPn+ to correlate sl-ream ri�,or
e_n� s+,rPqm p;r��ient, for thP ri�er �ro}�at�lv �raries �^,�it;h si�es of
pbbbles tr�nsoorted ar� �r,r?th mar_�r o+her fac+ors noi; �ret determined.
((7.111)
.�
�,
3.
�
0
u 1.
n
d
�i .0
r_
0
� 4 �n
/
£in "'1"OF •
r��il.es
(iro„�h i.�ea o�' m�r�re as mert���nPcl �n �'i�tte �1 �}����*ell
�taJ ? . n�^�P 1 1�
To ena.bel +�e re�c?�r to vi su�1� ze t�e r�a.+_,�z nres�nted i.n. a�ranh� n form,
the �enPr�l shanes �nd der*r�es of rovn.dinr� no+ec� ,^:�i l l be descr�re�. ( i 7 1. ] i l
a. At +he he�� of 1-h� s+ra�.m +he fr��inPn+.s are sh3rp-ed�ed .
b. As +he stream ���r�s fo�.lot�rer� th� m,��-�i,al rolan�i.nr* of 1-.he edr�es lAras
�1P^rl�r noticearl.e, e�en zR.ritholat m�kin� me�suremPnts. T�P snrfa.�es
of +�� �eb�] es �re smo�+h an� shoti�r so�ne nol� sh
c. ni- t�''P, l ol^rF;r ;'1'R-�-; nnc +ti+e nPY�hl c g arE; 711nc�ev"�+F,dV tinrell rrn�ndeCl, +.hnU(''h
th� orim;nal fnrm s+.all ners�s'-s ;n ;ts esse�+i�1 oL?tl;�?s +�nra or.]v t;he
�c)ri1�rS �„r� ed�*e� are a�re�t�.l,r �han�*ed.
d. T`�nn_P of' +he T1i�'�es h»."e ne'1�"1'r fiti'fe rol7nCiness �r s�.rn,*'�?t��^'�r nf an e?'{';, or
evPn th�t. of ».n �v�r�r*e no+a+o,
P, ThF +nta] loss �_+' �^Te;+rhi;, a� de�»cec3 from +.he �h�r.�e ir shane and
ex-+er�meni-�) stv�ies, aj*Pra�A� a��iat 6 T�er �en+.
f, q fPtrr of the ner?�]es or �ohb1P�; ���r* e�T'1r7PprE% of fre�h rre+�l-s anc� of
sh�nes r�s,a]+art from �r9,Ct1?Y'F S17�SPryt1�Y]'t +o +he�r rem��al f'rom -t-.he
hea� o�' +he s+,ream. This nher_omen�n �rras suffic�entl�� r�re to k�e
noti.�.ea�le i_n �oTMnarison �^aith +.he sh.Anes of mn�+. of +Y,e ne}->rles �'ar��red
b•r abr�s-��re tuork onl�r fr�m +he or��;nal anp�ular form.
�as h�s been *��ir+,e� ot�t- �hn�re, t-h� arra.sion �n +re tiamrlinP barrel v�ries
tar��?eltr ,vit?� +he ntambPr and si.ze of �err]Ps usec� in it, en�1 i+ c�n no+. be
e*�plovPd hv itself as a me��l?re �f 1-�e dis+a�ce nece��arv tn form rol?rded
Abr?-�les ur�er natlaral �onc?.ii-i_ons.�(llli)
�t �
�
7.
�? .
q�
�n.
- F-
LJS �sS P . 7 �iQ-C,
a. Rornev � has c�lled �z++ention +o tr�s f�c� �r_� -F-� +he �rade�uacv of' such
meth�d s�,n �_��t;ermir.e +.h� r�+e of roun�; r_r� . i� 17.1-112� i
:i ( 11] l nor_ne�r, T. �r., f`?�snrT-r�+;nns an thP rnl7n•';r�* nf 'C�E'�Y��P,� i�zr
A1P�ne .ri?T?rs; rTeol. ��am�, d�>c. 3, vol. 5, nn. 5�-�1, 1F�E?�.
b. NP �nr�ni- fvrther, h�tnrener, �zn� �oncltac�ed that. +�ie �brasinr. of ar_r*ul�r
b7 oc1�-s in a revolv; n� e�,Tl inder ; s not of' rrenera) apn7 ; �at; on reca».se
th� �n1v sort of .r�.?rer vrork simil�r to �t � s the �rr�s ; nn of pebblPs
in notho?es. ((1121)
c. Th�s ��n�]usi.on th� WT'7?"P,r �an r_�i-. accent, beca»�� the comra_rison her�
?nac3e o� +,�!.n �'o_rms o? +he fi P1� a.nd exnerim. en1-.�..1_ ctarves nro�•es concltisi�relv
th.F e�sP�tial s�_m�larit,y of +,he fip1�1 s�nd experimental nror,esses for
streams af +he �enr�r�l t�rnP of T�i�s�ell rork.
d. It �s tr»e t-hn+ in t�,P +t,r�l-]inm ��,rrel +he ,arork ��ne Zs almost �1J.T"P
�hr�s-ion 3n�i impa.�+, ti�.�herea.s in th� s+rPam i-�ere �.rP in a.��?i+�.or. the
ef�'ec+s o�' wea+herinv�, sia�h ac crac�k-in�, crl�m�l�nc�, �n�1 snallinrr off
�{' f'l�kes, �.ur�ir,r* thP r�P���rs in �r�ns,'+.,
e. T1'IP, T^P.1"i'10!� Of' �'1'!P, +LR'1!'�1171? ��3?"T'P,� -I-rf?rF;f'l1rE? goFmS i-Cl }�P, nf fAr 1nllfj@Y'
AT�p11Csi'f-7.0''' +}'1�.J1 �'1`_�S }79�"P.,i-nfnt^P, �i1P,P'Yl 't-j'?r�ticrl-i1-� aT!(j �� 112P.,(jg n72��r i;0 }'1?4f:
Z?;S Y'f]i'P, (jC,''i'P,Y'[Tl7?'12(� �V Cpml'1!i)^c1�;iVP, "�P,z1S177'P,^±P'"�'�"S 7P. ��'Y'P.,Fimc Of' (�1f'`81'A21't
so,-+,s +o be��me of consic3er�ble �alve.
�ne of 1-he *�?o�+ valta�hl e�nn1 i c^+; o��s ��' +he roi,�nciness-� i s+�nce r,ur�a -i s an
C!BtP,r?T!'171?YIP' i-1'iP, �i e't;�'!�CP CeY'i"'�i'�"i ')f�l�'nl �c 1'I�ZrP., i-rta�rP1 �Ci. �lz* a T*'@�1517.7'��T1E'71'F, Of'
f}"tP�Y' 1'01171f�T!F;FS.
The ��er�,mP 0rr07' f'or a11 si-a+mons, ?1 in num'her, 1Ata.s foi�nd +.,o b� ?�! �er �e�nt.
fi. `�'hP, �P,�'P,Y'T111YlAt-�Opi� f(�r fn11Y' nf' t�'1P Si;'�'�1QY1S WP,?"@ 'tTF'r�,T �;rr�ti('� !11rJ'i�'1P'� iTl
n=�.rt at least, tn +.re 1zsP nf a sma]] n»m?�er o�' nP��les--nnl,r fiu� �,t or.e
s+ation.
l�. '^�;+h thesP fo,�r �+�t;ons omi+,te�, +1,� a?*�ramP error �,�as onlv 11 ner cent;.
Tt m„s+, 'he understooc� t.hat +..�; s f� �*t�re rPnres�ni-s onl,y +he error dne t;o
ti*�r;�t�on. of hardness an� of in�?��*;.�i��l histn�r �+. ea�h �f +he s+qt.�ons,
t�P nerfect�.on �f +,�e Cl�r?tP, as dr�z^.m be�nv a.s�tamFd,
�+,her fla�tors +,h�+ ,,���„ld affec+, sta�h a �3ei-err_iirR+�or_ for r��.terial f'rom othPr
s+rPams are �zs fo1]ows: ((nt�mbers from Bull.il
l. The comna.ra+,izr� ri s�or of t;he ttrne o? sfraam �rd the ianirn��rm st-re�tn ��Jill
affe�+ t,he r�tio o�' rorn�neGs to disi-�.nce verT�* cons���rahls. The l.nr�er
iea+tares of rel�+ior_ Y��tv��ePn p�rac�ier_t an� load, o� the onP hand, a,n� ri�or,
on the nt.hPr, car. he inti*es+i ��t�� bt! �.o*�ri_re�� f3.e] �l anrl l.ar�r�t�r�r
s�;ta��r. ( (11 Pl )
?. ThP �.omnar�tavP �ura.bi.1 i i-..r of t�P n�?�b1 es o�' +.,hP s+rearm used for the ttTpe
of r,tar,=e �n�? of those�,,Rfio�e �; s+�nce o+' +ra�rel i � t� bP c?e+erm�ne� can
e��ily be asePrt�;ne� P,'rP?7'lm�n+r�ll�,r.(fll.;�ll
.°i. `i'!'P, P.f'f'P,C� Of' n7'] m� Y1�1 �11�'�a? f�1'I �P, l qraa,l V i 711''P,G'f'i o�?3�!-.P,(� P,Xn� rimr p?'?.] �'tr
�. T�P, P,fff;l',-�. nf' 710T1�'ln'nC��'P.?2P,0115 S+'�"1�Cf11T'P.� Sf'1�.1.gi',nS�'i;V� P.'f;C, �(`A?1 9.� Sn �"1P.
P.'r7£il l7'i+P,C� 'f,n 3 Z.?7'(r'(; P,3C't'.P,n'1- P,X1�PrlT?tP.ni-s�� � V.
�Tra���a a/�,'�-e tables sho-.,,�r_r� .+,he �1;s+,a�noP neb�]es of a �Pr+�;n �ize Anc�
Tf19�E�2'lE�.l fire C%],�"?'1P.C� �Pf''�1'P }"1P,i?7.fr n�]..11-�;r�i-P,�]� rUi' �"?.", f1nP.S r!C)f; g�4-.�1-.E? �;;rh�f
mP+},�d Z�r�s us�d �n obt-a�nir� i-:�aGF ,-esla'1i-s. ((7�:�11
�fi�3i����z15�ta, 4. '��t., Prin�i.n7.Ps �fl s+,-�.+.i�rar�hv, n. ?47, 1�1;?.
Th,P 9�'1(14P P,S1��T?£3�';P_,5 171(�7Ca+P. �rE'1^'r i•n.��rfPrt-.1V SO?^_P. ()f' �-}lE? i.?'li"8�"T1]'P•i:A.f�.(7Y1S
ttrYt.l �'h. Illfl?r �?P. T^f1C� P. ZrF r'r ?+117('1� 17l(�rP. AC(`taT'? t'E?1.V �'-'i-p7' � 1"J�PY� i'�'1f' f;�Tfl.� ll�{'1.OY1 nf'
mnrP o�" t'�� t�?Z�r_rn��n fa�tnr� hA� ?,��n arc�r,t�lis�ad..(�11411
10(',�1.1'f',1C'S 4J1'1P,7'(� T"c�('1.'S O'f' ?qSllzr 7(�@'"�'f'1f'7.Et�3�e f'!r'�P..� C7'On nt7f 1Y' f`�.C;^''IZ!
� ' � c.!-rf.Amg n�?-i�l'I P., P?�?.'_P,r'i s�l '".'j"li ('h �nn hP, (j.1 �f� TlP'l7� S�'lf?(�
defzne� arPas a.n� fi�rr.� sh to
from l�ral. ronlrs �re r_ecessarzr _f'or fiari-r.er f i.eld S+,t�c�ies. f
- 30-
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0
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US GS B. 1 n� �
BiTLI:FTIP1 1�2
A BRIEF COPdTRI�iTTIOTd TU TH� GEOLOGY AI�TD PAL�OAITGLGGY
OF
T?U?�TIiG'dES T �?N LOi?IS TAtTA
r.:r T . '.'7�s�1 and jTaue�hen
TTni.+.e� fitates �eol oai �al St�r��ev
Cha.rl�s �. ���'al��t+�, Pire�tor
F'•.
((Bib. rP�'.. Pub. o�' thP �',. S., �,��y 19fi�: *142. A bri�f
c�ntrahtation +,o tt,e �eol��v an�l *�a.le�ntolov��r of narth-
�ves+.err. I:ovis;ana b�T m. '^T. jraut�han. 1�P6. 65pn., 4 pls.)�
l�J
, F . • .. . r .. .. , - . _ ' . . . - �
O
USGS B. 14?
A BRIEF C(�T.fTRTBTTT_IOI�T TO TN� Gr,OI:OGv AI��n P�LEOPITOLOGY OF
NORTFi`M`�STERN LOt1ISIAT�1�
by T. 'V�v] �nc� Ttau�*han
TTpi t;P.Cj S'�'�-li-pg rreolo�; cal
RUI._I !��TIFa Zn.2
1�96
( ( 11_Al?Straat r1�fiPs ��
na.g� r�ferences
�. . . . . � - �hr�cl-=+s
S urve�T
1� - f'(�r�+'1n+�g nf Rt)1�P,1-in
..........................................................,..............
(�Pa�es l-l�: ��TTer, +;tle �a�*e, oor_+en.+s, l;�t of illtzst-,-a+i�ns, �r_cl
le+ter of tr�nsmit+a1.11
PP.EFA.TORY g�OT�((11.-12)1
1. Th_e fol.lov�r-ir�p' short pa�er �*i�e i-he re�ults of �ome stiadies +,ha.t- I ha�*e
mu�le on the �*.eol���,* anc� naleont;olo�v of northlRrec+ern I.:oi�isian�
?. This con_tril�utior. i.s 17ec`�Ss�rilsr af a fr�ffmPn�t;�rv nature, nartl�r on a.ccolir_f
of t�±e cond�+�.ons under ti:�r�.rh i-he stv��e� ha�r� reen nrnSPCl1+P,� an�' partiv
frc�m �n en+�_rP la�k of to�o�^ra*�hic mans of +.�P are� disc�iiss?cl.
:�. In +he Americ,an r,P,O� Op'� S+ f01^ .ADrll , 1t�9�, T published � p�nPr en+,itled
"The s+ra+i�rent�v �f north�a�e�t,ern I oiai si ara:
�. `�'rP �r�a+er part of +.h�+ p�n�r, �*rit;h so�e �rerhal �han��s, is ren,��]ishecl
�c�re as � s+rati�*raph;� ;.n�todvr,t�on.
4. �r. '"lilliam �?. �a11 h�s nren�re? � n�per, ,.**hi�h t�:�il] nroba?�7v ax�near i.n the
F1��,,+Pen+h Ann���1 �enor+ of +r� C11Y'TrP,s�� c3eal�nr� -rrith �-he nomennl�+ttre a�n�?
correla+ion of thP Ter+j_qru 1�eds of +l�e TTn;tec� fi+a_i es.
&. Tn +�'li5 rnn'-r����+,� nT] �r. D�� 1�'1�35 �1'ln-•-n 1-'n�i- +Y�P Zrlrlrc�l�r9` �n�� f�'?.E' rTr3nC�
�=11�.f' 9T1� j-�'1P, tlE?�S �'11.{'.1�P�^i-n f�.8t10T^JY?S'FP.t� IAt":rpr �q7_OC^Y�A Sl�nl7�(� �P, (;nng�.C�E'1"P,!�
�l; ��c�n?, t-.�P �'i rs+ 1,el�r_�in� +n +re T o1r:�P,r �l.�.m�r,�ne ard i-,re second to
1-1�P, TTTJ7IE'r' n].i_.p'n(`"YIP
r. Trrol��*h t.hP �rn�r+Ps�r �� nr, P,�1�, T h��e ti+,ili�Fcl �h�t e��.ssifieQt;on
i]'1 i;11P, PrP,sP,n'I- p�T?P,]' .�� l7 i 1
S TRAT IG? ,`�PHY OF TH?, REGI OT? ((1 ?,- ?71 �
I . AR�A DEFIr?�,D( ( 7.?.� �
1_ .'�?�e �.rea. h�rP �es�ribe�i � s t��' �or+-•�or. of I o»isiana �o,ar�?Pr� in a�Pner�l
Z'QfiV Zl�r �{;1'�F �t")'�ngac qrr� `i'P.XAS Si'fl.�.P, �1TI�S� �V fr!� ntl�.�}"11.�"A PiZrF'.1' P� f'Fxl"
SO�If']'] ti5 H`-1T"'19(1T1�'ltlrp'� 1'�TyT i� ljrA ?'1l?'�ni�n' �{'�aY1C9 {C? 4.j8YaT'!�Pl.� !�n -f-1'�P. �*'f?C�
R;_zrAr, �.T!r7 -I;j�PnCP, Y�C)r+Y?P,BS+ ?'(i f? T1niY�i ?r,rP,S'�'" nf' 1�!'�.nSfi(1Cj nTl '{"1']F' �Eil"3'1�1�'
T?it�er.
2. This �rP� h�s r�en +1�e snl�-ie�+ nf �tt��v rj.r sP��era..l PP�lo�;.s�"s
�. f`on�ac�, �s e�rls- as 1�34, 1/ annnt,nce� the ex;.s+�ncP of tre FocFne
in it from fossils sent to him
b. Later ?ii1 �ar� , Honk; ns, �Tohn.s�n, I�r�h, K�rr� s, and T'c�eP h».z*e done
f. i eld tinror_k therP
1 12. Jotar. Acaa . TT�t. Sc-i . Phil�.., �To7 . VIT, 1R'�4, p. 120
I I. TFi� C RET.AC �OT?S ((1 ?-14 i 1
1. Tre n]L7. ci-qnr+P nf �re+�.�eo�.a� s+,r�+a ;.r_ I ou; si �n� was f; rst .ind.i snntarlv
ec+�'r]isr�c� l�v �r;7.m�rd ir_ 1£'6�. 2�
? 1? �'r�'lZ.�,ir,�_r-�- r�pnrf o�' �. �'Pnl.oc-ic•?l r�rorYt�7:'sa,�,r�((�i,c'ii of
T on� gi xirlri: 11a '3ot'�t �"P„� �'r].f,3r�5 1?P�*; F,.r� SPn+n.nl�e.r, 1�6�`, �. 11
2. S„?�,�,rry„�,-,+l�r unnl-;�s, .Tohnsor,
f're+ac�Prnas �.n tre St�zte
:i. ?�r. I erch �ives a 1 i st c�f +:hP
rP,�Or�i-. �� L1T�0]'1 +h8 ?'P,o] O�r O'f'
�n� I �r�h hti+�� no+c�� th� o�currer_ce of
7ocal�+ies o�' +hesP rocks in h-i.s nrelim�.narv
+t�� hi lls of I oizi s-i �na.
:� 1?. �i nrel;mar.�r�r renm-t i���7, +t�e h;71s of Iot�;s�an�: Rt�liP+in of
t-he I n,,� �; �rs rxn�r;,r+e•,tal Stai-.; nn, 1���, P�rt 7T, n. 72.
- �-
e�. rr�+,�cern,� on+�rons h�?*e hPPn floi�n!� in nor+t�_arn ro��i_�i�-±a, i.n +i�P par�s�es
o�' ''r�bster, �;Pnville, rTa+�,hi+���ec, "?ir_n, �nc� rapicles.
�. Nilr��rr� observe� +,1�a+ th�GP oia+.crons ��hen m�nne�? form a 1ir_e tren�?in�
f'T'O?n. Y!O�'i:h,,�rPs+. to sotat?�east. �
4 1� On. cit., p. 11
6. Pssociated ��rith them �r� salt cieposii;s; h�rd. l�me�tone, slalAhur, an�l
m�Tnsir�! are nnt �nf.reqvent.
a.. �n secs. 31 an�l 32,, T. 1Q I�?. ,'�. �- �Y. , ne�r /�tlanta, 9n '.r,rinn Pqr9 sh,
1-�ere out�rops � hard b1�aP 1�me�+one, u�hi ch � s fT'f3't7PY'SECj hv M� rna+e
flSsvrP,�.
h� T� +hesP f�ssure� a sr�a71 r�mo»nt of o�o]�l o�etars.
7. Tn these roclrs rxo��rr� �ostata �as been found
--------
a. qs thisj't�ossil -is charac+eris+�c of +hP rTlauconi+.i_e division o£ the
TTp�er !'.re+.�neoi,s, the si-rata. in I,o�x; G; �n� b�arin[� i.t- mvst h�
considerec� aG of �7�vconitic �.c�P. ((12i1
1�. ��il�a?-d 1� ment�or_s CTrvnhaPa �itcl�eri also; bvt he is z�i+.},ov+ do�zbt
mi s+��ren ;n h� s identi.f; ca+; on, :�s �. »;.+cl�Pr� 'is � rom�.n�he s�r� es
--_---
fossil, �n�? cloes no+ occ»r ;n the TTA��r �,-Pt�ePo�.�s ( 13 ,
]. 1� DY'P.11.*�iinar�r T'P?�Or'�F nf' a�*P,n�Q?1C`fl.l 7'P,COT!71015��lY1C�?���S�ii nr
Io>>i_siana, p. 11.
R. mhP relat;ons of +he FocPr_e +o +?�e r,�•etaceo„s, as conce�t*ed. b�r Fion�i.ns,?/
�re s.h.n,�rn ir a secf.;.on across thP St�+e, p�a�li �hed in h� S fi.rsl- ra��ri;.
�13 F;_rst Anni,�l Reno,.� o�' +hP �'eolo�i�al. fii?r�e�r of Lon;.siana, n.
78, in i-re j,ouisi.qn� S+�,te TTni�r�rsitv neno_rt for 1�69, nvl�lishecl 1�70.
a. ue i.n�icates that therP are lrnohs of Cretaceoiis, ar�und wh�cr the.
Focene ;���s d.e*�ositecl, bi�t �oe� nnt sta+,e expl icitl,y the rel�t� ons
Px-i.st� n� betiueen }he -tti�ro seri es .
Q. Dr. 2,erch 3/�'i�es the folloti:*in�* exnlanati_.on:
��1:�, A nre) iminar�T ren�r+ unon the h� i's oi I,oia� sian.a: T�U].7 e+-i.n of
+he I o,?i si�na ?�;�n�r-i�ent S+atic5n�; 1F�93, }'ari; TT, n. 72,.
"If tAre corne�� +he a'�ozre lo��li+ies zve obt�in an ir-r��izlar line
��rit-h a north�^�e^terlv t�er_d, reTreAli.n�* 1-he di.stribution �f the
Cretace���s depos�ts in nor.+.� I oiaisi r�na a.s f ar as exnlored orer
I�OOO "f'P,P_,"I' in Lhi_ckness. rTo��rhPr� o�a+s�de of +he ou+crops h�tre
t,or�s reac�.hed +he �rPi-.eceovs, no+ e�*�� in .+.�e ne�re�+, �rici.ni.+zr;
�Tel1s of eor_s;.clerable �epth �,ave nene+r�+ec� .+.,he s��1es of +1,P
Loti;*er I;_�n,'+:i.c a�.nd T,'ar-i_.r.e flai.b�rne �rhich sUrroland the�e isl�nds.
It i � mo�+ »rol,a.ble, ho�rre�rer, th�t a.t; Shreveport the artes-i an
bore, 1,100 flPP,.'?� in depth, has �enPt-r�+ed +he _Terti�rzr stra+a,
�nr� +.,h�,+ i},e wa.ter floz�.rs f,-�.� trP TTpner C'rPtaneolls �ands. <Tla��i,no�
from +,t�.P �ores anc! exnoslares of i-1�is sl�bstrveture of I o�zi s; ar.a, �nd_
excltac�in�' +he �verl.�ri.n� 1�ter d��os�ts, it renresc�nts a r-i.do�e
��ri+h steep h3_lls;des and occ�si on�l h-i a-h pe�ks �F.r�+}, �lr�ost per�en-
d; cular decl i?ri.ti es. Th.e rxor�vra costa+a �nd the rTrunhaea
pitcheri., fo�md in close nroxim.�tv in these oiat�r�ps, as well, a.s
— — — .
the �oaene di_rec+lV overl�Tin�; s�nd rPs+inr� aP��ns+ the �retacPoi�s,
seem to nrove that at the close or 1!"e�sozoic time e�nY"nOlJS pintoni_c
forces COnZr�]1SP,G�, frac+»re�, f�talted, an� folded i-he �reta.ce�las
stra+,a, +hro��in� ian mount��n chains of �ast extent and r�.isin�
them fAr aroZre the �.^ra�`ers of the Gialf. Tt seems to us more +han
po�sible th�.t thesP �rand disturbances involve the ��hole o�' th�
Soi�thern Cre+aceoias, �nd 1-h�t +,he �not-r-ioias dontnth..row alon�* +,he
Ralcones �nc] the basal+,ic oi�+brea.vs �1on�* tha.t fa�a7.� are �ontem�or-
aneo�as �rri.+,h +he ori�,in o�' the x�ro�Z�-tz��n- eh�.fimR��rl i;he Tertiarv of
th.at Stai-e and of Lo»� siana. In the basir.s �n� eml�atm?.er_ts formed the
Foc�r_e s+ra+,� �nrere c�e�osite�l, +he ver�T exi stence of which �roves
_ 3_ US GS B. 14 2
th�t the�e is�as no ;nterna]. of a land pPriod l�et�ve�n 1-hP �re+-a�e��?s
�n� 'r'er+i?rsr ir_ t;h; s G+�te, and if �;�e �niil� retTove 1-he co�er-inr�
m�nt� e�*�p �Frt�1�1� s�-� fhe �ha.-ins anc? pe�ks nf li*^es+,one rqn�es
forrrP�i a'- -�hP c�los� of +�?e ?T; ��1� 4mes of otar nlan�+ al�er?d
som��rha+ h.r 1�tP7� erosion. ar� clenl�ci��-��.on."
1.�. I�m not prepared t-.o nc�ree �^r�+h nr. I�errh �s to +�A �orr�l�+�.on of the
rlig+l�7'�1811CG ll'1 I011ici.A.Tlfl S17CrG'P,f�ipm t;l'1P CZOSF' qi' �4-}'�P, (;rp1-�,C'P.nllfi
denos;+i�r_, rr;_tr t�e +.;mPs af f.h� Rq]�nnes f�ul.tin�^ �n�? +.he Pa�lot unob
volc�ni� a�.fi�ity. �
4; 1? The �ilot �nob �Tolcaro tin�a.s 'i�"n}'?flY��V a�t;i�*e d,�r;rv ia�;e
�re+a�eo,�s 1-;-�P, ti�rhere�s +�e ?��lcones, f�.�Zl+;n� +.,001� �.la�e m,�ch
la+-�r.
1� . 7�ri17 Pmnh�size +h� fo] lo�r.�ir�* fa�+s, hov��P��er.
a. The �rn+,a�eoi�s ota+.,cro�s in +hP F�1P.,A unaer dis�u�s;nn hQ�,e a��ner�l
soiathe=��t an� nnri-h�est t-renci, 1^rith l�nohs �r oeavs nr��e�+ina_� a.lon�
�h� li.r.�, r�.nd arol�nd thes� lrno'�s th.P '+�oer,P has be�n. c�enosi+,ecl.
b. The o�c�arr�n�P of r�an_�r of +,hes� r�rojecti.n� nea.lcs woul� ind-i_cate a
perioc� �f erosion i.n+erveninm be+tveAn. the rlose of �re+a�eot?s
anc� the beP;inn;.n�^ of �;ocene.((1?))
c. F?t*-thPrmorP, +he �ref�ce�us at thP '"Tinn U�rish m�rble q�a�.rrv as
�I.m�ost hori zont;al., 1-�,e 1�*�eston� ri sin� as a buttF-live ma.ss �nto
thP roc�ne. (iI3-14)i
d� If there ra� been a mo�.�nta.ir_ ch��.n, �� nr. I,Pr�h m�i�ta�ns, tiaith
thA roe�ne cleposited immecli�.+,�1�r thereafter, be+'nre erosion had
c�er�rac�?c9 the l�mes+,�ne, +he �'rP+a�eot�s ro�� �+. t.his nl��e shoi,ld
re�resPn+, ei+,��r a�o-�A or �an Ani-i.cli.ne, riat su�,h is nn+ the r,�se.
(17.�� )
e. >4nnnre.n+,l�r +,re most l or�; ��i Pxn] ��,�+; o� n�' .+.�P rP? �t; �n �? +t�P
('r�i;fl.�P.�l7S fo +he ro�Pre is t.ha+, s� ]�nc� p�r; ��1. fo11n`�rec� +'.:.e close
nf' -{-1'1f' �P,�OS1.?"�OTl O'f '}'b,� r0('trS t1P�01'ip'?1'1�' +n �i��P "(»'mPr SAr'+P,S.
III. Th�, TERTIARY((14-25�1
TIiF EOGr��'E, ITS CIiARACT��.S "�"?D DIS^n.IF�TTTIOI�?( (14-241)
7. T'nP �;ocene o�' Lo�,; s»na ha,s reen t�ha Gv�.iec� of m�r� or le�s stiac3�T ez-r�r
s�n�e �onra�l, in 1F�:i4, annotanced +l�e ?x;.�+ence ��' s+raa-� �f +,h�t a�*e in
1-hP 5+�+�
2. Thes� Y�e�s are comnos��l o�' li�*n�.+i� �l�vs anc� Sanc�s, +.he s�rds of'ten cross
bP�lrleci, ,^.�ith +he ;n+�rst-r�tif;catinn o" '�n�'s �PA,"inm a lit+ora7 f�iana; 1-he
fossi.li.fPr�„s be�s arP o�c�a.s;onal��r imt�i,re li-rF�+one.
?. Ann�r�nt-l�r bP�s -in one n]ace re�rir�* mflri�e t'ossl.ls ma�r ;n �+h�r t�la.ces
1,e r�presented b�� berls o�' th� sa�� aa�e c�ez*oid �f animnl r^m�i~�s; +.h�refore
�.f is n�t �zt. nres�n.t. no�si',7e +,o slzbd�v;de an�? �c�rr�Ia}e •,-;th ac�urac�•�
�7] o�' +he strafia belon�;n�* tc� +�?� �'oce�e oer;od fo�an� in Io��isi.An�
4. T�e folloti��inv� �r� a�nroxi?ra�P1_.�r +he ]im�+..s o? .+.he a.reQ occupied bv the
s+rata belo�c�ir.?� +o i-�_� s per; o� �n I:o��i.�;.ana:
�. (�n +t�? n.�r+h ?�r_d �.�.,est 1-hP T'ocen� �= tl1i� Stafe is oon+i.nuoi�s t�r;+h +h:�+.
of Arlr�ns�s an� TPxas,
b. On +re solith ibhe hot�r,�?�,-�• ,:$ fo?-rzec� b�r +hP rr�.n� �ulf �li�oc�n�
C. 2'}'11 g i�� l?'l�f�F'?rP 7�Ari-inrr rl7Y!S f'l"C?7'fl E3 '�BVT ?T!� ] P,S Snll.i'j'1 �l!' '�'OSP,r'1 P..� C� � 1I1
('�fffl''1�171'� ps'Tich� j'1z,r (',E�7!i;AT?r1.Z�.P,� i.T'1 'f;1�P SBTP_� T)��"7Sh� C?"OSS7.Y1�' 11.'�'FZF..
�?�trE?Y' S O7' 6 2P_l� P,S �P.]_O�^I iiBnY'F'E'.t:0��.71� 7'f'.Etl'1"?ll"1�' +hP. T�2� Ri.VE'T" � P.1]� f.'S
nnr+h or Colft�Ry -in �Tr�n+. pa.r�sh, �n�? +h� S���ne ri.�*er ne9r th�
2Tl�l��'1'] �f' Fis�.VOtl TTP.f*r11+•. 1�
l 14 ��io'?iE? Ofl �'1�c� qhp?TF� i�a+'� '-lrf? -f;9�'P.77 fr(�m T�(�tnlrir!5: ?' j'"�i- �1ri''1.�7t�1
�'enor+ �r j o,i' s; ana S-t-�i-e rxA�l o�i.ral. Su.rt*�jr, p. g�, f'c�r 1869, r�i�',l; she�t
1F?70.
-�-
F. �lr, 1 er�h h�s d.i�r�.de�l the �o.r,ene 3s f'o1l ows:
Zjl CIrS�U7"p'
c1�C�'SOTl
�rca�li � clavs
TTn*�P,?' Z ] m7ll+i_C
T�arir_e Claibors�e
I<cn�.er I,i�niti.c
�
� Prn�ris �_�n�l names
l
6. The follo�r�in� srheme -is �aSPd in. +�;_s p�ner: ((1�1�
roc�ne: .
�Ta ckson
(',p�.�Tgf i P,] (j F@T'Y'�T bP,(� S� P.nl71ST�].2rf � ]_?� '�. �*PT1P1"�1 V�IaV�
fn +he rlail,�rne sar_�ls of Alal�»*nal
Iovr�r Claibnrr_e, ;ncl.u�;_r.a� �s±rea�sellaef�rmis berls,
I;�'�nn beds, a.r� '�iahrs-F.�ne.
I�imni_+i c
((a��1
A. LIGPIITIC STAGE((1�11 .
7. Tf tY�� 5 forma�2on�,occiars in I oia� si �n�, it. ; s on]�T in the n�r+l,,,,,rPs'-ern
�nrn�� of Cadca� Par� sh and �r�b3ti,l�r �+ St,retrenort
?. I hr��e s�en a.t Pori- r��d.o L�nd�nv�, ;r� Fi�rrison �ot�nt�r, T�x., �R�hich
9d;oin.s l`acl�o P�r;sh, strata 1-hra+ I consi_der Iimr_;t;c. ]�
�15i� 4m. freoln�i.s+, ?ro�. X??'T, nn. ���_30�, �ToT-embPr, 1P��
a. Tf +h; s noi nt i.s conneci-.ed �r�ifh +h.e no� n+ ,,�1,_e•-� T"r. fTar,-;_� t s
T;c*n�.+i�.-�'la;horne pAri;;nc, as s?��zr.m on his *�ap of sol�+h�rn
Arlr�ns�.s, re�rt�e� +.�e Arka�s�s-I ota� sia�na St�+e ] 9.ne, �i; nrill
he se�n t�a+. t�?.e nnr+r�.�,�c�s+..ern corn�er of C;addo P�.rish is m�s��':
prpY�9hlzr I:i�rr�1;1C.
��. I h3�*e n�i- b,�en ��] e to exami.n +l�a+., a.rea
B . LO�I� ,T'�;�? CLAIBC��I�E STA�'TL ( (15-21) )
1. This st;a�e cozrers bsr far the l.ar�es+ �r�� of anv of the stabc?i�*�.s�ons
�f +,hp FOCPI7P, ir1 I,Ovi s'I �.nt�,�
a. Fr.+�n�in�* so��+.h from the Arkansa.s line to �eor�eto�+m, on Iit+-1e
ni�rPr, to St, T,R:�lxrice, at t1,e mouth o? S���ne Rauotz, on t�e ne�l
i?i_trer, �n� to Pro�encal, on +he Texas an.d Pacific T'�-il�:�ra.y.
b. Io�T�r C,lait�orne fos��1G ha�Te ���_r, roi,nd ;n �3oss;er, „rebs+Pr,
C1.aiborne, Ri.em*�lle, Jacirson, ,,"ri.r_n, TT�tchi+oches, and �rr�nt
��r?shes.
2. In nla.ba.ma � the lo�^,rer C,'t �i?�n�� ; � �;tr� �ed into--
Os-!-r�a s!-�11 �.�f orm_i s bc��? s.
I,; Gbon be�l s —
Bta�rstone
9, ].,ri �(`-• Tl• T-Tc�rric: q2?!• Joi,r• S('l�� �.D�"��� Z��i�• SP,P �1�.8() .S'P!�i-�'?. '121�
Johnson: ??iz�.l.. T'. S. �eol. Si�.�re�,* T?o. �3, 1F�87.
3. In T�� ss� ssipni nr. �-i 1 ma.rd '�/ d;�rides .+he rlaiborne, rP) nvr i-re I� �nitic
bea at tr.� bace of t-he Jacl�son, into--
(_'• &.�. C A, r ,P, (�1l S
S'! � 7..CP.Ong ( 1 qi_t?Or2'IB
3 15 1�1�ric. and �eol. o�' rR; s,�., k860,p. 108
�
_�_ USGS B. 142
�. Smith � wrii�es:
��, 15 ,�ial�.. �. S. �Teol.. Surve�r �To. 4'i, 18£?7, n. 2.5
�rFr�.*, +1'1P, SP.C''i np m�ZTP.T'1 � 71 �� � P"-_trC�. � 5 rP_,�O'"}' � ,' �- gonmg '{"1"lf?.t;
1}1(? P11(��ZP '.�fll"� O�' t"7h?'f' 1^IP, �'].fl.�Tg CS��P,� "f"�f? r.la.ihorne SP,1''iPS�
cor�f:aininp� ��e �re?+ nlam?��r of (1s+,re� se] 1�e�'ormis, `l.�'P i-.�e
�eds of +he !'�1c�ren,�s �l„r;sion��hest de�*ei.opec� ;.r. +h�.�+-.
st-ate. 5/
5 1� �hP �a.u+h�,- ;s n�+ �ltos�e+h?r �ez�t,ai� e�iotlt Sm;+h's correl�+ion
F, TrP S�li�eoias rl.�i�+orn.e renresen+� ir_ ls�r�e nart. +he �iahrs+o�±� of a,la,�am�
a. ?'hi � form��;_on in �Iabama an� T°i.s�; ssipA�. recei�r�s ;+s name ?]"nm the
peculi.ar l�tholo?-i.c �ha,��c+ers �f �+s constituPnt ro�Us, •��h.;�h �.ave no
co�an-I-erna.r+ in Iou-is-iana
b. As +,t,e R,,hrsi-nne in -�hese +Uro States �.9 not c�ar�c+-�ri.zec� t�.r zve11
nreserjre.� fossil or��ni�ms, ;t is r_�+ po�s�rl� +o ma,kP anT,r �,rec�se
corrPl a+,� on,s,in the I oua si ana. aec+i �n
F. 'PI�F' 1^ecr-ipn i11 •••'•,iCh I.O�ve.r f'IF��?�nrnF fnegilS ha•*G �hA�'•n fo1�7��1 l�.a� 8.11^a'a!'lv
be�n �_nd icated.
7. The f'o] lo��rinm are +hc� �ennral litholos�ic chara.cLers nresented b�r the
s� a�e � n I:ou-i siana. ((15i 1
a. In ('n��o and PPSoto nar; shes �nd ;n TT�fch;+.pches Parish � as far
sou��. a.s TTictoria this for^�.a,tion is rP,T11'PS� rl�.e�3. 1��� 1-icn�t;i.c s�ncis
�and clr�vs de�r�;cl o�' m�:r�.n� foss�ls, btzt 1��nit,iferovs s+.,r�ta orrur
t-hroua�holai; +�e whol P ar�a nf +. rP LO�T_P.r Claiborne. ((1�-16� 1
8.
9.
6 1�, Th;s n�rt of th� I�irreN Claibarne is �tilmard's T^P.nsf;.�ld �*roup.
t�. Tn Rossi�r, r1 a;horne, an� R; �nn;1� e P�zri shes f�sai 1 s a.*-e found �5 ��sts
�n sar.�?stone �nc� .as ferr�ls�ir.otas renl��empn�s. �(16��
C. T]1 '''Te}�S'!-pY'� �?i.P1'�V�.�.�F?� �71� cT%l(:�'gC)rl T�+-l�"�.5�^P,S ��"IP, ?O�S��S �Y'P USLIH.�.��r
nr'�;'��YlBf! �"' �'lzLl7CQ21'1.+1.0 S'�Yl(�S� �1i-1Zclti�*h '121 '-}'lP, 1'.taln 1£�S+ nr�rich.�'S '��'1G's.*
fl.i? Of'.Cf1,Sl (lYlil.� 11,r lly`P,S�?1f. 1T1 z,rP,� �..�"*� c�']. C'l fl?!
c� . Far+h�r sol,th, ; n+.h� �x1 rem= s�ia+rPrr. nort5 on o�' R; �n?r;,� 1 a P�.r� sh �.nd
�Y1 �T��C'.Yt�+n�hag �,r� „r].Y1Y! nar7ShP,G, fhP, f'nSSi!7f�rntas ?�Pr?S a_rP 4??'�r
("�].C!c1rF?nlJS '�Yl� aY'P ril'�"1 Z71 '�06Si�S� t^Il"I'��1 A.1'f', t7Sll'?I�SI Pnf7�"11r A]'P,Sf'7'VE'�.
8. �si;rea s�1l�eforn!is ;s of+,en ex�F�r�me7v a?�»n��nt
----------
�'. m�!erP ar� sl -j mh-F n�1P,�Y1tn1 o�r; � �l i ff`prP]'�rPS 1-0 ?-�P f�t�n� i.n tha f�una,
r.onfa;r_ed i.r_ +he c�lc!�reolas cl ��*s nr �] ��rP�,T 7 imc��'+��,a� o�' northti^�est-�rn
i'jipn p�ri ch �n.� o{' T?atch.�'-o�t�f s PQ,-; �, �s c'om�arPd '.'r; .+,h +he �'a»n�. fc�tlnd
;n +.h� �-1�lzcon;+ic :>an.�s t-.o -F?�e nart-��„��st; �uf. rn+h �'avn�s �re betrond
f�0111�1- Zp*�*P.r f;l�.�l?�T'Y12� nprl +.hP�r 3rp Tr�rtr CZOSP.Z.�r 7'P,�,�3'F'.E?C�.
p_;. F'rom the sol�t.hP�.�f. d;n o�' -1-hP r'ocer.P or I csi,; sian� i+ �n��ers �rer�- �robable
th�+ +he �.a�c�rPon� bec�s �.l-�ove �1'1ade�3 +� rPnre�.pn+ a hor;,�on a I.i++le
hi��er +,�an +,hP ml�.11oon{+.ic be�s +,o +he n�rth.
}7. `'��� �",i'Ll.Y1 �"1�F; C`�1.( 'a.Y'Pnt7g f3,1'f'S �3+ it" •?�317Y'? C('� nC�}�(?Y't',S�T�.� �('. � fiTlf� �'iP,07"P'P�',(�1'.7i
Io�^«,r f',l��horn� fos�=ils ,rrere oY�ta�ned irom t�l�taconi�-i.c san�s or a�r�en�sh
�1 ajTc .
�. These be�s, from +.,r.P closa r�s�mblance of thei.r ?'o�'^�� �, to �-,hos� foland
�n +hP calcareoi�s be�s, in a.7.1 prorahili.+.v renreser_t lor.�.l li.�holo�ic
��.ff�renr�es ,'n t.?�e ho�•; z�n +.o �ti�h; ch thF ��1 �arenvs �eds l,eion�.
TrP I o,�rer rla�i�orne fo��.�-; on res+^ conforn!�blv u�?on +he I��n�+ic, �nc�
p�sses car_formarlv into +.he f'ocksf-i.e1 �l Fer��r be�'s ab��zTe.
�f nr. IPr�h's �1;�;_Gion +,he follov.;r_m r��onm to �he Iotiver �1.�ibornP:
�Tac�reon (�n- ��r+l
nrc��? � �. �1 ��rs
T�?�»P.�" T '�.mn-i,-f-j � ( i p �'lar�1;�
1''�rirn f;l_tfil�nrpF;
T,nvtrc�r L�iP7i�?fic^�n+-. ]n��+ in �,�r{-�
1�, T+ i.s �3�.rfi�"l.i- i-n !�ec��3� urhP1-��r +.hP s+rn.+.� �xnos��? a+ S�z.rP.v�nori; shot�ld he
c�rsiclerPc� I i�^,,;+; n or Io��r�r C] �ibnrne, al�h�v�*h +h�tr ��-P nrnhablv I�iv�.i+ic.
- 6-
1.1 , Th� t`;�nsfi.eld �roun of uilm�.rd �Mo„� �a ;n �11 �ro',�1,;1 ii;�r bP re�'erred
+,n +.�� jo-=�ar Clsiibn7'n�
a. mh.�re i� in +hP 1!?ans_fiPl.rl �r�un, so fa,- ?s '^,'e knrnt�, a �Omn].e+P,
fil'1SP,�'1CP, O� Prlir!'i�l T'C3mai1'?S� i-1�n f�07�'i?t"nr� }�(?l�n' f'nT'!�OSP.C�. Of'
1; ��n�+i.feroi,s s�nd.s ar.d cl ��Ts
17, T1']2 C;r2.,1^s3C'�-27^S C�f' ?-1��± SfI'ai'.�� how��*er, Cirp li-f1'lO1n�'].C"�� �u i;�'18
sazne as +rose of -!-.h� 1��n�t;.f�r�t�s be�'s +,hn.l ocr,�r wi1hin +ti�e;
nort.hern r�rt of the Iov�rer Claib�rre a.rea l�et-�veen the �uach.ita
ar.d T�ed. r�vers
C• `T'�'1P, T!lAY'1�'1P ?'OS"71S fo�md bet�re�� '�1'1P,Sf' '�'.1ff0 ri�rers &I'f' A11�If]�rS
l,o-f-,h o�er] �.1.n anr� unc� erlain �,y 1 a�ni.tic s+rata( (,16) )
ci , mh� T��rsf; eld �re^ 1-� es south, sol�+tii�rrest, ar.cl lvest of a nart
nf' f-l'�o I,Q��;*o,7' CI�7�ilnrriP. %��^( �� l.Tl l",r11iCh mari7lE' f'OSS71S }1�ZTP_. �PP.Il
f n>>nd ( (16-17 � 1
�, r�al�inp� �.n annrox;w,a+,e �eterm;_n�+io� o�' thP s+ril�e of the forme_r
L�e�7s, ��rh�.ch i� ei+h�r n�r+h nr nor+he��t, the ?'OSS111'E'P,?'OL1S I.o�rer
C��.,,•rc�rne Of' T�OSS�.F-17'� ,°:rP'�iSf;2)"� i;1:�11')Orrip� �r��l ��.�n��lle 1'�37'1S}'1E'E ZRTOUZ(�
be �.1on�* t�e s+r;t>e 1�n� of' t.,h� r,��nsf-ield. ((17)1
f. I�o��rPr Cl�iborne fos�;ls h��Te bP?n frnm� ,•n ��arr,'_son roi,n-t-,r, Tex., 1�
. north�.rF��t of +he ou+crnns o�' +�,p ��ans�'i�ld; 1-he�,T ar� fo�an�? nor+,?,, nor�i�-
east, an�? e�st � o? t�e ov+.crnns ofl the forr�a+ion lzncler di scussi.on
�n �arishPs �.lre��izr ment�o�c�c�, �nd. +o '-Y�a soia+h t-he T�ansfli.eld in
rTa+;�ti�-i+.oches P�rish dins und.er +�,� Iol+rer �l�il-�orne a-� ?'-icto.rz.a.
1 17, , Ia?^rren�e C. <Tohnson, '!'he ir�n R���ons of northprn 1;oi?is;an�.
�nd e�s�ern Texas: �x, nor_,. T?o. 19�, N. of n., 50+h C�n�ress, 1st
'3ession, p.21, 1P�8. T?ap.
�17)l The Ia,"•TP.r r�����rne is east o�' +re P.��ansfield in. T?atch.itoches,
?"Tinn and !".r,�nt parishes.
�� The oppin�on h�,.s b�en expressed t�at t'�e l�eds rea:r�nm thP mar;ne
�'osGils, fo�?nd i.n �re �icinif�r of �Tictori.a, Provencal, rTateh;+.,o�hes,
St. p.,�aurice, etc., ^re s�rat;i�raphicall,y abo�e t�.e fos�iliferous
beds f'o�,nd in T�,oss�er, '�.rebster, C'.laib�rne, �nd fii.env�lle parishes.
h. ?'�Test of the otatcrops ofl the r'`ansf� �ld, in Texas, arcordine� to L. C.
Johnson, � is rlaiborne.
'� 17 ,Ibid., see�'n:Ap.
i.. As the tonc��ra�hV o�' the T!�ansf;eld does n�+ rFnresPn+.. � rasin, �
such as ��•ro,ald su��*est th�t. t;l_-�e I,ov�rer Cl �iborne had b�en ern(�P,C� off and
the Li�'ni+ic exnosed, it see�ns +o +h� v,�ri.ter +.,hat the �T�.nsf'-i.eld is
only a port�on.o�' 1-he I:ot�rer C1,a�b�rnp �le�*oid of mar�ne fossils.
4� 17 T'�e '�'�rer!�mP, a1t�+tade �1ona 1-hA mev��, an�? P�ci.f;.c pH.i.].��ra�r
from Shrever?cr�+, A�'FP.r passin� olat o�' tre r-i�Fr bot;t,om, to Pro��encal,
is 281 fAet; alona� thP jrickshlzr�, Shre�*enor+,, �nd Pacifi.c Ra.i.lr��d
from Shrevcnort, �f+er leav�rm tt�e �ed ��_vc=r ro�t-�:om, to r�lhotari, it
is 247 fe�t. These e1 ��ra+.; ons Are tatren from thP resnec+i.�e r�.il-
ro�d profiles.
��, Th� a�-e nf +hese beds has a.lrP�dv beAn noin+,ed ot�t l,�r Johnson, 5/
I.erch,� a,nr� Fi�rris, � bta.t a17. +hreP ha�*e e.-r�d in rmakin� +he Lo�rc�r
f',7.a.lr�rne a.res� ton s�all r�n�l +he Jaekson area. too la,-�*e.
� 1.7 Ibi_d., n. ?.0
6 17. ) A orelimi.narv renort ia�on t-he h; l.] s o-=" I:o,�; si.�na, �art II,
1893 n. 82
7 17 1 Tertiar�* �eolo�,r of So�trern 11r��ansu�, 1894, p. 177, Pro�'e�so.r
Harris erred in accP�tinm the prP?ri n�,s 1,+rOry o�' Johnson on fhe ar�a.l
disi-ri hution.
_7_ USGS B. 142
1;�. T c�rPr �] a;borne foss i l s ti�r�re �o] len+,eri rt.r i-h� I ol,; c; a.na �e��l o�; cal
Sl1t'�r�?�r s��'. fr00�'P'(?'�C111R1� nil i'1'lc? r�ilrOs�cl f'r07n rROY17'nf? f0 ��1?XtiT]C�.rlr�� 71E"�Y'
I,i+i',IF; ?'itrnr.
14. Tri s shnv�rs th� e3r; s-1-arce �f I o��er �'7 �i�nrne strnta ffl.rtr�r s�>>th than
has Y?�+�!�,^+.o �e�n recor�7ed.(!1.7i�
1�. Foi�r nties+i�ns nP�� f1tr1-�,Ar �t;�c„s.��on:((1�'ll
a. Fir�i;, i-1'�P 4]'c�st�i.a. �.1s�~rs,
�. SP,�n11(� �'�.1�F' S?n':� l pr�'r� a� C1r r1P.,�ir�rn,,.g iT' ?�'1 r'71?*l l l p� ?'tnY'�'}'iF?rn i-�l?Z71s
�31'1� TTa+c'1'1i+nrh�� r)Rr'-i.S�g�i
C. `�'l� l?"f� �'��'1P, TTT1''?E:r" I� E"111+" l_C Cl f' Ti� • I E?rC'�'1�
fl , FOUT'1'.i? �-F11P, rP,!j f`1 z��rS i n i-h.P, �*l C''I �'Ii i-z� nf '`ni�rt+ 1.('.�, 9T?nTl �r,rl 71rc'tl(� l.fl
16. The qrca.�i � �l��Ts .
�.. �r. 1 0Y'Cl'1 }'laC r1pSl`rj�'!F rl a SPr; nc !�f P'raZr f`�'�.Vc � �-,1r>�'i rd �ltr gXT)Occ'(3
lT1_ thP ST1['i271+V nf .QrC`3!�l'�,��2'1� tr.r}17C:}'1 �F' ('On�.i�lprf+r� a_� rf?S+-ri^. t�17C117.
t�P erod�� si,rf�.�e ��' +hF �],a.;horrP s'-r�+a.
�• T(� i-ti1P.S8 C�'cl�TS l71 �'1�.� gPCr)27r'1 7'8'ln?"+ �}lF' 719Tr'P, 1��1"C`�1�7A r��{Zrgti UI'35 s�iTTen,
t3rir1 -1-}�nzr y�rpTA C'nnSi_.rlE^�'P(� Of' cT�c•�'SC1n ;�.l+'?.
C. T��ra,� {'irSi- ZGfI 1-�1 f�Olt}ii' fl'1P P,XlS1'�+riC'P O'� A71 t1Y1('!1?'lf'Orr^�"lftr f'r�Y' D9ZP,071�O1Om7.f:�1
7' P, ? S !�'"15
C�. �'�'!P, n�'i-y`E?F� 6P.��.`?P.f nr,++i c Z'1PC�° �Sl a18.hf]?Tl'� £�.Y'A eF?*�S?T'?3.'FP.,f� fr(i??! i'l�p cTEiC�'SOTl
rs.r scarcPl.r ?� feetw�t' st.r�+-a.
'"s. '':'he'-�-er +h� ('�.lc.a.rPo,�s } e�s of „T;nr_ an�l TTa�chi�+-ncr.Ps rar; sr.?s are +h�
exacl- e�lai�=alpnt ofl 1-r� C!s+;rea s�71 a��'�rM;_s l,Pds n�' l�..l�rama or not��
----------
+hP f��t rem�ins +,h�t +,�esr ar� nni- f'qr f'r(1*n t.he h�sF. nf +h_e �Taclrson,
anc� ;t s,e�s imnroba}�•].e +hai a 1nr_�* nFr; o� nf drs,r 1 anr? �i�r$aee ern,� c�
}'1fl.Z?f.? �..'r'1'I' ,P,r'VPn.P,(�. .
f'. �'117'?'1"'P?'1'1!iT'P.� ('x• !�• �+f�rt'lS l�� �T"1 Ar''1,'�Y1S�S� (�iSCnt*gr�,� },�r3; �ijTD�E`7'nlrlSf
r..la;�'?C1rni�Yi� f1r n.P.rl-ia�l5 '{')^aY�S't'f'�i7P_Rl ��t?nrP!'Yl i-11fli' �7'1(� 'i"}"?E? �Tc3f`�'Sr!Y]��f
�, f'ar'{; �f-p ^+zr m�j,nri m,qlrir!r* �'}; Si'l�l 7nnrP, 7mC)7'O}!a!'?]P, �4-1,ai- tn�1^A ('(1171C1
1'i.Q?*F? �'!E't�n l.l'�. I Oi�' S� �n� ar1 P,rc��.i nYl t1Fri n(� �i?��'Znrr�r �� .i.y�c� i-?�.70 g1-�.P'2S.
F`
�� 1 �. �' �� `^ n �-+ � `i.1' V �Tf? ^ l (� [rzl (1'f' �:' h 11'F" �1 P.1'T'1 :11^lr � T'� .S' '7 � � 1. � � 4 � p , � ;5
�*. Tri or�ier �n Sft.it��t +.l'1i.� �llnnnS�'�1 l�Y!Cnnf'n1'ml't"�r fllr�{-1�gT, ip PT��rP�'^�P..T'� l�9ns
T�*r��-F 1'O a'"(;H(��.� "{-,�? PYflTIt?'rn �!P'��?1 ,^,rYmf� SRC'�"�n?'?� i?� i-ti?ni- sT1C`in7.+V.
1� '1'�i*'k� T'2nT'8F`.'21'�S � SP,�'�1nn T'?l�1�A iri i-'I�P 'f'ir^'1; 7'Aj.�?'��-1(� �17'f; b^lP.S1' (�f'
i';�'1 ai" i' Ol^71
.%) `['Yi.E; P'�'!�z* (1r 4l^('`i.C��_si C;�?�*S ?pTP,l"E f'(�lt�f� T'P,S+lrm r`nnfnrmt?�?l�r 027 �')Fl@�`�71.fi('.�
C� �3VS '
;�1 T�e c�in o�' ?��+� +he r�r�tr s�r� rlr�.c1- r]a�Ts TR;a.s th.P S�mP i� b�+,h c�irPetion
anc] ar�otant, .
�� Ei72C�. 1-j'1P Si-r�-Fi fl��+.,' on W�S A!�F.n1.1�-F�]zr ('071+� rt.lZn115 ?'r7m. t111E; Clfl'.r i-p
+1'!,E? Oi-.�r,Y•
F� Fr�� +-�e c1-i str;ri�t; �r., �f +h� color onP „ro>?1c� a� •f; rs+, 'he 9 nel ; ned.
i',n '}'.'- -iI1� f�1�t i;�'1.P,rE iNaS si�1 llI'�C`n11r'07'In�.�;�T� lila't' iTl. A Z�zrn,Y' 11n'f; �"hlr`1'Br'
�h�n one's �`in�nr T t,�re sP�n -t-h.� s+r3+,a*1 �n +},P len�th ��' a bo�?t a
foo+ liaht �r��r or rlue, fh�n- cro�o.late �r�� a+ 1as+ hlaclr(or almost
b1�c�_-1 vJheY•e i+., na�,sPs ;.nt� i•he �l�ck macleus �f ,+,he c�zt.
. . . .
6i A section Tna�e �n t�.e I.�o������na. an�i T''ort�?�,a�est.e,�n Rfi��4J'F�V� Gl m�.l�s
soi�+.t, of r'rl.bbgl.�T1d.� rgr�re,�er_+s the sa*ae n}�enomena
h. T be1 ic�Tre t.h�+ +.he anpe�.rance of 1-hPse sect,� ons � s simnl�r +he resul+
�f t�re�.therin�, �.n� +,h�+ +he �7.ac)� �]a�rs renres�n+ ��, ur_tive�.thc�red r_ucletas.
�. TP_ Sn'TIP, CFiSP,S 'Fhf� C�l.f''�P.�"P,�CE? �JE'+.�arE?FYl �;11.2 P-'7'si`* �Tl� �1 &Cti'l S}"? �1��75 ?7lRV
�e �1iae +o di.ff�rent li�ho7��ic c�nst;+.i?.tian, l�iz+. 7 haZTe *�e�e,- se�n an,y
G'ZTl�E;Y1CP, 'f'�'1�+ ?n P7'!?Siprl j7P.Y'inC� 111j'P.T'VP,?"?P,�. �Ati�rnep i-1�n ��l�rC`3�1� C'�l��Tg��
�n!� �-.he I�o?arPr Cla�rorne be�s. ( (1811
j. I b?1i�ne +,���+, +he name "Arca�i� clavs" mvst be abar_donec? and. 1-he �1a1*s
�'or ��!hi ch �he r_ame s+,�n�'s be referre� +o f�e I otirPr r1��borne. ((19� i
-8-
17. '!'hP sr!ma11 nra.ir�es of '"rinr_ �n� ?'T^t�h?+nrhE;c n�ri.s�As ?.�
�_ 19 TTn+i.l +�he Filai'Y?Or had s+ia�l��� -Fre f�ss�l.s f�„n� ;n +t�_ese
nrai.ries �� 1-�ot,�ht snm� of the Loti�rer !•1�i��rne ,^•�s Ja���s�n.
a, T?nfortuna+elv, �'rom l itholo�ic �n�l +on��*r�nhi.� res�mb] ance, mtach
of the Iol�rer Claiborne of Io,iis��na has been oonf�ased vri.+h t�,e
�T a c?T s on -
b. Johrson sa,Ts; '�/
� lc3 T1..�,n i?F?o•inng n{' nn,-+L1rrY1 10»i g� �.ri£� 'i11� P''St'P.rri 'T'BXt�S�
1F?88, n. 16
n2'h,P_, �f�ll7!"%3.l"tir C�'f' t�'1' S$'nY'T*I.a.1-� 071 /'?:1"'`', cT'i.C}'SOI1/ VI�.S tr'c�.�`P�
b�T nrairies �nd ���e?7s �ln�m the le�'t 1-ha.n]� of i?a?*ou S�7�r� ��d.
from +�e ��":r. 1�4 0�' sec. 2.�, T. IO T7�, R. 5'."T.. northeas+tnr�rd
to !'ransti*i11 e, ne�zr t;hP ror�Prs a? Jac� son and 'x(i.nn nar� shes,
a.n.d proh�bl�r rt?ns d_;.�.mon�.] ).tr +hroi,�*h Jacl-son Par� sh in +he d_i.rec-
i;�_on o? RR�nroe, f?ta�.chita P�r;.sh. T�1e �'or*��t-ion or.c»T?iPs hirrh no�n.+s r�-.
s+; l 1 f arth er nor+� nn Ti �j*oi? S�+.1 ine ."
c}. nr. T�rr.}, 4/ c;�res � seci= ��n s.n '.'!?h;+,e Oak !'reel�, 10 mi les northl.vest
o�' '`ri.nn�'i e�d irrhi ch h� cnns; e�ers +o Y�e +he cont�ct be-i;��reen +he
J�c?rsc�r_ and his T?pnnr I��^n;1-.ic ((191)
� 1 l�P�^�1 imin!�rzr T'G'l�Or't; t)�n71 ?'}'i(? 1't.7 1 l S O'f' LO�ai�i PYlr�.� I�Q3�
Pa_rt IT, n. 89.
d. i?oth of +hPse a�it�ors h�.�re erred as t� +�!e �me nf thesc= he�ls,
a� +re fo7lo��r�n� 1�.s+ of some nf +,he more �h�rac+•eristi� fossils
fro� one of thes� prairi_es, 1� miles northrr�^t; of 'xT�nr�'iel�i, �r-i11
sh.o?•a. (�li.si- of fos�ils omittedll ((1911
2. `1'hf?rP, �_S 710� � C}1r17'flf'.f,2Y'12f i C iTA(`lrcpp fnSS' l �L7. t�'`r' +arnZrG' !-7SSP.711�1 �3S?'B�
1�rhi�� m�nv arP stric+l.v Io,^r�r rJ ai.�,orne( (20) �
1�' . The "TTnner I i�n-i t-i c" of Dr. I er�h .(( 20� 1
___.____�__y�
�. Th:i.s �uthor has �escr.i.ber� a ser; e� of li�ni_+ic c�la.vs, �^rrich. h.e st�.tes
ot�er� i_e his tr1',Rar�ne r] �3�orne", an�1 -t-o ��rhi_ch h� hAc �;�r�n +h.e nQme
Of, rtTT�pr-'2' I7.��'17.1.i;].��t
h. P�rt �� hi;� ZTpner I��^n_-i ��ic, as ex�osec3 1Q mil �s nortti�s�res+, o�'
'FT�7?Ylfl"I.P,�.C�.� l�?1Cjn11�'%P,Cl].jJ �P1.0)1o�g in. '�"�'?2 InT"7pr ('.1�,i1�n1-Y�P.� f07' '1'F lS
+,hP,�^P c)Z*Arl ai.r 1�'�T S+7^a'�-t1 �h�?3.?^i7].r* ZOtrTer f',�.�.1_�c)7'ne fOs:;i �(.s
c. Fut T�m r_�t cert�ir +,h�� the s+,rafa, in other loca7.it.�_es nresertinr�
tre satne 1 i.i;hol o�;.c�1 3nn�ar�nce, and d.ec�.^�n�ted t�?• Pr. I.er�h
�.s the T?nn�r I�i�ri-1-ic, occ�ux�V +hP srzme stra.ti.^ra�h.ic po�-i.ti.on
�. �'{; (',OIlrr11�i.'i -I;}�P �.1�'n1i'�.c' S�'7"L'�'c1. n7'O?7�a}�lSr ?1rE' 22(nf 10'"7(?r (',]�1�'�T'7�P,�
�ut r�pre��,,t Zrt.rhQ+ T ha.�re cal�ec? +},e ^oel.rsf;_�1�1 F'P1"7"�r be�?s
�,�
e. ^he l.i.r�n; t-i � sfrata. �:noi,.t ? m; ] es s��,+h of T?os�f; �1 � 1% l i.e ^t
t�e 1-»se of -t-he �T-icksbtlr�;, a,,� r!�s+ �r�ba�.l,.• are in+e_rme���te
r�+,�reen �the Jac�rson anc� thai- st�.�e.
�?O. Ierch, A n.relimi.narj.r r�nort unon 1-he hi71s or Iol�isiana.,
18Q3, �'a.rt TT, �. 98.
19. T�e re�l eJ at�s �.ncl red sandv eJ �vs in +hP �r1cinil-,�:r of J?�ol�nt I:ebaner_
and Arcad�.a ((?,0-2.11�
a. In nortrerr_ I�oi�i.siana m�n�r h� l] s are �annecl bv c���osi.ts of red
sandZr cla�rs, r�rhi�h in the vicini.i:t� of T:Tovn.t Ieb�non, Hom�r, and
Arc�d.i�. contqin fossi_ls that are, e�sc��t�nP one spe��es, iden+ical
�;�i.th thosP o�' t-he iand_erl�rin�* Ioz��er Claiborne.
b. The ex.cep+,; on i s the ne�^* rarc? i.tam, +o ��rhi.ch I h��re r�iven the nflxne
of f', harrisi((20)1
_g_ LTSGS E . 142
C. 11� ?'1��1zr n� s?�AS iYl 7'?.nr'I'l1Prr1 T OUi_F"'17i� 1-�"IE' *'P(� Sanritr r� s7�rS O1" SE1Y2(�S 7'P.St
unconform���l}r on t;h� �'oc�n�, �nd ��ta�htless bPl.onm +o �.h� I+�f avet+,e
�f' T,�C!'ree�(2,1��
C�. 1S 1f 8.�7�P.£a.Y'S "f;�'?f3t 'f;j'l.P,l^P. 1�_�6 kJ��Yl SOmE? rOYlf'U�10T1 Of' ttI,��F'�,zrp'�-f.�,tt�
���7'c'�11(''8 Sii11Ci��� P.t;C.� :V'1.�;� 7'P.S��17�1 (�PT�OS�i;S� i;�lF T'E',ASnT!S fln7'
cons� �erins* +h� sun�rfi ci �l �la�rs around T'�otznt I:�?��non an� arc;�.d ia
re���.?aa1 a.re �iven at some len�'th, as fo11o1�rs:
'r's^.m h,,mot�es;.s f�r +h.P presen�.e of the Ioti^rPr Cla;'�orne fossils
-in +he su��rf'ic�al �e�os�_ts l�n�er �ismzss�on rresent +.,hersel�e�.: Fixst,
t,he�- �n,r h��;e Y�ePn �tr�nsn�rted; seu�on.d, +'.ne�r m€��r be ;Y, �I.a�e. The latt-er
hvnothesi s T r���rr� �� +h� �orreo+ one •for the �'�17.o�nr�n�* rea.sons:
]. In T`ot?nt Iebanon, and north �nc� ea,s� or +,hef pl��e, manjr of th�se
fo�s�.ls �re fot�rd as casts in ferr�Pinous s�nds+.an.e or �s ferr�l��notas
renlacem�n+,s . �ne m� le n�rth of ?;�olint I ebanon, i� �?��P11 , m�mr
T o?^rer Cla��orne �'ossils �-er� co]le�i-e� fro*n a�Tel loz^ri.s?� sand . In T�orr_t
T��Anon I�oi�r�r C1.R�.borne foss-i ls �^rere �'o��nc�. in �reer_ish �l �ti*s or in
sata.ds thro�,•m otzt af a�^�e71.. fiec+,.' ons i.r +hese �,vel? s a.nd +re Zric;nitV
sholn� that superficin.l s+r�.ta resfs �l�rectl�r u��n t-he ad.-jecent �ocene.
2. Th� trans�.t;�n frnm the ���ce•,e -(-.o +h� slac��rf;�i�.l �er�osits �an l�e
+r3ce�1. *****, thP �l.czucon;+i� s�rd� x���G b�r oxi_�Ation. �n+.o +he trellotv
a�nds, anc� +rP •.ello�.ti* clat.T nasses l,�r oxi�l�t�.�n �nto the rec�. The ?,Tel.l.ol�r
c1Qv has �'re�v.entl�r or ;ts surface blotches �f re� „rhi�h �are been
prodi�ce�l h,y oxi.�3t;��n.
3. Fo�s; ls folzn�l ;n t�e ti^r�11 1 mi.le north of I'��o,,,,+ I ebanon, e*�bedc7ed in.
-i.ndi�r�t.ec1 t�l�.uc�n+_,ic s�rd_, are so siTni.lar in occizrr�;n�.e +,o those :in the
red. sarc�ti> �l.a�,*s a� 1-o s����est that, were the s�nds ftarther oxi.dize�l �nd.
the calca.reous shells c�issol�ed ou+, the��e z�vol�ld resvl+, exacfl�r ti**ha+
� s fo�mr� i.n t�� st�rfa�� sands.
4. TherP ar� in trc� spec�mens from thA sv.nerf';.�ial cleposi+s no indication
o�' +he�r h���nt� been ti�rater4rorn.
e. For +,hP arove reasor_s i;re .rer? c� a�rs �nd red s�nd�r cl aj; s on +he hi 1.1 s in
t.he vicinitv of ?�1oiar_t I_eranon �ncl Ar�adia mi�st be considere� as
ox;�-i.ze�1 FocPr.e
f. rocenc� fossils �.s ��sts -in ferriz��n�i?s san�?st�ne ha�*e be�n foi�n�i in
j i.ncol i1� f'•l�.i_r�rn�, �nc�. Ross; er T�a.rz she�, an�l thP're� s f:�om v�hi.ch they
co*ne are ti�±�?�u1�t��1�� Io�v�r C'7�ibnrne '�;ocene.((?,1��
C. TFiE C()C�'S�'IFLP F��RY B�S ((?7.- 22)1
l. Conrorm�bl�� �bo�re t1�e �'os�-i.l.i.ferolas I ower r7 aihnrne at �*. P?�tar-i ce, ****,
are lr�mi*�a+P� n�nfos5ili.ferrn,s clsa;�rs or l�m-inate� aan�l tar_� clav, c�-i��in�
s) � ?htl�r soiz+h. ( ( 2.1-??l;
?.. Th��� be�s nresen+, c�iff�ren+ li�*holo�i��1. phases, so�^�+imes ��n+�.;ni��* more
clasr an�? I.it+.1e or no s�nd. (�22��
�� The sa.me be�s are ti�re1 ��x_n�G��l a+ ��ci�s.field Ferrzr, a'��1�+ ha.1 �',rra.v re�-wPen
St. A?a.t�rine an�? ��O?'1�';p'OmP7"c,r.
G. !�.t l+��r_+RomP�r, 1mmec3;a+,P1V beloz�s i-.he Jackson, l� l�e�s li+holo�*;c�a.11�,• 1i]re
+.�os� foi,nd i�n +hP unpAr nari- of +1�P �t. 1_`•�a.t�r�ce SP,r+1.nr an� li'-e +h.�se
at C o�lrsi; eld Ferrjt arA �'oizn� .
�. The �;� at r"on+.,�om�r�r is so�e,�rhat s�eeper +han at St.. ??a.t�rice
(�. F'Or +heS°' �i'P�S �L'+ZRTE?P,21 .�if• �'T�t,IY'�C`P. �'�'tC� �'`011�'mOmP,r�r� rpmi.r�a �P,{";'IP,P,21 f11.P,
Lov�rer �'.Lr`Z1r(�?'Y1P 2Y1� 1;}"1P, �T���rSnYl� 1 T�'"OpO�E' 'F�f 10�91 n3mp pr �'rocUsfi.eld
j'+'et'r�r l�Pcas. ��
7. Tn a a�n.�ra.l vrav +h��r renresen+ 1-�,p �1.a;l�orn� �-�nc1s �f _41�b�ma, bu+ ;.t-
i.s not ���s�• ��� e to 1 i�'nit �reci_sPlv +'�e I o�n�er Cl aiborne a1-o�-e or +,hP Jarkson
be1o�^r, anc� on.e c-^.n r_ot. si-ate ex�Ci:lzr 12ot"•r mv�}�. or ��rha+ r�art of 1-he�P beds
rPnr�s�n+ the f',lail��rne Ganc�s.
�. tTo bec7s b���rin� mar;ne �'a��-�7s n�� e�,,;t=�1�r,+ d�o 1-he 1�tter '���� h�Tre
be�n founc� in I ovi si.ara.
�?,2 ,nr. fi�lmarc� n�tes I;mn�+i.� be�s �P,1�IP,"+h +he Jaakson �n
T''iS`.;i5�� ",7� 7S ;�f''?'1Ci71'i'17rc aYl� rPn�nf�'Zr (1f' T?l.S�iF,S1j�j�1� }�^)• 1(��� 1`�,�7�1.`�.7�1`�,�.
-in-
D. TT�I!; J,'lCirSt.'TI r'�TU VICKSF3jTr�f7�ST;1''?I�S ((��_�4.11
� ?,? n; �ct�sse!� v,�;th +�e Jar,Usan beca,��� ��' +.l��i r �1 os� 7_; t.ho1 ��*; �
S 1.m1 � '? T'1{;�r
l� AS D(�ini-P,�� Ol�'f' ��T TiT'. Ter��^� 'f'1"!P cT�(',1-Gn11 F3?'1(� ?T'l'�rS�"iUrli' ��SS
conf�rrn�Y�lv 3nt� e�ch o.+,her �nc] rP,SE'^?�"'�8 e�ach �+.�er so ��OSP,ZV
l�.+hnlo�ica.l.7v ti,�f ±�ezr can be r�isi-;n�»i_stz��T �nl�* b�r na�eoi�tolot��c
c��rs.�.cters .
2.. Bo+,h s+a�es are lare�elv ch�rac+erize� bv f'al�areo,�s cl a,�s
'�. A1- 1-re base ofl t�,e �?i�ksti,urp� are 1.� �ni+i.c s�r�+,a, as car l�e seen in
fihe se�t7on �roi,t 3 miles sotath -�f �?nsefield., in Ga+��oula parish.
n. nr. Fi.1�*ard 3;1 has notecl a s-imi.l�r occ�arrence of li_�ni+i� clays and.
lian�.te at thP �h�se o+' th� �r; eksrtlrP �t Tlic'Tsrur� anc� n�.rth nf Rr�ndon
in ?�;'ississi.nni.
3 (?,?,�AmriCU�1'.11rr, anc3 reol.o�tr ��' FRissi,�sinpi., li?6n, P• 108
5. �r. a_cco��r+ of' t�,� 1iml�olpr�-i.c�1 s�mi7�r-ities �f these tvJo star�es the
area o�cu�ieel b�r them must far +.h.e pr�sen-I-, be treatec� a.s a. �m�t
6. nn the n.orth fre �.rea i.s li*nited b�.T +,he Clai.r�rne series of beds, +he
vnotiM1rn Jac?�son out;crops beir�* �1- �+Torts*ome_r�r on the Red Ri�rer, at Tullos
and 2, m�.l es n�r+?� of RosPf; e) d in Ca+.�hol�la. Pa.ri sh, a+ Rlanlrer T�i 7 1
in G�ldurell Pari.sh, and a.t �ra.nd �r� eT�r �r t�e Ouachi.+.� R;srer. (�??,)1
7. ?'?�rth o�' the line indicated by the abotre lo�ali+ies for Jacl-son fos�ils
r_one hQ�*e so f�r been reporte�i h�r co��eten+. paleontolo�i.s+,s ((�:�11
8. �nlPnt �f the T'ed P;ver so £ar no Jackson f;s�;1s ha�re l�e�>n �u+hor:it�t,',Telt,r
'r,f"�OT"f;P,C�. ��
�J 9�. �'� �P..riT1Ei'OTn.m� TP,X. � OYl 1-;}1P, ,�',a��riP, '?iZrar� Ni 1 rr�rrl � ()]'1. '�3m2 �n
o�' hi.s Stzz�n�ement�l. �nd Final penort of a. r�olor�ica.l reconnoisGanr,e o�'
Lo��isiana, ment�_ons haz=�n� fonn�i Ja,clrson .fos�ils. ?"� �'. T. D�amrle, �n
�Tol. IT, T?o. 6, of the Journal of �reolo��r, nn nac*e F66, ref�rrirr� +..,o
the roc�ne of Texas, t*rrites; .,,TT�r� of +-.�e l�e�'� o�' +he rocPne ha�inm
•ri�ldec? fossils char�ci-eri_s+;c� ot' �?ori��ns h-i�*her +l�an. +hP Ioti�r�r
Cl��borne, the c��nos��s ref�rAt�le +n thQ+ sPr�.es �.re conf�.ned +,� i+s
hf1SR� r10I'f�071�tt nl'1 f� ?T1=1}� Of' f�'1P T',OCATI.@ Ofl e�l�TP7'Tl Texas, 1'1\r'.'�(. �E',71T12Cjt%�
the be�s a+ ���iretoivr_ are represen+P� as mar�ne be�'s, ?vh.�r.h are,
ac�ord�n�; t6 TRr. Dumble, I:ower r].�;horne.
�. The soi�+hern bouncle.r.t o�' the Jac1-son-Vic'rsrt�rr� h�s he?n �rer•v ,vell
traced b�r ��ion�ins fror� thP �u�.c.hita t� +re �'ed �?9ver.
10. It r1an5 from � point 3 7!'.1�PS sovth of rose�'�.e7d, ne�r Gent-ersri.l]e,
crosseG I;++l e n;�rer 5 m.-i ] es �helovr Geor�e+�r�m, and rea�hes t1,e �ed
T�iTrer 5 mi.l es r_�rth ef ,r,�lf�x. (( 23�1
III(co�+��1�r(n�st p. 3)1
OI IGOCESdE: TuE GR.:1�1D GULF GPOUP ((�n._?511
1. The ZTnner �li �ocene o�' I o�a.� si�na i s renresen'-ed btr the fTrand Gtzlf fl'roup
�f ri;.l �ard
?. Th�se roc.ks h��e been de�crihed. btr Tii1�*ard, TTook�ns, Johnson, and. I:Prch
3. Thezr are comnosec3 of cla.�rs, sanc�s, clazTstones, sand�+on.es, ar� �iaar+zi_tes.
4. So f�r no fossi 7 s, excent a fle�1 n7 A.�nts, 5/ hat*e bePn colleoi-ed �n� de+er-
minec� �'rom +h.Pm, hi,� -t-h�v �.re ra�'erred to +.h� TTnner �l�.�oc�ne becatase theV
are Uri+hot�t dolil,t +he sn,•,e as +he �'rra._nc� �r�+' c,f' l�rt-ississi�pi, +he ame of
tiar�i_�h h�s �e�.r± fixed.
ti ?a ��o,^rl+or_: Proc. TT. S. "T,�t;. ?��t�s., �rol. KI, 1R8F�, PP• '89-01
5. The 3dor+hern boimc'arv of the rr?T� �Ttalf has alreac�jr in n�rt r��n n>>tl;ned.
in thi s na*�er.
�. T+ ri,n,^ nortl� from fiarrisonbur�*, flankinr� t�?e bottom o�' Ot�ach�+a Ri.�rAr
l
-17-
USG� B. 1�.�
't;n fl �n7.n+ '��nll'�:. ',7, 7fj'�� P,S ,ciC)17'�",�'1 (lf' r(l�S'P..{�'1.P�.�_
j-�� TY�a 11?"i� f'rnm i'h�S t7Q�Y1'}' t'.o i12a T�aci T'i�rr�r }'1?.S �.11'P.a.(��r �P,Bn �Mf��i'Gai'C?f3.
c. T",�s+„ of thP ned T�;�er +here are exr,e77eat exn��iares a+ rhonzn
d. Trence t�e l�ne ha� l�een tr��ecl +o t�e S�1?;.nP �'�.�TPr h�r Nopkir_s.
e. �fi-.er crn5s�nt� the ne� ni�er, Troplr;ns s�jTs;
,rneapnPari�� ;n t.hA r]oiat.-ier�ri7le �nd K-i.Gq+.��;P �i11c,
it ran�*�s a]riost �liaP tiv�st tn i-he "nad ��;11", 7 m�1As solath
of A�anv, in De Soto nar� Gh, �nr� ?'PAr�''�'e S�h;r_e, n�ar +,he
mo„+h of ?���To» rT?�rut." �
�4:�luonk�ns: ='';rs+ Ann,.�a1 T'enor+., �'P��Omlr�l S»rzrP,1/ o�'
Tnt�is;.ansz for 1�6�, ntarl;�herl 1�7�, r. �Q.
6. Th� rF� n�+i n� nf t-11P r;�r�n�l �T�,lf +� thP ?ri ���rvr� � 5 a n�rnlex�np_;
�7UPS"F1.nn� Qn.�? ; s �re r_ni- sa1-; sf'��rn��i.ltr sP+,t 1Pt�.
7. �'lam�e�l�r � an� n�ll an� S+�n1P,V-��"oi'm 9� r��-� �,.,��^m +��+ in Flor��la �:he
TT�ner n�.i �OrAn(? rE?F'�'F 11Yt�Onf nr^*��1�h11r n+, +�,p Tr; �1�5}'`ttT'f*.
�. .,��.��1�• eTnl?�"• S(''�.��.�1C� rF?Y'?cc,� j7n1.• XI?TZ� i7• �Q-.r'� P� ,^jP,(��� l�Q,�
g ?�llul,ll. reol. �o�. nmPrz�a, sro1. ?T, 18�?4, n. 162
�� l9iE' }1'ii.Te 7?'1 101a.1 �1�3'�£L t�e Tr' (`ti'S�l7Y's!� ?T1C) '!''n? jTl�D81' �'� ��'OC8'_1P� �l�f
+.hezr rr;l �i-� ��'" h��*e ?�nt 1-�t��n S+.ta�l � ec� ,
�. The.ton��r3nhi�. f�a+nrRs of the Gr�nra ruli' �rP interest�n�*.((?��i
1.p. Th� nnr-F-hPrn bounc?ar�T � s, �°�M�n nnt �o��e_rPra �,�r st�bser�nert �enosi+s,
�. ra+,l,er s+-e:e� escarnm�n.t, f�.c�n�* -i�1?.nra, ian_c�PT�nP�.i-h ,rr�-ich �-re
1rZ�t-s�iar� ds.ps . ( ( 2� °'�� �
IV. S�'�3T."� S.�i��DS: AGE Ut-DET��;i��I��`ED. � ((25-?6)1
j. ,`j,�� TI�F'gn, S�Y1�S `iT!.C� �*7'?ijrt?1S l�r�trp 1-�nnn r�lln�l C�rlf1; t1z.r F�onki.�?.s �?71C�
I�r�h. Tn. orciPr nn+. t� �T�n+tare Qr_ �P-in� on as +;� th��r �i�e, ar.� no+ to
af+a,mn+: a �nrrel�+;o*� n�' a71 1-he cl�n�rfi�ial u�1�r.d s�nc�s nnr� �ra�els
of nnr+,'����e�+ern Ioui.siara, T hq�re nronos�d a local name, �n�� :�esi.re
fQ �TI.C�t7laf? ltt'1f�F?r '1"�'. (.j8T1pS�fS C)f l�'!'�n�P, 1"1nP10F"YlF;s.! '?11C� l''�f�Tl.�'F',�I1'��T'�3,11P,1.'{'.�,r t-here
C'nn ?^P 210 ?'Et`1.Sn?7'���.f' C�.Ol7?lt.
1. �? � PY?f�"111�'' �b7'�SS "F.�'+<� C'.P,ri"F;7't�l T1t1ri-; nr� t�f j C)17'1 "� �Y?'� ;�.r'P, (�E',�n 7iia.1"'I;Z S•�"�'�C�S�
?*.r1�c�S�: n.�rl-lt�"*'Tl P_.X�!'c »-4-, i S �S f'nl lOi":�5:
9.. '�'hP," rP_,Flr'11 fn T. 16 �?. �(?7i f�'!n I.�Otii ci ?nFl T"iE�ri r�� 31'1�
1�� `PY�� }�n��nr�v,rtr frOPl 1;1_'12T'P. 1�:3SSP,G � mllgg g01)1-?� nf r3nSTr.l�1C�, i-h�T1('e
n�r+'hzrd�'g+ -f-n Sparfa.
2. F'r�m Snart.a +,�P r�un�arv rlins sa�,�-� +� +-�� �,�r+,�,;�rPs,+., �nrrer or T?a��l�;t.nc,hes
P�ri.Sl'i, �?.71r� �-:C1�7iC� i.i'. �.S f'O'I^riPc� l��j R1 a.rlr j glr� .F��*nia A,!'lt� T'la.�k j 3)'P� '1'O 1-.h�
mnUt.1_� oi' �`l�at 1�,ke. .
`� �rP,`"'f' n{ i','^E? "E',� '��_'-F±?^ +'.�F? �inr� 1"1�nS f',�.nm ?riC�nrla. �'?'r '-'�1r'i; cT2Si`Tlp anf7 cni,j;i'l
. .
1-.r1 1-.kiC mniii;}? pf' F?azrplt TOrf?^17. ��
?�`�F�S�r� T OC�'E;t-f t S ?'OT)f�c*rcl'�h; �al T�a*t �f j O>>i Si AT19� I.�C`?. 1 r,c1�rP, ga'2T1
�'b�i S � l_Y1P, £�.�.� t:117'QUtrl'i -{-�p �-,�rri+rlrzr f:XC(?i��4- r3_1 (t�'IR' T' 1�l('lr I<i�'P Ti�.?TC1lZ =171C1 T2� �i.('k
I,�1-e, a.r_c� rror '*;ctoria to tha Sa�ine '�i.n?r.
4. ?+�Vicent a na��rrn�r strin a.l onr� t.he �t�a�h;ta pitrer, n�arl�r al ] o�' +,he reMion
refi��reen �he fl���*ia+�.le deno�i+s of t�he R�d an�l. O11ac��ita r�.?rFrs �s �.overe�-
b�r lhese s�nds
5. I h�zre nnt exam�ned tre sou+�ern �o�ar-'arT,� ti�r�5+ o" i-�e red ?'iver
6. These sands overlap both +,he Io�rer Clai��orne an�1 1-.?�e ''7rt�nc� �TZalf, ex+er_di.na�
en+zre��r across t}-!e Ja�ks�n and zTic�-srlara.
7. The m�i-�r�.al of these d�?posit.s �s 1��»allst a_lm�st m�re �>>ari-.� san�s, ��*�-�e_
times cri.+1� rec��ish colorin� ma.t.t�r.
F:�I
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
-12.-
a. In (=r�ni-. Pari �}.� th�r� i� q�re�t. de�l nf quar+,z �'?^t��el.
l�. Tn +.liF� �'c?v-Fhnrn �'ra�e77v •-��7't.inn t.7'f�7]S1�0�"t:Pfj fpc,�;lg �,Fa�•r� r,��r1 �'�t�nc�.�
3. ?� . il er�h: Pr�7 imin�.rv �enort i�non i;��.e N;17 s o�' Lp>>i_�j �ria�
�art II, 1�g3, p. 104. �
The -�-ono�r€�nh�r of th�.s f'nrma+� or � � ir_+eres+i.na�.
a. T'�e roclrs are easi.ls,* eroded, ancl t1,e h� 1.1s r� se vArjr steenl�r to a
he� mrt of 7fi to 100 f�et �ro�re +h�i r hases .
b� The�r �re clothed �r,ri.th ��'�r��+ �f lnn�*-1?�f nines P. nalus+r�s
�--- -�'
bet-�reen t�rhich +here ;s no i�nderr�ro�,v+h, �o +rat �,r�.an one s1�n�s on
a hi_lltop h� s vie��r -i � obs+.rtar+�� nnl•r hv +�� mialtinl i.ca+7 �n �f +r»ni�s
in i;he d � s+ance
c. The �r�hn]e �rea is co�ered r•,ri+-1� th�se t.rees, excen+ �n � fPb�* nla�es tir?�ere
the �c�rrre'r ����.�.borne, Jaclrson, or �jicksbvr�' florms sma.] 1!',al ��_,-e�us
nrairiPs, and i� the '�hollc���rs" b�tvreen +h.� hi�l.s.
d. It -is � ma�nif�ic�at 7tamber rPc;�n.
T'�e s�r_c's and �^ravel� of th�s fnrrna+,;on r���e in t.hickness �'rom a+riflir_�
�rene�r +0 60 �nd sometimes 1�0 feet.
�1on� the �ontaci: �ra.+h fhP F��Pne, a.s se�r_ ne=�r Pro�r�ncal , t�ere i s some
C 1�tr '�.'(; 'i; i? P, � r't, S P, .
These denos�.+s res+ ZFr�.th dist-inct un�onformii-�:r txnon +,he older rocks.
For these s�nds and e�ra��el fhe name "Sparta sa.nds" is praposed, b�C�LlSP,
thev are �rell d.etreloped nF�r Sn�rta, i.n Tiienuille P�rish.
'�he �razrels bettivPen na.uchea+, s�nd Rlack La1,re ra�rovs an� �r��t of �l�ck
I��.e �avoi�.---
a. O�ci�»�*�n� +1�e �livide betti�r�er na.»nheat and. ?�1ack r,�t.re b�.�rous, and formin�
+he banks of naiache�t in ma,n�r n]�ces, arp r�ra�re� denosits to ��.�hich severa.l
�,�rri+ers hane m�.de ref_ �rence. ( ( ?,5i )
b. The�r are also foiand t�sest of t;ra r�l ��'- I alr� R��ro�a �1- `T'c�T.r� O7' on +,h�
?ricksbvr�, Shrenenort, anc] Pacifi� pailr�Acl..((?.�-.?.61•1
c. '"hey c�.n ?�e tra.ced south, �nd, from �r�hAi- 1 ha.�re sPen in solz-�rern
�ien�r;lle Pa.ri�h, I=�m �i_nclined to th�nU that theTr na�� in.+� +he
Sn�r+a s�ncls. ( i?,611
c�.. Pr. �t+o Lerch ���s descriherl a, sim; lar �r�,,el c?enosi+, ���c„nn3.n�rzn.�
th� ��aac,hl.+.a n;�rer
1 76i�A nr�l;m;ra?-�r Y'P.DOr1- �anon +r� �;17s �f Io�?;.si.nna, F+art I, 1892,
n. ?,F; Pa.rl IT, 1�93, p. 10�
14. S�r.�ls at ?�'ansf�eld
�. 0�-�r1�r_inu; the Fo�ene �i- rFansfiel� are ,ar��;+e s�ncls 2! 1rr;fh sm�ll ri.+s
of 1�,r�„• te cl av in+ermi n�7 ed .
2, ?611rFc�Tee, �_n hi s man o�' thP TTn�+e� St�+es �ut�l i s�?ed i_n Johnsnn's
r��clon�e�ia, renrPsents these san�is as T,?eocene
b. ���e�ir Rurk P1 a.ce i.n R7 envi ll. P par; sh T�q�TP s�en s�.nr�ul �r hi.+.s n_f wh;te
clav in the low�r n�r+ o�' a sec+ion o�' +ra Snar�� s�nc�s
c. T�o no+, �+,tempt +o corr�7ate the s�n�ls a+ ?�Ransf�eld, bU+, cal7 a+tPnti.on
to +Y�i� similarit�� +o the S�arta, san.�ls.
V. PLEISmOC�T1E 4TTD RECEiiT( ( 261)
1. I ov*er topor�raphi.r.,all�r +han +..,_h_e �nart� s�nds, �oc�rip�nvl.nm the 1ar�er
str��ms, �re broad flats ,=�h;nh ocni�n.r a.n �1e�*q+-ion consi�inra�ly h3�her
+h��n. +,�e nresen+ a17 u�r; �.l �ral� Pvs
2. Thes� flai-s are es}�ec�a.11�r no+-�_ceable a..lonm �hP Red an� �l?�c�t,;+.a i�i4ers.
�. Thet, ���rE bec�n �;rel l �laScr-ib�c? ?�v nr. 7 erch.
4-. I�ter t.h�� {;he second bo+toris a.nd orc,lanv;n� :�].ovr�r +.ono�*rax�hic 1e�re1 a��e
th e nresent al1 vzr; a.1 �*a] 1 e�=s .
VI. Tt3� GEOLOGIC SECTIOid
�, The fnll owinc� i s
1� �.ve m ad e i-1-. rn� t:
!J P, (' f??'1'�"
PZ.P.� S'FOCP,IIG'
�PP, Ul2C�P.'t;�Y'TC1171P,C�
-1?-
USGS B. 14?
C)I�" i��IUi�TH`v'dEST�;R.P� L(�t?IS IAP�A( ( 2,�;11
+�� �F�+; nn. n,-esen+.e� b•r norfihwes+ern I o>>i �i ana., �.s T
n7.� �*oc,Pne. .
(nnnPr �liponene
/ . , , . . �T f�tqPr (�1 l��CPY1P.
\
�'E?Y"f;l.ar�t,r (
(��rPne ................... .......
�ret�cern�s
� 1 � v?* i tar?.
G 2(' <)7'i C� � O't;'� C?m S
ST�c'irfsi. SFiT1�S
rTr^nc� �x1,1 f r,,-�un
Tr; �t-sburv� stne�e
�Ja.�?rson st��,e
C.�r��sfield FerMr bP�3s
. . . . . (Lo�=r�-r rl��borr� sta�e
(T imn`i+; c� s+�me
�71al,.coni-;c c?;�isi.on
`�. T�'!a?'8Y1nt f�'7.ZTE'.Y1 F,�,�'iYnsa-f-P,S (�f' i"tit(? i;�'1�('lrr+E'FS Ofl +�,A F'nc'.F'YI"� �BC£317SP. i-.}7P, C�i.l�
� s tc?� sli ��+, �nr� �,ar-i a�l e+o ftar,,; s�_ re.li.A:nle �l�t�, an� �0 7'P,rnr!�S of
�1^T'lT7?S ci?'C� =1Tr�i.i�r1}�IP,.
VIT. St?�G'�`!�PY OF GOTv'CI:USIuldS ( ( �g_?711
((f;.�i,res 1., 2., etc are ai�t�+�r�s rr�m +�xt �f �talletinl�
7. Tr� f'rn'I'�C`Pn1�S �f I oiai s; ana bel on�*s +n the �l�u�oni+; n �1;T•;.si �n, an�l -ii-
s�c�ms *�robhBl.e +,h�+ it� �?�n�e;+; �n ,*;�s foll n'^'ec? rzT nr. Pr�sion �er�o�l. i(?611
2. (ailn I,o�a�_c;�n� U�e fin�? s+,ra+a. nr�b�rl�r ren,-�s��+-irr^ +-h.e IzMn;+ic ��'
.A1 ��h3mE1. in +.ha nxtrAm� n.nr�'�'�t,v�s�-"r7? ( orr,er s�T!r1 p+. SF]rp�rE+nl��"+. i!?7i i
��1� T�P. ('1a1�'�r�P, nf jOlii�lnYl�f� �P�7'inm in_t11'17'lf� r'OSSIIS� 1^BDT'85L31'1�S }�'�P
Lrnnr�r �"Zr�.'!�^T'YIP.. S'i"?P'P, ()f' �1��7511'�A� '�Y1t�_ i'I pr<'11T�'lf?� �T1 arf?m m�rE? Py-f-E?i'1Si�TP
t��n r�s hii-her+c� b� r�r_ re��mn� zFd. In +he sn„+h�rn nRr+ n�' +�P �ren +r�
be�s are *�l,�h m.�re �,a�carPrn�s +han ,'.n +�P nor+hc�rn �r_cl nor+,hzr.r.es+ern rart.
"'h�; f'a.1�ar�n,�s s+r�+.a �re nrnr�rlj* st-.r�+iPranhic�llv �b��r� +�e �norF �*lauc-
o�;+i.� beds +., +.hP r-,r+h �n� Tln7'fY��1�P.�t. �
(cim��F' T''az7s-"i F�1�1 �•,•oti�p r��f �iil.r�ard
(d�nr. I_�er�h's ":4r�ad i a cl asrs„
(��Tti,e sm��1. n.rairies or meadrnrrs in so�zthern Ri�ntTi7]e, n�rthern '"'inn, And
'�':�tc�i1�c�es �ar��hes. Sial��i�*�sions c, d, and e are I��rer f'l�.i.born� i.n a�'e.
(i�)mhe TTr��r I; �n;+ic of nr. I�r�h r?nresen+.s be�3s be1 nn�;.n� to -t�r,�o or
.�nre �li.ffdren+, horizons
(�*)Th� red cla�rs anr� re� s9nd�r �.lavs ;n +h? vi.cini+y oi ]'aTol,nt I:eh�non �nc�
�r�a�?ia �.re Io��r:�r rlaib�_rne zn a�e
3. Tn+er�en;nR bet-�ae�n +he I-oT�!�r �l�i��rne �.r_cl Ja�k•son a.rP li�n�tzf'e�rot,s sancls
f1.T?C�_ rl q�rg � j'1P.,rP ('a.11 P� i-1� E', �',()G�TS'f'i.P,lf� Ferr�r 17P,(� S� ZAT111.C1'1 � Y1 s� ?P.'t'1P,rn� i��CiSf
re�re5enl- +-he �1 �9h�rnP sanc�s of ?.1 �ra*na. . .
4. T?�e ,T�r?rs�n �nd �T� cksbl�rp; s+.a.r�es f�rm a st.r�n of +err� �-nr�r �ettiv�en t,he T'ed
an� �»a�h;+a r��r�rs. `1'�e�r resemrlQ ea.ch, o+her ?n 7ifholaair �'h�rac+�rs so
�l.osPlv +1,�+ +-1�e„ �an rA �;s+�.rmt�;��?ed �n�,• Y+,r +re�r fo�s�.ls. Ap-�are�+lv
C�n7Tl�?ln' t'?8'�'=%P,Pn i'j�P 1�eIO Sf9n'Pg jS q lilrTli-FI.0 �?f?� SL1C�'l �S f'n1�17f�. 1T] TR�.SSi.S511�P1•
i.,rP..S'� Of �;1�.P. �Pr� T?-i.?rF;Y' �T�LC�'S�r f ngci ].c l�t�,,rp n(1t �PP,71. A1l�l-�n1-l.t:A'�'izTE?ZV 7'P,1�()�"'�P.!�.
5. The Gr�n� Gnl f �f I o��i s; �na � s TTnnAr C'li ancene. 7t-s rel at; ��s to +he
TTi �1rgllUrP' ��'P, 7101' k'Tl^�ArY1
6• �'O�rP7"?71(r i;�P.. SOti�4-hP7'7! '')Qv"t nf' 'F',Y1P 1(1�IPr (;1�i1�n7'Ylg ti?'P,a aTl� �.� l pf' 'i'�'iE'.
Jae�son and ?Tic��sbiarc, P,X('P.»{-iy�cr sma�� sr��ts, and ex+Pn�;r..a ��er +he �Trand
�71z1f �zre �een qizartz san�s, �ome+imes �ith r�r�•7P1, z,%h;.rh �ear a r�roti�rf;h
o�' lonr�-1Paf n;ne. '"hese sAnds rest>>vn�or_f�a?mably on +hP l�o�ever terrane�.
The n�rle "Sp�rt+� san�ls" i s *�r�nos�cl fo_r .+,he*n.
7. qccmm�amr;n� t�e le.r�er s+reams, oc�i�ny�n�- lozxrer le�Tels thati �he Sparta
s�nc�s, are w��e se�ond bo-l-t.oms. monoc�r�.n�z�all�r si-i.11 lo�v�r A��e the
nre s ent a7 11,zr; al t*� J 1 e�rs .(( 271 l �
�_.
-1 �-
A?..^�pmym-,'P F;��IIOGR4P?�Y OF P.�PH;RS DEAI;IT3G i�IITH Tu��' �;OCET?E PAL�OTTmOLO('rY OF
LOiTI`; T ;1 �.' A ( ( ?7- ;�01 �
( i nm i++ p�j � �
I.00r1LI`"IN;S FROi��' 'dl�ICTT FIUSSII:S A'�E LSSTI�;T; ITT T?iIS P;`�P�R�(;�r''—g?i)
��om�++p���
DESC'%IYTIOT,?S OF' I�TE45J SPECIr;S ((�?_�2� 1
((om�+,+Adll
PI,ATES ( r F;�-6?�1 �
( ( .nmi++e� 11
zr�n�r �6�-c�11
( ( omi +;�t-�,� 11
— 30—
�
�
IIscs �. s8s
BZTII.:� TITI 6g5
RrL�TI(�N �H I��1DSI:IDFS AI�TD GL�ICIAL
' �. _ _ . :
E
SAN�'Jif��il`JTr�INS, COI:OR.ADO
bjr ?'�a11a�P '�'�. Attivood
jTril.'F"P,a ��':�i1'P,S �e�lo�i�al Sl)?'T�Ptr
�sP.(�7'f?'P, e'�:�S �ITt'l�i-�')� T11.T'P_,C+07'
1918
((Bil,. ref.: �'uY�. o�' the !�. S., �R��,� 19F:�: *6R5. Rel�tion
of lanc�slic�es anc' Placi�l clenosi+� +o r�ser�.*�ir s�+ps �.n
+l�e San Juan T?ol�n+,e�n�, �'ol.o., b�r '"�. �:'. At:�*�ood. 1918.
�8pp., 8 pls.))
�-----_ - -- --------- ----- - --- -------- _ __---- --- ___._ - — - -----___—_-- _--------�-- ------ -- - - - - - -- ----�+
< .
I
. : ' ; t, -.
�
�
�
_]—
LTscs �. 6RF
RELATION 0� L:APIDSLIDES A?Tn GLQCIAL DEPUSITS TO R',�,SERVOIR
SITES IrI TriE SAT7 Jt??�T I��Oi�?TAINS, CC�LORADO
b.r ��r�1 ] �ce ''r, At;wood
TTr_itecl S+at�s ��oln�jcal Survep
BUI:I�ETITT 6R5
1918
(( +�?�stra�t not;es and t���e re-F'erences� 1((� - quo+,ed fooi-.notes) )
/ �.":rOT'� S � — �EL£�.C�rej;S
....................................................................
((P3�es 1-4: T�+1P na�*e, c�nteni-.s, and � i s+ nf il 7»str�tionsi i
I�TTRODUCTION( ( 5-7)1
1� r�n�+ �f �t-},e resernn�7' pY'OjP,Ci�S ar� �csoc,�+ec? ,��.i+.h �he are�+. �1���a+Pd c�nTr�ns
��' +�e ran�e or �F�ith 1.a1,-e r�s�n� in tvhic.h +he v�zaters h.a�e ?�PPn ar+.ificial],y
rAised.
2. In s�mP ��' thF;m +.he s�lect-� or. �f +he 7'P,S6r�rn� r s-i fe has a�nArPn+lv bPPn
�e+.ermi.nPci b�* fhe OCCI]T'7'PY!CP, nf �, narra�Fr !*�ra�e �r ��ns+-rir-"-Pc� nn.-+ion
ir� ���± r.�21�r071� f�0*Ftngi-r2�TCt f'1^nm a i)t'���� O'�f71� �s17'�'I1.�'P, r)Or+].r1T1.
�, T21 T[!�?lV O� f!12SE ?Y1n1a71'f',�,171. ?TA.I�BZrS� hOWP,zrar� 'F�1P. 71�''rt�tnl ',70r�f-innS }'l��e tIPG'71
formed bv �hP �.en�s;i-.;on of la,r�e masses �f lonse m�i-.P.ri31, Pi+her of landsli�le
f17' n} �l�csal O?"1,�'iri� 3Ylf� St�Cl'l. n''�'1�f'riA.IS }'IazrP, 270'� �T'O'Re�! '{'O �� ZUa�P,""t1fr1'��-�
n.. ARost of +.he lakes in tre molirt��ns are �lso �e].�? b�ck ?�`r a�lacial or la.nc3s19.de
dPnosits.((�1)
�. 7nasmt�.c�� a.s exnerience has shrnnm +,h�+ manv lanc�sli�le mass�s ar_�3 cert��n of
+h� clac�al d.enos�ts are noi; arle to r:�i+.,hstand the p7'P,SStzrP c�f a h�.r�h head
of �T�t.er vrithout serio��s leaUa�e, i.t- se�ms desira�hle to publish a. descrinti.on
of the mountain c�n�rons ��� +r��: c�enos�ts commonlzT ?ovnd in them and of the
r�eolo�*ie. cond�+i.ons assoc��+e� ��rith the lakes in the mountains, so that, in
+Y,P fl�+t�re, n� exnFns�re @?'�"07'S need be di�P +o a f�;lur� f� rPno�*nize fhe
�eo)os�i.� forma+.ions bor�erina� a nroposed seserr��-ir S?1-.P,.((711
LOCt�TION( (71)
l. The S�n ,Tu�n 1'°ovr_+.��ins arP �n thP soi�+.h��re�tPrn ;»rt �fl Colorad_o
2.. The lof'tiPr su*��+s in the .ran�e risP �o Ple�rations of �ve�� 1,40Q feet ((sic))
�. The hi�*hPs+ nealr, l�r!���.�n �s TTn�ompah�*re, ras an elena+i.on of l�-,:�06
feet((s,•c)1
r. ��l��h nf t,rP r�r_�e � s abn�re ln,nnn feet ir ele�*�+; on.
;�. To the 1^re�+. t-�e ?��r�Prir_� lov,rP•- 1�r.�s fpt-m +'nP Colorado P) �+eau, �^T�.ose
ele�-ation is �e+.vrPAr 7,��n �ncl R,Q�O f Pa+ �l,o�re +he sPa.
�. The, TTncomnah�re �'].�+ea.0 li�s �+ +hA rior+hr;P�+ �nr� r�nm�S iri el?�a+iori
�'rom g,n�� fPet r.?Ar +-re motani-a;ns to �?,Onp f�et, ar� n+ � st;ll mre�+?r
�li.s+�nce fr�m +,�� monn+a;rs, +� 7,cllln feet a��v� sPa 1��-e1..
�� TTr�r'i-1'i. Or' }"�� ,"?T1F�'E � 7n +hF �rj(+irlil'zr (1f l"np-F?-n��� i71 i-1'1E3 P'7"P.fi1� Zr�.��Asr pf '1'hA
TTnc�ompah�*rP n;�A,_, +hPrP ; � an arP±� a.+ a1�n1�+ �,nn� fPPi-., h��� just= ee.st of thi s
�.1" P� � S 'i7? !?+Y, r"- n�.. "'� P, � V � i S'�:'"' C f' nr1 r� g C+ -i Y�_ m '+" � P ��i.1'1 Ji� � r_ � f 017 Ylf �1 ' P. S VTi �f-?1 '� }1 P,
�'*��+,� r<,lk 4�oi�n+�;ns, s��nd �nto +r�+ nl �-eau �-he Ri ack r�n��ron o�� th� �unn� s�n
has '�P�n ct�i-.
6. To +he ea.^1- i � •Fh� l�ro�cl San ? ui G sr�.l? �,r, ,�.i 1-h a r*�ner»l e1 e�ati on ^? �r?�ui-
7,0f1t1 'F'P,P.'F� �nc' on +Y�P s�ii+h +hA n1a+��lz ?n� mes� �otan+�r of nnrt:��rn T?et*r
?^exi co.
PHYSICnL, GLOGRAPHY(f7-1�))
� I. PNYSIG�'rRAP�iIr F���OLI�TIC)IvT 0�' _T',N, ?��GIOT?((7-911
1• `T'�'1F� ��171 cI1�321 c�lS'�'7'�C'" �'?�^ 71�1.SSP,f� i;l'lrnlln}'1 q. rP^�£ir�''��Z.P, �'enl0�'�C }'?lS"�O7'?T
a. The esrl i.er oh.��1ers of th�i- h; s+or�r n�ed n�t he revietiv�d here, 1/
�. F��,i- the l�a:�er c�hanfers, �,Th;ch 00?7P7' an -internreta+;�n. o�' 1-he nresF>r.t
tono�raphv, 5�1017�.Cj �P, �lltl � n�d .
-�-
1 7� Th� �a.rl•, s*Po1 ��z r hi storsr of i;h� rarme ;� c1 ��rl�r st�ted i� th�
Te111zri�e, Sil�.*ert�n, rT�ec11� ?Foian+��ns, an�? nurav folios of �h? �eolo�*-i c
At] as, ptal,li_sh�d h�r +,he TTni_+��1 �t�t?s �Polom-i.ca1 Survev.
2,. n,+ t1�e enc� of rretaceo�,s tlme the r3n�e �nnr�a,re� �s �_ �re�t mrnan+ain
mass_--a h�a�e clome. (See fiu�. ?,.)((a�st p. 2Ai�
a. �i�rers went to work iapon t,hn+ np��ft�d ].�nd an� C�r�rP� ni,+ t-he ear1ST
Tert-i�rv Sgn Jl.�an 11��ounf�ins
h. _Alpir_e t�la.ci.ers WP,rE? for-ned in 1-.he l�asins amort.e, those mo�int�5_ns qn.d.
descended t� the neir�hborins� lov�rlandsi(711
c. In time, -Fhroiaa�h +he comrine�l eff'orts of ri.vers, slaciers, �r�_nris, and
�11 a�*ants of .->rera.+herinr�, +,t�e moimtains Urere remot=er� and �h� re�*;nn
�+ras roduced to one of lo�v relief, n�t far ahove sea level. ((7-8� )
d. Before t.his ��rork �^rr�s c.omple+ed rolcanoes h�r? l,roken oia+ i.r_ +�e ran�e,
an� t�t� i-.Y�� Pnd o�' �li�ocBne epoch ?�qst amo»nts of sar_d and e�ravel
were sprea�l ou+.., ozrer t1�e western part o�' +�1e area ( i 8) )
�, T'ext c�me a. seconc� series of vi�ler_t and extens?ve volcr�nic outbursts
a. rrom num�.rc�vs �rents fra�mental materi als zvere thro�n i.nto t;he ai r,
an�l ].��as ti^rere no»red oilt over the surface
b. I-i_+tl.e bv lit+,1P +hes� fo_rma+ions, cnm,'-�� from ?a�m,r C.P,n'(:P,7'S� built
un �,.n ex+.,ensi�re volcanic plateau, Tvhich, i.f restored, would ri se
�t- least � f e�*T thotasand fe�t aro�-e +,he hi�hest s�m.a.ts of the n,resent
rana�e
4. R�r this t�*re the Pliocene or ZR'tP, TP,Y't]AT'V' epoch had been reached
5. 4fter �he de�relo�ent of the mre�.i; volc�nic plateau the streams a�ain
undertook �heir �vork of di ssec-Fi on
a. Anotrer rant�e of mount��_ns vras carvec] o,�+.,, �nd once more, �f+er the
r��rers ha�? tn7n7'�P,�� fnr a l.on� i;me, i-h� re�ian 1^ra.s redl,�Ad i-o � lov�rl and
not much a,bo�re sea lejTel
b. The ol�' siirf�ce *�rod.izce�l a+, i-�,.�+ +,ime i s Y'�pre��n+.ec? h,y 7*iant* ��' -4-h�
broa� starrmits �r_�i 7n-F2rC�i��r�2'1 ri.c��es ��' +�� nresen+ ranre
5. Sti..li l�+er +ht, ��n Jv�n area ivas as*ain uolif_'ted
�z. This +,ime 1-t�� erosion surface +h�'- ha� jus'- be�n pror?l�ce� ,�r�s do�n�d
?�. Th� si-re3TMs *�rere .,'_��rj�<,rA.+.e�3 b,• t�e �rea+er el��a+,ion of t,hP moiant�;ns
�nd bev��n r�+ onc� to locrer i-he�.r ��i?rses
�.. A lon�* ner�.o� �f stream erosi.on +'ollor�er�, anr� asso�iate!� ��it-� �t ZrIP,T'8
�+ le�.s+ .+,hr� e s+.a.�es of r�l�ci;�tion, cl�iri.�� e�ch of ti�rhich +�e mounf�i.n
ca.nzrons z^rere o�clalp-i.Pd by a.ce
d. Throu�*h +.he coml�i.ned eff'orts of acP �nd �.va.+er +he najor features o£
+,t,� pr�sPni- tano�raph�T �reNe d.ezrelope�
6. S�nce the melti.n�' a?�a�?� of th� l�st mlaci�rs the�e ha.s be�n a renevred �nd
V7�0]"Ol�S R'F'1.FaC'.�r nTl "�}'!� MO1771'F;a_�.�5 hz'' S+'I"E?f3P1S "?1C�i 1�?r ��.�. f}'IOSP. Fi17'P,Tl'�S l^'�7� C}7
assist 9n. +�,� ti�,rP�.1�eri�� or disintep;rqt��n of rocks.((8)l
�. �r�s+ uantiti�s of loose mater-ial h.a?re be?n ta�-en c�oti�m +he c�ns�on
i�sal? s�(8-9 ) )
b. ?'he mo1�n+,ai_n slones left too steep +o st�nd ��i�e� +he last ice Tnelted
h�zre loosened, arr3 mre�+., areas of ]andslic�es h�t�e been formedi�9��
c. Th.e morain�� c�e-�c�si+.s, lef't, bv -t-.he �7��-iers cont�in 1�.Ue basi.ns, znd
at manV places stach denosi+,s ha�e ��rtiv fillec? the ?ralle,ys ar_d e�en
ponded �i��^s�r,ea.ms .
d. Tn i-he hiv�her molantai.rs i:her� are pl�ces �.�rhere the �.ce act-�zall�T m�t�[*,ed.
basins oia�; of' the sol,r� rock, and in si�eh l��.s-ins mTa+.,ers hati*e aecl�r.iul.atec�
e. 1'�Lid flo�rs �ncl +..orrentia.l fans h3tre also nonded CP,Ttfi'ln o�' thP strP�ms
9n�' �n�is��' 1.a.1res 10 comP �r_+o P,`{�.S+PTI(`P,
f. S omP 1 akes ha�P bPen f il i e� +�n� others hazr� ?��en �lra.i necl .
r�. �road flaod pl�ins ha�te '�Pen �.er.elop�d, an� b�T t'ne in+r�nr,rm�r.+, of
s+reaTM� colar�es belo��� former fl�od pla.ins man,y +err�c�s t1�n� h�en
1.eft -
7. The r�n�e -f-o3da�r i.s ?�e�n� ac+ine7sr eroded, anci �r@at ma.sses a.re sls.pnine'
or sla.�i.n� from +he o��rs+e�nened mountpi.n S1opPs
�'. TY1P,rP, are reA.sons for beli.ev�np; +.hat the ran�*� i.s also beinm �lo?��lv Unlif�cd.
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_;�_ USGS B. 685
I I. GT?'r�AT C!�NY02TS (( 9-101 � �
1 . `T'1'lf; (�'I^�`l1. !'`�II?TOI7.S O{' 't;11? .�i^.71 e111�1�, 1^P.^'i n77 }'lE?:](� -i11 �'l�F' ('8'C'i;1"t'1 t�a1'f nf'
i',�iP, m(�17��i-fl.in ?y�n� 3Y1,� 1 E?�!� 7"df� l�� l'tr 'f;0 '�'}"?P, lln7'C�P,�"111�" T1] %1f'2�3L1S
2. ;?+., '-�c�;r heqds ar.�. a-F, i;��n hPacts �f +�,e se�t�ral tr;blztaries ta these
�na,;or c�mrons t��er� are brna�?, open seTM�i.c-i.r�ula.r areas whe~e the
sno��rs coll.ec{-ed c��irin� t�,P sever�l e'laci�.l sta�;es and formec� the
a1T�i.ne �la�iers.
s�.. TI'lE? ?riA'()'!' Of' �CG' �C''f;lnTl� OZr�-n A�'; t')'!.P 4P.T'�T bP,lTiprii_nc* Of' P10�?A?r1P.I1f;�
i.s recor�ecl in these r�ncient cat�hment basins �r r,irqi��s b«
.;� ., m,inr* ;n�n +,hP �01.3.�. 7'Oclr �,,d l�tr r�r�o�red, poli.shed, and
dP�. �*n,� _
stri�te� surfaces .
h. Th� hor�erinr� ti��a1.7 of ��; r�ve i s usua.11t.r �rerv steep, in pl�ces
nrc��it�zi:ola�, f�r thP ti�.rnr�r >>nclernea+� +hc� �l �nier ]Pd +� r�. c.�nt-i.nual
P,Yl��.I'P'P?T1c?71t; Oi' 1'�iF'. (',f3+C�"lmg1�'F t�T'!?`�� SO '%'}1fl..�. i;l'1P -in-tP,!"—��?71�rnri nY'
�.ntercirr�t�e ri�s*�� 'h�c^M� narro��,r�r an� n�.rro,,•��.r, l�ca]l�r even
CO??11�E' {'O S�'1FiY'T�� l�P'n'e�l� S'�7'i{;O�i;�'1 ±'01'1'!S
c. �i�rina� t;he neri.�d oP maximizm format;nn o�' ;.�e t-hP s'Zarn pe�?rs
vrere a.11 tha� rose above +he r�1��;e,-s c�.nc� '-h� assoc�.a+ec� sno�+r fi.el�9s.
�. `�'}"lE' C�itC�1TTtE?'1'11 �.reas !iS EX�.7R7.112r? f;n—rl��. r�n.1�'F 1?'? F1.]'E'9 frnT^ a fl^q('.1-i071.
of a squa.re mi.1 � to as mlach a.s 15 s�var� mil.es.
:'. no��I_Y]S�'''P,9??1 frnr� +�h� ci r�ues the cantrons us�?.a] 7�% ret��_r_ �r_ oz��n or
U-sha�ed f'orm - ' -
a.. �e-inF �.n shnrp �ontras+., to lzn�� ��i ated c�r�rc�ns, si,ch as +,he �la,c?�
r'a,��ron �f t1,e �unnison, a+ +,�z� n�r+r m�r�9.n of +.h� ranr. e, �nc� +;re
T�l�se �'�rp�e, at; +,he so„+rP�s+,,, f�r slach strPa.m_ero�?e� c�ntmns �.re
V-sl�anec7 ,
b. Th�-��t^r�l] s o�' +-re �reat can�*�ns in +,he ran�e arP in ��laces smonth
ar_�a eve?� no7.� she�l from Yce act� on.
c. The b�ld or fant�s-f-i.� .rock fea+.,tzrPs ?rdi11CJ'1 certainitr must rave
e�; sted there �e�: or� t}Ze :i ce nassed throi�.�*h t�E= can�ror.s havo hee;n
re�o?*ec? ane� +.here is a°e;ener�:1 s�.rnpli.c;tv to tlip can.�ron ti�r3l.ls((9i)
c�. �'r. the flo�rs of -t-.�,� c�m.rons i.� -i:� nz��_�e�?t, a+- ma.n;�� pla.ces, t}Ia+
there h�s bepn vic�or�u:� ice act�on (i9-l0i)
�. rr7'OOVP,!� �?�0�.1.."il'tf'� � �1'1� S+r13i;Pr� Stl3"�c'].C'PS f3.7'P, 6'f'l�.l nT'E'SPY'VPC3 � 3l'ICj. Vt�S't
denosi.+s of �la��.al debr�s are l.�d�ed i,n +.�� 1�tiRr�r nor+.,'ons of the
vai l��rs . ( (1C�11
4, T�ar1TT of +he tr�rtatar�r car_�rons t?rm;.nate several hun�rec3 feef aho�e i;he
bot+om of t�� ma-in can�ro?�, s� that th�-ir ti�a+ers no��r tunble or fall into
th�; m�ir_ �;or�e
a. Stx�h han�*�nm �ra.l.le�rs ,�aere v.si�.�l ��,T oc�lzpieci r,y i.ce, btz'- t�e def=nenzn�
l�T(1rL- Of' �-}L� %Y'l�ll�;`�1'�r g;�.Ei( �.P.rS !'E',� � i'fl.�' �!`LO?"'�� Of '�-}t`la' ACLSOl71i�`�"SSI1E?C�i
b�r +re r�7 a.c� ers -i.n t�e Main �.�.n--or_s . .
�, The floors o�' th� r�lacia+ecl can��ons a.re very :i.r}'e�^ta1 a.r ���, �o n.n+ ha?re
the norm�7 �r��?;_�nt,s of s+,rPam �nlarsas, for tl,e ti�•orlr of �*lacier ic�
-is no+ cont.rollac� b�r t��e sarn� 13ti-rs �hai- c�n�;r�l +h� t��orl� nf rtann�r�* t�r�.ter
a. In sor+e �l�ces the 9 ce has s�ota�er7 oi,+. roles mtarh l��l o:� +.,�,e T�ner�l
p�r��i i.ent
r. Tn o+,rers ro�1.- hi11s or trnabs l�a�*e be�r_ 1ef+- on +h� rloors of the valle�.rs
�. TYI� �lebris ZP,�'-I- 1�V -4-Y�.� jCP �llirin� �-t;g �t�v�?7.Ce s�r�i t1n�12 i-l-.s fi.ris�].
mc�l-t-;.n� h:�s �.�c�ed ;ni�nerous �ei-.n?l.s ;r_ +-tiie .+,o*�o�*ra�h�r o�' t��e c�nzron
flo�rs an� the 1cr�.r�1- slor,�s, so +h�+. m9,�,r of +�,e nnst�la.cial streams
in su�h c�m•�ns r7 c���� ��e,-� �n ��Fn+1�.=, r�ra.�; ent s thro,��*h mea�3otiJ lands,
there over roc':-V nlac�s �.^r?�ere ca+,ara�.+s ar.d r�n�c�s exi.st, �r t�rol�ml�
some n�rrrn�• nn+,�r �u�- � n � ro�lr le� �^e or morain; r r; �1 �-e
6. Some of the la1-es ;n the c��z�TonG Q.re r?ue +.o trese �rre��a]ar�.ties �n t�i�;
stream bed, e;_tl-+er ;.� +.re so�.ic� roc_k or ;n +,h? a�laci�,l de1->ris
d• r`�t; ??l�?2t:r �13rGg Vf�.�� C�t1�'Il�'�';i.E'r OL`' ma+eri.a.l have 5�.17r'�l�E;C� 'L11�"O �'i1F,
c�r_jron fro�^ one si.�?e or '-he o-F:iler, or from l�oth 5��1es, sa �s to r�locl�:
tY�e course of the stre�.�
b. .qt � feUr p1a.cAs mu�as ha.zTe forr.!ed �.nc� cor�e r�o,.,n +he c��zton clopes, ar_c�
opt�os��'-e -F;r� motath of each sm�ll '•-ri�u+.,a.r�r s+ream +�ere -is usix�lly
a 1-orr�n+.,� �1 f�n.
7. The recoe�ni.ti�n of }hes� looser clepos�+s s.s of s*�eci al simn� �'i cance i.n the
se].ec+;on o�' resPr�r�ir s;t;es, 3n� e��h clas� ;s descr;l�ed in de+��l belo,�r.
- 4-
III . GLACI�L D�POSITS I�T TH� C�TYOI�?S ((1�_� ?1)
A. TE�.leRlr? �iL It'�0'_? �IPT�S ((10-11 � �
1. ':"�'�.i1.e a�lacier occun�es � moun+�in c.anlron trere is constant ?no�re-
mert d.o��,m tha.t; can,yon
2. The �,a,�ls �nd th� flo�r are scr�.��rd bare of lo�se ma+.eri�1.
3. A t th� mar�^in of the �c� in -t;l�e pos;tion of r��ximum advance ^�:cess-
�ve �eJt�.nt� �s ta7rin� nlace �nd. hea,z-�- ��p^G;.+s of �1�.c��1 r�r;.ft
�cc,rn,a]_a.fe
4. TTpon �he �';na7 r1e7 tir� a�^Ta�r of the i.ce th� s�err� s i s tancoaaererl
�. .�'UC�l � C�e}�OS7_'f;� Z+I'liC�1 S�'IOUl(� 71n7'!iL31�V CI"OSS �1i.8 ?rA�.�E'.s! �S � C'i7r4P,�
or crescentric �elt or rid�e, 9.s lrnnrm as � 1-erminal mora.i.r_e
6. 4s +�,P ;ce carries c��ffer�n+, �-�.nds �n� amo»nts of c�eY�ris i.n -i.ts
d;ffere��t rorti_ons, th.e deposit �,^.ri.11 n.ot bc; of uniform composition
or un� �'orr-� '�hickn.e�s ( (10) )
7. As �-'�r � ce c1ur�.n�* seasonal '�aria�ions m.os.*es forti�r�.r� or retre�ts
irre�*ularl�r a.t �ts mart��n, �uch a c?ebosi.t �=ri11 11a.�re �, ver�T irre�-ular
or hur�maclrv surface forr.�.(i10-1111
4. ThP +-erm�nal morai_ne in. �anjr TrallezTs ;n +}�.e S�n Juan �"our_fai.ns is
a belt thQt crosses �.he tralle�r anc?_ r�.nr�es frnr� a£e��r rod.s to �mile
iri Z�Jid-Fl-i��7.��� ,
�?. At either si.de of th� can,yon t��i.s m�rainP �a�r rl�nd or c�nnec-F�^*ith
� lateral mor�ine r�enosita� a,t th.e sieie or the nal.lei� or on the
ZOl^��2Y' 61.0�(�S � =iS '}-h.P� .I.CE.�' Tnelte� `�-l�"-,TS11�T. �..
7.n. The reco��l�t5.on o�' th� �e�hin����mor�ine rests unon
(1� 7ts tonop�r�.nhy, 1^rh;.ch is roUa�h or htr�ocly, ��Tith lrnobs a.nd
?�ettles
(2� Its co�posi.tion, for i� is a m�ss o:" .:�ton�s a.ncl bou7ders oi'
va.riot�s �ir.�ensions, �� mttch �s 10 or l� fe�t in di.amet�r,
interm�n�led �,^,ri+h r�ra�rels, s�n�s, a,nd rla,ys
( 3) Its s+rvctvre, for in mos1- cross secF� on.s it :i s a�n�rent
trlai-. much n�' t�e ma+er-i.�1 ti�.r,�^ noi-, cnrried �r!c� dex�osi-t-e�3 bV
ri�nn�n�* �'da,f8l"� 07' C��pOS'ii_•�C! lYl S't0.T1�7T1P; Z"73i-,@Y'� f}�e �reater.
D�f.T't oi the m-ateN3al bei�?.m unstra+;fi.ed, +hol��^h ,,a��i-�1-in. mall�r
siach rlep�si+s t;here are �oclrets of str�fifi�d sar_�ls ��d Pra�rels
(4) '"�c� st�har_p�ular shapes of thP s+ones
( F� T�e scratc�,es or stri�c-: fo���1�' on man�� of fhe si;ones
1� .'.'ihen such a tel^mi��l mora�ne is �pnroacl��ed fr�m c?o.�mstream side it �azT
�pnear �s � a rou�*h or hill�r belt, usuall�✓ �^rell ��ro ��c?e��, a:c-!-.en�ain� aeross
the ?ralleV
a. Tr.e strean �na�t hatiTe cut but � narro�nr notch throu�h �-.he moraine
b. �nd rapi�s ar c�taracts occur a.t such pla.ces
12. As s�en �'rom tl�e upstreP.m s-i c�_e i.;��c= '-.p_r�n� �.a�l. mora� ne is not; con°� �nl.�T
SO conspi�tao��s� r07' 0Y1 '�',)'13'{; S1.C�E'. i-.'-tP m01'E�7_7l"iC C!8'?ng�i S l]Si�.�lltr Y�E?CO'?l2
trrad.li�.l)« ].ess an�? l��ss
�3. "�C�SSI��-,Tni T.�p'_�AIP?LS((7.1-12i) .
1. '"1'-�en i�ne ic� f'ront re*n�i�s stationar�r for � considera��.e time �'l�.rin?'
+he r�ene-�al nel+.,;r� �nd r�;ces�ion of the mlan;er morair.�.c deposits
�c�umta.late at such ��,r�;_n�l �,os�.tions
2. Those clenos�'-s rese�ble +.he -`e�.in�.l mor�ine� �=�r�r c7-oselv in tonomra.ph�T,
maferial, �n�l topo�,r�.phi.c rel�+,;ons, a.n� in b�;nr* fror_t�l, bv.t thn�r a.re
U11� L'e -Flie i-E,�'TP-jrt�.�. �,iOT'`1_t212S 1P '����.'F '%;)'?F,J r�0 ' t'G��i'�SC�Q'� {>>"1@ '.�067.';70Y1
=1 O'�;
of the ice �'r•ont �t i'�s m�.�imurri ��lv�.nce
3. Se�reral stach recessi onal mora-in�s ?na?v be lod�ed in a sin�*le va17 ev, �nd �t
E'.fi.C}1 2T�01'8.111G tht? S"�Y'G"�m CO>>.f �"Tit��r �2 Sn*nPTS�'_��f; COYlSt2'T.��:GC�.
4. TTpstre�•n z ror� such mo?-a.�n�s, r�.s .f. rom +-he +�rr�!�r_al morr�i.n.e, '-he z;n11 ->;r
!'loor• mazT �,e l�ss he�viltr mani-.1.e�? �-rii-h �1ac�_e..l drirt �nd so a��ear
broac�er or more ox��n
5. TRan�r reces�i�ral. moraines serjre as nafura.l dams, rlo�l-i�^m +��P dra.�na.�e
��7(i C'.aLis�il^� 1`alrP.s
a. In cPr+�ir_ �-allev:; amnr_t* the San J�i�n 2°oia.r+�a�ns tti�ere are chains of
l�?.-es caused i_n th�.s �.���.zr �n.� conr_c�c+ed bjr small s+reams (� 11 )1
b. The loti^;�r;_n� ��' ol.a.tlets has drai.n�d m�r.sT lalr�s thnt e�.isted f'or �
t�me ar+er the rnel�,�_nc c�f �he ice, anc� tl�ose lake basins no��r �ppe�.r
_5_ LTSGS B. g£,�i
:�� me���v:rs or sti*ram�y ] and.s �.n �`h� coul�se or the st.re�m. 11-1?)1
6. Thtzs the rlountain stream mav f] n�°,. �'or some d � s+,�r.�ce �'�rour':1
�. mc��r,c,:• -i,�-�,-� ;+- ���.N � lol�r �*r��lif�r_-t; �.n�' r:eanc�er t;ti,ere ,;,lae'�
, �.,
ri.�r,,.�„�, �_1, i e.r�4, �1,� �. c� �r,,,�� ,�i>out � n -l;1 �� ; r floo� �1 � � _::� ( (12,) �
7. "!here sitnh a s+re�m le3tTe� tl,.� ol�' l�kP bottom ��d crnss��s
the m�rqine ;t ma,:� ha.ve to flaur thro>>�h a n�rronr �orr�P, q��
.eri+� falls end rapi.�is in i�s cotarse i+, r�av literallv fizmhle
do?�.rn +o the le�rP1 of the nPxt m.eadosF�, a.�^in to mearder +}�r�ue;h
an �ld l��re bo.+.tom an�' ttamblP to a st-i.11 lo�,*er l.evel, Qnd so
on, lantil +}ie �1a�i�+ed nort-.ion of thP cAnvon ;_s passed_
£�. The constricted courses of t�� s+,-e�ms ,���st be1 o`Rr suc.h la�<e-bottom
meado��rs have o�'ten been selec+.ed as c�.am sites, a.n�' thP farmer
lailP basi.ns �.s +he sites for reser�oirs
C . LATERAL R?ORAIr'�S ( (1?-131)
1. '"hen ��ralle�r �1���_er is i.n p1��e vast at�ant�ties of m?fi�r-is�.l
loo�ene� bzT ti^,eather�n�, rair_ u��r?�, nr s+reams r�.re carriec� doum
tti,P ?��tznta.-in slon� �n� clenos�+.�� Q,� r;�i�es on +,�,c• i�^ br�
n��r i.+.s mar�►i.ns
2,. Such r? d�es of d�t�,-� s are l�+Pral rRnrR� ��s, 8.T!�� on th� f;.nal
�P�t,�n7 �f t.h? ice th�tr co^�P i-.o �"�Sf 9t, the si�es of t�.e vallezr
3. Thev com*^onlv conneci- �+t fhe drn�•ns+ream enc? �a-�+.h +�+� term�nal.
mor�ine;>or ?vit.h. on� ��' the recess�nn�l m�ra-ines
�. TTns+re�m thP�r become 1PsG �n� less nrominFnt �n� ��P rni+. bef�re
+he cat;chm�nt h�s�n is rPa�hPr�
.�i. ThP 1�1er�1 mora�ne commor_l�r reseml�l.�� a. rid�e
6. T-�� unn�r Si1rf�Ce ma�r han� so loiv a r�re.d�Pn+. as +o su�*�^es+ an
olc� r^�lroad �racle on f�P �fzn�,ron �rall
7. There m�v he a depress� an be�h�reen +he lai-er�.l mora�ne ar�? +he
mrn,ni-.a�n slope, an�1 loc�llj,T �m�ll l�b•es r�re held i.n si�rh
c?e�ressi.ons.
�?. �'�'here r� l a+.er�l moraine crosses i-?�e moii�h ��' a tri�ti+ar,� stre��m
�nn�in� �av follow �nra a sm�ll 1^l��e thi�s co- e into ex;.s+erce
�. St�ch lakes have cor�monl,y ov�flo�ve�?, the�r olatlei-.s r��re reen
ZOi^�P_7'F;CZ � 8.71!j '�O—f� ��T '}:rE' ?OT"CilE,'1'].V 1�OT]C�P,C� tri�?utart,* s+reams
_flo�,u throt�mh mPa�1o�,•s or�upv�n� +,he sites of +�!� f0I'T^Pr 1_akes,
th�n �cro�s i-h� lateral morainAs, an�3 co*nP into +he m��n
vsl ? e,ys
1Q. The nos-i+ion of the 1 ater�7. mara�r.e on the t*al1 P�r wall renres�;n+s
the M; ni�mzm ele�raf i on of the �.ce 1-h.a+ occuni ed +he rnain c�n•-on
a. The ; re �uas certa�nllr som�,��ha+ p']^P.n'�P,r :i_n thic�rness i,han the
e].eua.tion of tr� ] aterr�l. mor�ine ab�tte +hP stre�m ��arr_�1
r, T�'nr 1-he m�t-�ri�l of svch a mora�ne �c 7P+ �o,.•n n�r►�ans 1�� or
2�� feet di�ri��c the ?^P,li'�n�^ �f i-�^.e �ce hPf�.re i.t bAco^�es
l oc�ced on +.,?�e s1 one.
7 1. A+ some p1 aces in thPSP mrn�ntain���nv��!s +�e tirQ.71 s ar� +o� st.�ep
�-� r.�r�;+ +rP loc��m�nt of su�h 1a+,e=-�1 f�.P?'�glfg� a�r� t-�.e m�+arial
1-hat ��roialc� ot�����; se havP f�rmec� a � a.+er�1. morair_e com�5 10 rest
on +,re flo^r of trP �Ta1 1 e�r( (1?,l 1
a. T�'1@rP ;+ �o�s r�t ha.�e ��ist;,,�t ridr�elike form
�. Rt1+; iF 2T1177�'�.P,C� •��1.t� 1-}1P. P'E�n�r�]. PiGT^i-.lf' �" P'7'nliIl'� T!10"'A�.YIE'
1�ft on tre final mAltin� of the ice((12-l�ll
1?. I�? �om -p�si+.; on an� S'�7'17.C+17�"P +he � Q+.P?'a,l mora.in�s rP,SPml')1.P,
+r,� +�r�ir,a.l and recessi on�l �n�r�ir.es( (1��11
a. Ri�+. �!-h?t= �o no+, cort�;r nock�ts �f str�tifi.ecl ma�PY•ials
sizch as are common in 1-?�e fr�n+A.l morai_nPs
b, m�e s+.or�s in the la+eral mo.r��nes �re m�rP co*�TMonlv
�n�*ular +,h.�n t;hose that t�rere C�7'T"]P,d ne�r +hP ras� nf the
�l.�.c;er
D. ?`i�DIAL 1'.ZOF.�II?�FS f (1 �i 1
l. '''`�er_ a+r�b�itar�r c*1ac�er 1,n;+Fs ���t� ��e in t}�P m�in ��n~ron
+.�e )ateral mora�ne on the tanstrPam si.de �f +.hP �"ribti�;s�rz,r
r*lsiri Pr -j�;rs +he 1.�+Aral moraine o+' trP ma;n �1 a�i Pr ^nd
f�rms a mec��.al moraine
- 6-
�. ��q+.Prz.�l sn a�,cumtal�ted rests unon fr.e �ur?�,�e o? t�.e �;laciPr, bvt
or_ the f�.n�l meltir_� of the -i.ce �+ ;� �eno�if-ed on +he fl��r of +he
���von.
;�. rTere �nc? +here a �i i s+;nct mec3; r�1-morain� .r� a�^� no1^r ex� s-�s or fi�e
floor of � �*1 ac��_a+e�7 ��,11 ev
�. 2t ��rot,l�' sFem i-�n-t- as the material o�' t�e me�?i�] mor�;_n� *�r�s
�ra�lt�al].v 7et doti�m di�rinr� +,re m�lt;rm �f tre ice, it bFcA_.r.l�
�i s+r;_bi,+ec� or (ji Spr rSr't� , and so b�c�� a nart of fi �'f',nP.,?"?1
ma.n+7.e o.f �lr;ft on t�e flaor of thF �a1le�.r
5. Short �ec�ial-mor�.ine r�_��*es TM�a�* 1�� nresen+ Q+ the ,�Zan�+ion of a
tr�h,�+.�rv ��rii-h +�P m�.i.n �*a71ev
E. QUTV�i AS FI DEY OS I TS f(131)
1.. nnT�rs+re��m frc,m the +�rm;n�l an� re�es��onal mor�inPs n�s+ ntaAn.tit�es
O'�' Sr�Yl(j `iYl� P7't�VP1 �t'P <'�.rr�(?r� ni�'�" �1,. �}�(? lr��'}"E,'7'S ?')'lt�+' f'ntt�P f'T'017� '�l'1P,
PLP�'f;7.n�' 1C2
'�,� Th�go esZ?''.�S R�'lrl vrAZrP,1S ZOf�lj �"1�8 StY'E?13^'S �;C7 'F�'1P.i7' Ut'�1n�'t Cfil�A.(;i�-�T �nri
_ ,
1-,1111S COT'T�02'1�.V �Afi� '{;O �;�'iP. 6A`trr�rl�i;�.Or 02' �lx�_1�.7Y'�P' l�D Of' 'f;}�.4 f10�Y'S
�f +,he ?ra� ���rs b�Trond +he nos;.+..; on of t�e ice front
3. �ucl� o»twe.sh denosit-s are �a17 ed va] ?�u i-r�.�r_s
4. ThP�,* extend. from � fetiv mil es to as mtich as 20 or 30 mi1 es bPlc�vd the
+ermir�l mora�.ne
.�i. '��hf;21 'f%]P, p'ls_iC?PT'S f'�Yl.��ltr P1P.�1P,(� a?!razr ?�n[� f-1'1P, S'f;T"'�.T?18 �?F'(`�?T1E', C;1."'i?'eT'�
hAZT�)'1[�` �P.SS cierr,:S i-� �.arr��, '�",h.E?3.�" V!-'.10!`1'rle5 1AIP,r'e lnCr'BA`SP(� at'1(� 1;hpz�
Zn�nre al)1 F: i-O lotar�r ?'1�.e7_?' COttT'SP..B +�'1rt�Ulrh i-hnS� 1.o�SE �p?�oSi+:s Of' S'�Yld
s�r�? �razTel.
6. �'OSs1.7�1.�r an. ti?nlif+. r�i' �f-�P, ra�1m� 'npl���d +n r�ttirl�Pri �t-1�,Pi]- zrn]Or��i�5
7. T1'il�c i-hn gi-r��m �haYtnr,+l s=�7'e i-o-c?�?r r��+r�n�l��d b�l q���r +11P nl� flnn�l-
Ti�.!1�Y1 � P,T+'P�.� (�? f�'� si.C;� nl t'�r?e� .�y'}ri �f-l�n r`nlrtyl,•n1']1-$ Of' t'l-tE'. Olfl f'� �?(�(j
p1 a�ns apr�^�r �s +e.rrs�ces nr t?�n�'-es �s ,,,i��l� as 10� f eet 3boz-e +he
pr�sPr_� s+re�ms
R, n,+, Pa�h s+�r�e of tr� rP+r�a-f- �� trp ;ce �ra.st; n�,^�nfi,ti.F,� of sili-s ��rere
,�r�Gl�ed ot�i:; t�e•rnn�l .+h� -i. cr� f'ront, so +�na.+ fhe ro�?; �s o�' s+raf°i�'iecl
san� �nd �'r�t.Tral �n�v be �'�tand a+ sever�l lo�ali�-iPS �n �F}?P, �Ta]le�r, �?tat
�tsuallv +,heu lie -j�as+. ?�elacr t�,.e froni-a.1 mnr�i,,es��l�l)
IV. PrPGSITS OF DISTI2'C1^ GL�1C,I_'�L rPOGHS((�_�1.11
�. Tr +ti,� �,n �Tuan re�*;o.r. nr(�nf' 1'1Q� '����n nl,+c�;n�� nf a+ 1.�^G'� 1-1�r^n �is�ir�t
�7 a.�.i a.1 51-��e� di�rinr* +�,e l As-F lon�* ner� �d nf Pr�si on, i�
� ]�-��- "�'f'1F,rO�f�� �'r� RT�� q'1'�f� T"_P,�'�'lf'.T'� �r. P�� T�^P. P,ri(�8.r�a nf' tl'lY'PP,
disa-�nc+ m1�ci�.l eno�hs �r_ t,�,e Ple�_s+ocene ��i�t�r^* of +�,P S�n Juan.
1'Toi�r+q-i�s, Colo.: Jot�r. r�enlos�y, vol. ?.,O,x�?n. 3�'�-40q, 1912.
2. Tn th� earliest of +,hese, T�•hich. is c�l]ed thP Cerr�� star�e, ?.,/ the p�,lacia-
t;on ?n�s t;he mnst extens���e, a.r_� trP mnraz.nes of' thi.s s+.aa�e r�ve been
1 �r�elv rem�t%er� .
:� �
4.
3.
? 1.4 a+j�r�od, ''r. �r., ^�eene p�1�,�3�1 c�en�s�ts o�' soia+h���es+�rn �`olorac�o:
TT. S. ��eo1. ;1]rzTB�T prof. P�.per 9F, n�.1h-1�, 191�.
^_ felar scatl-ere� remn�rts, �11 of T�rl,i �h e,rA a1�n„e �r o��tsi�le of +he modern
canvons, ha?re bPen f�i�n� at sev�r�.l p].��es �ro,.,t +�a .narff�_n of +,hP ran�e
The r�lac� ers �f the :i.n+erme�?�;.a+.e stA�e, 1-ro�m as t�e Pvrar_�o, inre.r�
-in+ermecii�-Fe in ex+ent, biit; +�e,r occiipied +he *nodern cam*ons, �nd a-�Pir
m�raires a.re f�r+.her d��^m .+,�ose c�znvons anr? hi�her �n +.hP slones t��n
t?�ose of the l�st stqQe
a. m�,.� nur�nao r�lacier� �ere �s a rr�le fro*n 2 t-o � m;lf,� lon�er +ran 1-�e
�l�c�ers �f +,hP 1�st or "r�.s�onsir. s+a�e
b. r�tos+ of the +ermina7. mora.in�s of +hP n��r3n�*o ���.cm ;rG ra�� heen
remoTrecl b�� svbse���Pnt erosi on
e. The ] a.+eral moraines rem�.in, fl�� a+ mamc �1 �ces the �Ut•,nrash �lenos;t�s
of tl��i- s+a�*e maz* re ;dentified
m�e �1 �c�i a1 d.enos�.ts ���hi�� �re of i�*+ec�.�.�te si �ni�'� �ar_eP in +hc� nresent
discla.ss�_on �re +hose of the 1{ast or "�-iscon.sin e�l�cia]. sta�e, .vhi�h h�ve
-�- T1srs s. 6��
bPen de��.r;bP�l �hnTTe in deta;l.
V. I:.9r'DSI.I�L D�;POSITS((ln._1=1�
1. �''hPn �hc� 1 as+ �� �_�aers �lis�np��rec�. ir�m t.he San Ju!an ?,�olmtains +.?n.c� c�.njTon
r�ra7 1 s�rer�• �.'- mam.r pl � ces so s+Pe� th�.+ as �^rP���,Pri.na� �.n� �3isir_+e�rqt; c�n
�f �t-re ro��-� n.roc�ressed ?r�s+ ��aart;.+;es �f th� ?ra+erial sltamped of'f' e.nd.
slicl t� thc� rQsas �f i-he c�l; "fs. ((14)1
?. ThP 1.an�sli.�3e masse� as 1-he�� a��i�mtz� ��e h�tiT� an excPe�3in�Iy ro�ar�h
tono�ra}�hv( i 1 511 �
c'1. �'}1� 6'�(�t�Ofr�"3')�'!iT TI1�V T'P.SP,TTIr].P S(�n1F,�T�I�'�' 'i;}l'i�- nf' �, F'l R.CI £11 ?11C?2'?i1I2G'
r. Rta+ ;n ��rfra�t t� t;Me mnra�r_e i-.he �nd_i��du�.l landsli.c�e m�s�
com*-��nl?T ?'1'�S OTIE? ZOTIP'c'1" AX?S� �^*1"ll.�r ?�?�!.�P,S �'� r�d�e7ike, �Tl� t;11E?
lont�er aFis�or c,rest o:� t�e rid�e ��ri11 bP apnroxir��+elv nara.l]el
+o +�e clif{ fr�m ,�rhich +.h� m.as� slid
:�. "'h� ]ar_�sl;c�e rn�.+Pr-ials �3-if�'er �'r�m t�� �7a.c,'�.1 de~��s�ts z.n +hat t�^ev
are +�nr�vlPr,�n� thP �n�i.�;_c�iaal stones do no+ �+�4P, �olis�ecl an� s+.riated
s�irf�cc�s slac�h �� a.re nre��nt on +.?�� s+ones of +..�,e rr1 A�� a1 �7ri ft
4. ^�±P 1 a.nc�s15.�3e c�en�si+,s �3o not cnn+��n so 1�rP a�*a.ri �+y �f s+�r_es as
+?,e �l.a.��al �e�osi+s, f'cnr �-hPir m�+Ar-i31G *�us+ come frnm +ti,P fe�r�
fo�m�+.ions renres�r+Pa in +rP r_l�f�'g �,�,c�r� +h�m
F� ThP 1�ndsi':i�e masses �ire a1�o ��' sma7lPr nx�-�nt +i��n ,+,hP �^1�cia1
�.P,�OSIi'S� fiYl� 'f".�i'1P, C'7"I'S frpm ,.rhi f'Yt i-�'LP,lr Y�n�?E' r0"'f; qT'!? t7cU.Al ��,r i-.n �P,
SP,F'ri
6. There is n� ass�rtment nf -bh�-m�i:�rZa7 in +h� lAn�'sli�e *nasses, �n�l
in +�ha-(-, resre�t +?�eT,* resP*nh1� +,�P �pnosit.s IP,fi; h�r +r� me7+�rr* �ce
7. A�^on�r +,h� l�n�s1,'de �r�s�es thera arP small „n�lr�inP�! �3enres�inns,
�nd in stac�. denress� �ns ] a'-e5 m�v f�rm
�.. ThuS +he nres�nce of 1���Fs nr nonc�s in 1-1�e lo�se �?en�sits �f the
moim+.�;ns is n�t a nronf of �f-�� a�l��;Al orzr�in for +'���sP �epos;l-s
t,. �t, s�me nl�ces land.sli�?e ma.sses check dra�.naRe lines �n�l non�i +-he
sfireflms, �o t.h�t l�.kes h�ve come �nt-,o exis+er.ce.
F. Ia.n�'sl?�es ma�r coma iro� i;he opnos�,te si.des of a mount^in �anitron
an�? ?neet o� thP floor, or th�v m�1r ceme •.ra�th so �reat. zrPlo�ity
fro*n one �rall of a c�mron 1h�+, thev cross +he strea..*n coiarse and
Q. �ide sevPr�l hun��rPd feet un +h� f�r+!�er slope
he accumul�t.��n of loos? ar.r�ular m�+eri.al �t. the b�se o� a cliff
;n. +.he unner nort�ons of � c�m*on, r�sn��ial7s! in +he r�rent catchmPnt
s�,�`n�,g� iS Sp01<'P,ri Of' r`aS 'i'£i�.Us.
a. The i.nd3?Ta.�u�l blorYs havP f�ll en a. ie�r 9.t a�i*ne
b. I,ocallti* ir_ t�es� basins, an�i in � fe� pl ��es farther �rn,vn the
r_an�*or_s, hna�� massP� of i-al��s m�zter-i�1 ha?�P r�drl�n o„t or f].rnrre�
otat �'mm +.�+Q �1_i.�'rs, flnd as th�_5 »roce�s i s ��or_tinl�Pc�, o�e 7nass
af+.er anbther follo�tii.r_� trP same �rs�.�k �n*,+m +r� �orn+a�n slope,
lan� �'orms are nro�t�ced 1-�,�+. rPSPm�,le �re�i-. mu� f1OT"�S� r,?+ thP�=
are com�os�d. of Pn�ula.r +alv� blocks.
c. Ciach rlenosi+.s h�ve bePn deGcribec� as ro�lr s+re�.!r�s 1� and are
somF+.i�^es cali e�] rock P� ac; �rs, +he +P,-m imnl,,;nm t.��+; tl,e mass� �-
��,ras frozen ar.d mo�-P� r�.s a M? a�; er, althoiir*h Zt wqs h�eTri 1;�� loaciec�.
��ri+r +h� ane�u� ar fra^�mPnts of ro�lr tvas-!-e .(�] F11
1 15 Ti�e, rrne�i-, I:�n�s1 �de� in +h� San Ju�n I���unta;ns,
Colo1: n. c. �reol. ��,r��P•r Prof'. Paner 67, lgng.
ZTI. LAKES :4P.10'_'`('s TzIr F�OT7T'TTt'�I;TS ( r lg� �
((nre!�omi.nan+lzT refers to S�n ,T�aan T_`oian+.�in�sl�t'-Ps11
( � om i+t �ct l �
VII. TOnr,��,"�TI_?L �� T,O�.,ITS IrT T.�i� I��,rGT C"�T,YO?iS ((16-17� 1
1• T?l �ir?;aii'�fSTl 't;0 t"rf', P']�(`�si� � 1'311�5]7f�e� ^nrl Tf1L1C1—fln�er riPnOSl�'S 7.11 1'1'1P_.
C'aY!'•OY18 'f"}'1A1'P.. '�r� f*7'��i- f3ri111'2 '-'C('1�R1171.s?i;i071S Oz1-^OS�fa i-,1�P �TtOU1'1�8
o�' +riY�t�+�r�r strea?ns�(1611
2. The siae st-ream taSt��11V �nr!ec ov�r a?�nrt.• s+�Pn c*Y'ar�iQnt. �nc3 ?-�r7n�*c
] ar�� �uantitie s o�' �'r�srment-�7 m�+�r; �1 or s+ones, ,^rh;.�h hAzre been
snmc�v�rh�t ro,zn�lec�, an� ,rrhP.r. +�� Tr��i;Pnt is �eet-easec� �s +.he +r�btzt�rv
rP���Ps i-�+a �ain �*�J].P,r it 7m��t �en�s;t ;+,s loa�1ii16-17))
�. Th� hea�-;er m�+�r;a.l �s �r�pne� first, the s+re'�m sanar�+�S into
SP,Z*.P,Tf1I �i.�+.ribiztar-ies, ^r_� m�r� �n�l m�re of +he ]oq�l �s �rop�ed,
-P-
t1I'p+-"i 1;_r 1-�1P 6tp�?.l 1 g-I-rE;�"'fi 1'1'1i]"� 7'F?�1��'�; f'rr'lm fl�tE? Cnrii-in179� ��T*� Fi nYt nf
i-�� ����.+ers �rP +'�ne s�r_ds an� �i1� s<,r� 1_?.;� �m�m((1711
4. Such �.n accumul �tion has ifs anex �t. thP ±nrna+.h of +he +rirtata.r�T �or�'e
an� 510j�P,S radi.qll_,y for nP�rl�r 18Q° �'r�m +h��- no�nt, t;�v�rarcl t�e bn++om
of' the val? e�T, so th�+ ;+ �o-��s to rave a fan7 i'�-e form.
5. ne�os;t.s o� t�is ]r-i.nd from two sides of 1-h� cam�on ma.Y *nPet, or a
�i.nale fan majr �d?ra*?ce fn +,h� f'3T't:i'lE?r ln�a.1.1 or th� ca.n,ron, �n� 1-;,us
t�e s+ream �oii,-se ,rsi ll be bloc),ed an�l a l a're ��=111 comP i_n-t-.o exi s+ence
VIII . ST�tEAIri CC`tTi-�SES Iri TI� L:4'�G�R �TAII,EYS ((17-18� �
1. The a�tu�l chan�el �rrhi.c,h +he stream. follo•us thr�t��h �a canvon that
h.as rPPn �lactafied and affectP� b•r �an�sl��ies, mud flo�rrs, �nd
torren+��1 �enosi..ts �s ext.remAl.v n�.r���.
2,. T�� cond;t'ons �rP so �T�.r;��1A an� fih� ninnl�er of nos�i�1P �omhinat�ons
of +r� fac+ors 1-ha+ h�ve i.nfltanecec� t�e. loca+�on of +he stream �s
so are�.t th�t thP select�on of a si-t-e for i-re d�� f'or a resert*^�r
requ� res c+�reful exami.nation of �'�P c�r.,?Ton t'!�Y' s�me d� st-arce ur?
and c�.oti�:m -���eam from tr�� �ronosed sit�r, �nd a f��1.1 ap�recia.i-i on
�f trc� �c�olornic cor_d;+.zo�ns �crnss +rP ent�re �ridth o�' th.e c�nv�n
,�l�st beloTr� tre reser�roir. (� 17) 1
�. The s+-�es�ns of +.re S�n J��an �.'o„n+a�ns are all �•outhful7
4. ^�*en af+er th? �rea+; deepen�ne� accom�lished c�t�r7na� f.ra thr?e e+a�es
�f Pleist.ocene e�lac�ation t?�P s�-rear!s a.rA lrn�*er�r_� thei.r co>>rses.
�. It apz�ears i-hAt- the movr_ta�ns are s+�l] Fro�nTin�, �n� the b�se-level
to ���hi c�h t-he st.re�*ns are deenenin� th�� r cot.�rses is r�a.r� 1.otivFre�i
;r, +�e ur�at mota.nta-i.n mass.
RESI�RTTOIRS ( (18_ 3g)1
((omi++e�))
�i�
� ,.
�'
�J
ZTscTs R. s2o-E
�t?Ti?;TIr? ���_F
I�?.0?? On�: IT': CAS�, iEF�PI�1?, T��OT��IS, ,4T`?P.. CHEI�OKEE
COiT1�T?'IFS, TEXAS
b�r FY'T�es+ F. �?t�r��'t�rd
TTpi1-P�7 Si-.�+,e� �Teol �r*i rr�� Su7'�*��r
G�nr�e �tis S*�i+,h, '�ir��tor
1915
((�;�. ref.: P,ab. of the �. �., 1Ra�r l�F�: *6?,0. �on+ri?��\�+ions to
e�ono?+±i.c. :�'Pn10�'�r(sh�rt *�aners an� nreliminar�r 7'P,�(�'"+S 1, 1�1�,
pf37"� 1� T�E',+;A.� S?I'��.7 ]"�nrinl�'i�q1S� F'XCc?n1' f'17n1.S; F'• 1. •�AriSO*�? Fi?1�
?i. S. Ga1e, menlo�is+.� i.n ch�ro�e. 1Q16. �ri, ?61 n�., '1_? �7:�.
'�'�P.� T7'OT1 07'P, 7ri (',qcc� T,Fq]^�Oi1� TR<�rrjg� aT]ti rh.E�Y'O�e2 �0171�'%]E'S�
Te�. , b,r �. F. Rtar�,l,ard, n� . 6Q-109. ))
-�-
I�?C��' QP� IT� CASfi, ?"A�I(1rT, 1t"nP'�'IS, �"'D C�1i�',�()�'E_r
�:�ZTTT'�,Ir'S � `t'T��'X/iS
bv Ernes� F. �'tarc�nrci
ZT'L�T FTI1d g?p-�;
tTSGS B. 6?.�-E
1915
�oY,+r;l,n+i�r.s +.,n econom;c �eo]orrv, 191F, F'art I(na.aPs 6°-1�?91
( ( :4rstr�ct n�t�s �nd par�e ref�ren�esl ) ( ( l,f _ fontr�+es 1)
( ( � , . .. - 1 - bra��rets�l
..........................................................................
Plibli she�l ��i-ober ?.'�, l gl �
����?'e5� I� TT: `Pi fl P nR��� �r �O^finptS �11!� l j ct O'F' i 1111".+r�f1c7T'1Si �
zTTTRonITcTlorT( � s�-�o11
1• iL�7k.ik�k##� i'i- �Rr�c f��rPr1-p�1 �-.1'1��1-, A 7'P.CnT1T1=3iSS?r(`<' nf' 't'}'iP. 9rP,H. �"' Tt'larlp ip 1-l�0
�'; ���z7 �.r��r 1°14-15.
a. A�corcl;ncl,r +•ha ��rrifer snent frn,r z�,��tr� ;r. nor{;`hP�s+Pr„ Tex.�s ;n +?�e
al�tl�mn•,of 1�14
�. !� Pln`'t" OT�^f1Y'1177'1P, i"imp� F'f?r -�-1'�c rP�11�'f'S r1f' P,7r�l-pYlcir.� nY`C1Sp!qf+�-ir�m
ivere +hPn on�n for �r_,�ner�+�on.
C. ��P. f'OZ � OSrl7 �'ir* T'in�4-eS nt"1 t;�''� n1-� f� f�i ri Rn(� '!+S �P.�-P,l O.P.r!nn'�; �l7'P..
1JT'P.cE'�2'i'P.c� in +.�,� h�ne +-�at;, +oRethPr ���i+r t�P l�+Pr3+i�r� 7 i �i-ecl
af t,�� �„�? o�' +�e �aner, +.�P« mav ft,rn-i sh -F?�P �ss.�.nti al fac+s
roncernin� se?*Pr�l. o�' +he mos+ fa�;nrt�i?1� si+t�a+e� �f tha nrom5sin�*
deno�it.s.
�. T�� r�p�ri-s l��r ni�*�1,,1 P, YE�71P_P��,T� PPnrosP, ar.�l ot��rc nf +?�� earlt* Te��s
Si,r�e�r (lf'��-1�9?..) contain � m�ss of c��i-� ��r_�ern�n� niatcronn;nm �f
�re in ?Q or m�,-e co»n+i �s, hi.�t as t.ha,r are not i.17.�aS+rz�+P,�1 h•� �P+a;.l��.
col�nt•T maps +.rP z,a1uP �f ml�nh o�' +�,e text 15 �or.Gi���ra��l�r ] es�er_�d .
�. Tt07'P,OVP..r� t']'laSP, P,�'r')V �T1ZTF',S'�1 p'�'3'1()Y�S Z�TP,rP TTt!?(�P., h@f'nrP, SVS"FeP151f1.0
pr�5p��t��T1�' n�' i'i'�P COT1CrPti011s�rzr nrf?5 1'la� 27rP,T1 C£�?'i'1P(� Ori
b. .�n� l i++]e tivas lrno*.�n as t.� +��ir N�rt,i�al c�x+ent an� +hP i�nox-i�i �,�c�.
i ron carh�nate
c. T�e lamir,a+e�? �re bPc� of rherol-PP f'o�,n+�* tivas b�++�r l�no?r.m, be��ttse
i.t ha_� been o�ene�l bs:� m�n;nc* in sP?�ere.l nla�es.
?. `T't*ln �?r.lP,? P,x3II1-i7?�+lC1nS n'f' ?".1'IP il^On nrP,� iI'1 '{'1'1'1" fiP,1f1 h�r� �ZrP,�r?sr bPE??1
ma�1e bs� t;he TTn.itPc3 �t�tP� rT�olor�; ��l G,�r�ev.
3. Th� f; r�-F �r7qS R. rPC`.C?nnEL1 g�.�?'1('P, n'f' ?"1'lP Si'1"�t'f'1t*r��}1�r qnr7 +�P. i T'n71-OrP,
r�enoG;.t�c �,�r I,a��*rence !'. John:��n 1� in 1�?Q6-1�£'�.
� f� <Tohl'1RnT! � I. r,� T1��+ i�^nrt r�tri !n?7" �f' 2'tnr!-hnrn T Ot7i g j?n+a Tl�
_ �
P.fiS�P,r'71_ `T'E:3CFiS: �n'��'? �',nTtm.� IS'� SP,SS.� HOl)�`P., F�'. nnC. �.n.�'� l��F''.
�'. A71(j. 'f;�I'?P, SPCnTl� P'3F Ei ?'aDl� iE'C'n71?1�� ��'-37!(`p, Qf +F?f; 7'��Tft"lf"3F+P..•,n T»p.t
nr t;hP or? (��.Sfr'+C�" b,f �'� f'. �'cl��l 2� ;n 1914-.
� 69 F;C�'P.1� F. r.� TrnYt nT^Pc ��' nQY'i'�'!p3"i'(?T'n TparqS: TT. r. !iP,O�.
Sltr?-e�r Rull. 26C?, pn. ?4f�_���, 19n�,
C. .TO�IY!�Ori�g rnpn�'?' �nP,S Y�nl rC1TiS'Cj('Y' f}'1P. F'C:OT10?^lr f'eaf-tirPc Of' 'f'�'tP, iron-
beArin�' �'.P,t�osl+s.(fFc�l1
C�. (lf 1�;.S rn•,n ••:�or�: ';c�-P.1. s£i`rs: '�`T'iPr(� ,�nC?� �°J�re i.tt Z*iE'�nr -- a. t?r,'pf r(?poi""� on
-F112 ?17'G'SP,l1-h �011rii+'tlY1 F�TI� f'l?'f'i7rP, t�I'OgOP,(`+c n{' {-hn i1"nri irir�l�rt'1^�? �Tl� t�21
f�7t3R1'Tl'�.�'iC1t'1 (lf' {;}-�� rii.c�4-riCi- p�*��}-h n, zriPti`r i-n SP,Z.P.,(?"lnm �7'F?S f�T' MOt'E,'
rlg+a,i�ed rrnrlr.����6�_7(li�
] 1 Tt�� report �rra� Y�ri Pf� �7ni �
?i It de^cribed con�l;-F��rs �+ ro*nnara+l�P1•= fez�� Iocal�ties
_�_ tTSGS B. g2Q_r.,
'�) �n�' i_+s c�ncl>?si�r� utgth 7'P,1ra?^� to f,�tt,r� orosne.r.+s of t.�e iron ;ndv5+r�•
*^; s*�+ nc,,,, 1�e rP��r�Pr1 as cons�r�r�+-iz-e i.n +he 1� r�h+ �f resi�lts of
rrcer+ nro�nectinc�.
L:OCATI��i A?'� F.XTE�'TT OF OR.F; F'IFLD( (7�-7211
l� 7'l�p ir�r-�re (�ig1-T'iC,i; nr' T1.�*'+L,oq�+-�?r'r1 TP.XflS 17�5 ��+t*iP.�'71 l�R.�"l�111P�S
,r�i�0 '�C�T Al'�'a ..��.z'O ,'ii) t T?� `�ytr3 rpnr�f'�'iay1S ��� `-iilr? �E'j(� 11T• `r�T'1'� T'�F'=1S112"PS
r�taT�l��r '�bOla+ 1'?F mi l r � ;'rn^ nnr+h +,n gtit7-1-1� =JP_c1 17.n ?'ti�. F'S f'T'nm a�3.�i-
+�� ,�Te�+, (��e �'-i�*. ?.)i�Qt>st n. ?,Ail
2. P�posii-s char�c+erize� as brov��m �ron �re have �ean no+er� b„ +he mPx��
rapin�"1��] �taT'�rpV ip t�"1? fol7olnr:i_no� �l COtiili-jc�S �r.*ii-}-i�17 'f'Yitg a.^P,�l.:���f���
�,
�.
�.
n.r_�erson
(' s�mp
(:t�SB
!',1�Pr'O�P,E',
r-rer��
�arris�n
��er�� �rson
�!n1�1r1I1S
�rrnaston
pTa.r�.on.
A?n1^ri S
���aco��loches
Panola
�task
,�,' c1Y17.?l8
� en Au�*�a�t; ne
s!'1P.�17�r
Smi.+,t,
j?-� c?�t� r
jrari 7,�nc3t
�ood
T�e c��.stri?�lai-ion �f +hese ores, �Ti+h t,h.P ex�eof.��n o�' certain de-�osi+s
in �amn, uopkins, and tTnshur co,�ni;9es, -is sh��rtm in a ceneral �^,rav on
P] ate IiT �f +hP Seconci Ann�a�.l neport or +�e Texas reol o�ic�l Surve?�,
nvt,li5he�1 in 1E�90. ((7011
A l�i-er man, �sho�vinr� the sqme ore deposits �ti�ith minor a�d3�fons and
inc7vd�na� also the 1_i�nite oui-crons ancl m.ines, blast .furn�ces, a.nd
nrod�acin� oi7. ?ields, �ar�s nubl�i.she�i in 1912 by '��illiam B. Phil?ips,
d� re�tor of the TTni�ersit•T of Texas Bure3u of �conomi ��eolomtr r�nc�
Tecrnolo�-�r( (70-71�� _
S�uth �n� sotithwest of t�-is are� isola+�d �eposii-,s o�' bror�m ore have
l.�e�n n�t�c� in s�veral co�n�ties, one of �onsiderable ex+,eni- in G�nza.les
ro„r+,r ha�r�n� 1-�ee� re���+�.1�- z=� s�ted bv �r. Phil] it�s. f i�71) 1
7 711�Person».1 nnm.�,ul,;ca1-,�,n, DecemUer 191�.
6. T�nouranh3c mans o�' the D��n�erfiP7d, 1in�?en, and 4tl�n+.a 1F-mini�te
c�i,�c�rarmla�:, a].7. in the r.or+hPrn na.rt nf +h� iron-ore fiel�, kaT*e
he�n i csue� ?,•• -t-},P 7Tn; te� S1a.�e,� ��oloPical S»r�*ez.r. ((7?11
THE IRON OR.�((72-98)1
I. TOPOGRAPIiIC RELATIOI?S((�2)1
1. T1�P SUr?a�e of n�r+.heqs+.ernTe,r9.s ;_s a n7 �te�u, ��n tn 60� feet abovP
sPa ] e�rel, th�.t has beer moderai;elv di ssPcted bv erosi on 1-o d�)nths
�f ?,�n ta 40� �'eet.
2. A�'uch of +he sl�r$��e is a�era+l�r ro11;n�, t�i.+,h sh�l�o�nr st_rea.m n�.]ie�,s,
bi��- +'�e hi�hest x�or+.,'.on� of th.e for�**�er nl ateau are nc�t fl�t-tonned
ridr�es lv-ith s+_,eep slones inc:ispd rt.* sh�rn ra.�*ines.
�. Th�s� fl�t-�opnt�d ridmes a.re �en�r�ll�,r narrcnv and crooked Qrd h�a�e
?nanv sptars or bra.nches
4. ?Tl L�ZRC'P.S� ho�*,*eZ7'c9r� �f-hf?�r i�r�_�P,71 OU'f; '1Y1f0 level 3Y'C?�S 8 2R�].P, Or more
i.n �nridi;}1
5� T�,eeP h-ivh 1P��1. sirea.S a.re n�rticul�rlv 1�re11 �PTMeloned in rherolreP
� o�,nt�,
�� Tl�p�r hq4P. pPrS7Sf2� re�atas� of' the r�rPa.tPr resis+n.nce t� eros�or
offAr��l rz* �ertain reds of h�rc? sanc�s+one �nd_ ]imon�.t.e �vii-h �,vh9ch
i;hev are e�pned.
II. GEOLOGIC ??ELATIO?TS((72,_�a�)
1. Tn +he irnn-ore ��strict of northea.stern Texas tre st�riace rork
fnrrnai-.i0�'1S ronSi"•'f; ['h-ie�'1?* of' SaT?�, Cl'1�r, p^r�aS*P,1� a'2d Si11;� Zra.1'�rincr
�r^�+l�r ;n �;heir �?e�rPe of in.c�.nr�+ion bu�� nre�omin�ntl•, soft nr
1it+.le consolidated.
?. The r?os+, recer.t denosit� -- ti�ose +?��.+., �'orm +re �+ars, flo�±� plai.rs,
nnd t',B1"'"ti!'P,.S of s+re�ras -- �re af� �,�.a+Prna•�r �.�*e, l�u+.. +-he e�re�t
?f1�FSE?S Of S�TlC� �77C7 r�£3.�T 'v'.i"�'1 �^�l��rh +1'�ra l7'O]I�O�'P �P,�051.'f"S 9r8
QSSOG7!l.'�E'l� are Of ea.r]�.r TP.7'�;lal^ZT &P'8�"�OC;P...?'1P,�.
USGS ?3. 6?,0-�;
F�mtarP �.i(71.1
�__('i,-f-1 ir� r:'�,'� O'�' -}-1� .P, +']nr+!1P,-�F�"prtl Tp,7C��c, i1-f�r'—C)Y'2
�i-ig-4-rir"1-� ('r2n�t�^'tr Yizr A1g.�oY?r1�,,- *lllr?SSE',71� ,�.-i�"�h '� .'';f''.'?1'S
1'��j T',. �+'• !�l]?'(`�?��'� •
r',. �
P,' �/
�
a , q. t
�o X P ��`r��' ,.ip� 3 -�
1'���0 n.. 4.,�e�
( N�'� x Y
���`�`F XQ..��O �
�.xy 9 .--
-%'��, � �)t1:<�rsor�
_ ��_ _���r1'
,p���narSN�'� ,
l ��'�1. �
x�1,rF , - � " ��'�/ \
�7:: , -Aa py} ' �'�1 �f '
' _;_:;..-�' � � a
i j1y;' �/ �y ������ -----�
i � f ��•q �� 1R' --'�!-- j' � �
�., J a J5w 7�x � :-'.� y .
F �.
,�1 _ _ . �� ,�`=- �' �
' j � +� �%'�t� J ' �_--=�
� � : -�,....�„��:
_. - � ,
; �: �
� _ —
. f
, "
C�"
r��1� T�"()�1Y1'�'� l Y'1 .! 11t �•
?Rnt�nt; ��1n,�n f??1
��h5�f'1jr f�SS. P'�Fl1�C.
mar� s�• mn s� s ti�* �� r�r
�r�si
,_._. �; ._
; :�, f,;.;
L_..� _
l�r P,—i� n-^ r 7'n r^
}r.nr�;
(T?�aml,rr T'f fpr� +n
i � �..i— •1 p 1 (��n,f �
�
_�
_`1
L_ ,._
'.Zl �c}� ;'17r'�arP
I ;_�t nf nrF_nP�r1„� `^r��i-s
7.. Ro��riP uill �. Pr��it+, �. l�.sa�+er
2. "Ta+,e,-s 6. �'�.rr� �' 1.�. r;, �1,�r+
z� F�i�r.i.r� %. �TPrniP'�n ll , TTn�+tnod.
�. G,i�r�..,i-,+ �. �rr 1?. ZTP�l's
,� _.. __ ..
� `°LL _
^�n�rox, . '�oi�*�� qrv
-af ; r�r_ ore
ci � � 1 r� �'-
].3. S'-^�;P m�ne
ln., S� �t;e m��e
1F. St-ar R� �rPs�ent
1G. Ta,sGi P T'•e17 e
_ , . ., , . � y„ , 4� .,- �• , I' , �; ,
• .�r �. .... ,r�� . .-r .. � � ,'iCif'+: , n'?'+r•�i. ..f�,.�',{•...1
,` '
�� I. .. �' , . r �v�..� � : ,. �'i� '��'' � • .. l n`_. .
/
� ' I
� -!� ., � ' . ,^f �- � r ' ". .
� �1' .. � '} �' �'
.. . r � � .�-F i �
� � . . � � �� j . . . '
, ' ( f" �"^ f rv ^r �� T.
? � �_y ''�rt' � � � ry.,,r :
n' ., . .
!. � , . .,.�r ,.r` � � r _
. �
. ,^�• ' �;yl'
��
• y
�ry� r���
".T.. -r�rfF'
,r
y C'
RT
�1�+line o�' �eolo��c fo?-m�+,;ons ir nor+,hc�ast-Prn Tex�s
bro,�m-ore c1i s+r,:_et( (73))
S1rst�m S�riFs rTro��t� an� forma��^n Thick-
YIPSS
USGS B. g2�_E
1 ; �f-ho1 c� �v
�17Af"a,r71_EiY'jr RPf;P.ri.'t: �''P.!?'f' }'1t.7�?'j��"i�t; f�E''.�C1S]t;S� Cnf1S1S'i;-
inm �f ',rcr�,,r;, rnd, �r black
0-FO s�ndv cla,y or si lt; of the low
��v��rflotiv �'P,�"I'G1.CP,S of +h� hip�h
s-F,r�r��S; al �� nre^t�rit fl��ti-
p1 ai.n ?na+eri �] s, inclu� in�
S�rifj 9nr� mr�trnl ��ArS.
• . . . . . . . . . � . • � . r . . . . . r . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . .
'?ros; on i.n-
+er�al
............................................................................
� P�lus+r;n� �n�� m.ar;r,� �c�n�s�ts,
� c�ns;s+ir? �f len1icla.lar mas�-
] es of ��rellol^,; sand ancl clay; i.n ��
� a n]a�es, lensPs of �reen cale�r-
i r�}�k �'�o�,r_i;ain ��us, �*7�vconitic, fossilifer-
b f��rM�t-inn 4�� olxs *�Pr1. Reris of l.i.�ar_ite and
. 0 7-i �ni.te. S�me ��' +,h� cl.azrs
� Y. ��^ry��r f'ngS'l.11f'�Y'0175 CA� Cs1Y'P,C�l7S
n �o�,�r�+,gons. ForT*��.+,i.on as a ,
.
� ?r,�1� n1 E� i s r18C7 � P,r� �tr f'P7'1"1]lT7.n-
, OIiS �
. ....................................................... .....
� i,,�llt,�;-rinF? ?,n� mct?"7nP C�E.'„�OSifS�
TP7'+l'i2'V .T'',OC,P,Yte . !'.nTl6� Si-inrr ni' 1"C'�, ferr�a�i�nl�s
� � ; ndtar�+�r� an� „r�l��.Y,7 �r altere�
. T' !�:?nl]11i' ,�'P,�?71%�.T� ,�i�iQ mrn�r•i �nnr7� i•rjf'1� C'qSi-� ()f shel.�s,
. o f�?�*�+a.+;.on 1�rsrs �� 7 i^ni.te���nd clay, and
u t�eds an.� ��r_cr�t;.ons of 13!non�.+e.
, p Th? f orm�+.;.on as ��uhol e i s
. c�nsni�tzoizslv ferri.�ainni,s.
...................................................................
i palus�r;nP, m�r�n�, ar.d �it+-or�1
'°T?lco� f�r!nat�on �e-��,s;+s. n-+e� n�i-: �nrrv ferri��-
7I'ln7)S (�2T?OSl'�'S Or' iP1'70?"f.'iriCP.
........................................................................................
0
_;z,_ USrjS Ft. 6?,0-E
:i. The +�Ffo �;onere forma+;nrs trrh;rh �,oni-�in +.he nr;n�,ina.1 �et�osi+s �f br.n•nm.
nre �re +erm�� +r� �+Rrn,�,t Selma.n fo_rm9+�on. ���' +ro �no1� T"oi�n+.ain,: �'�rm�,+;on.
a. Thase forma+.;.�.,s �.onsti+li�e �t-.�,e l o�,�rer tl�rn-+hirc�s nf thP C1 a;��rn�
a�rm�p
b, mheT,r o�rerlie +,hA �"rilc�x �'orrnA+,i��, ,9ih; �h i s a] so 1^aidesnrP�d in +he
area, a.n�l tn +re soi,th +.hev ian�er�;P +t,_A v��va f�rm+a�ior., the tormost
f pr?��+,� nn �f the (`•1s�.lb�rr.� !�ro>>p
4. T'�� mo�t recer_t nu+1 in� o? thF s+,ra+i Rranh�r of e�s+Prn Texa� i s th�t
p'�?'A?1 �V nE;l18�P,7?� Z� "r�'1()SP, ?��PP.r lE 71�1�c1'.r�'t;FC� 1'+Y q A'P,O�O�I( ma.p f}1��;
�ro,�p5 +o�*e+hPr +?�e ";�ol�n•i-, ce�m3r� �n�? �'ook 1'.�oimt�;n formP'-,ions, b��1- in IP_O�"P,
�F?'F'.�.1.�.f',f� 7`'la.l�t�'1)'7� 1.'�: 7!la�r �jP, p(?ccil'��� i-O f��.f?P,]"P,P..'�;�a'}'P, �"�.P, i't,4�n ?Oi?Tl�tl�T1S.((7211
c T.i.. ',..� -, '•iro;.�,,^�� r� n�-.�,.T,.,� „m.] .� t_. c.t, n-" !-':,(, .
•] 72 .??Pt��.sen, A1Pxan�ler, �T��1oa�v �nr? lzn�ier�'roi�nd t�13�'B?'F�i �� +}�e
so��+haast-err_ -�3rt of +�,� mexas !'o�.�tal Pl�in: TT. S. rx�o] . Siarvev
t�rq+a,r-St��:�lv Ps�.nPr :�'�F, p-�. ?6-R3, 1914.
r. I'f; }1�S �"`E?P,�'? C�P,'E'P,,"?�1i.TIF?f� -1-1'1�l'�' r�f' '{'.j'1�? rif?1�(1Si1-S (��SC`11GSP,� Z?1 f'1'l�S na�,e,- -F�n:;f?
pf' tti'lP 71nri-1'IF'A1'21 (`nl]ni-1P.S� �'ASS, TTnrric� TT�T'lnY�� f171� TTnS^17T'� '-lTP. C,nTnT�7't�'1SPfl
�r_ +rP �A�1ani- 5�1��n fnrm�,+;�r_((72-7'�11
6. _±�n�l +.hns� n��,� T?Z,s]r, rhernlrPe f'rnm+,�,� 1n +h� �ooti� �!"onr+��n fo*-m�+Zon.ii7:�1�
7� TY,� O('C1a1'TPl'1(•P ()'F' t:�'IP 710ri-1^�rn �P,�nS�'�"fi ?n i'ha lnifr�r rn�1rS �fi �111P, 'FO 'f'�"1G'
f'ttri' 1'1't�i- tl"1P. StT's�+,A �'?.l1nE' Fl Slirrhi' (�-j•� �11 f� S()1�'+'�'1-5017�f-hr»S'�'"P,r��� til�"P,�'f'�Ori�
s� th�+. t�,� si,rf a�e b�zrPZs +�,P e��^�c �f +�� ro�T-s, �xnns;.1�* t.h� older
fot'!'��,i-in?-t� t�rnm]^es�;�-ol.. n�rttil.�.arr? r�7?rl �nr�f-��,���i-,r,�?,rt�.
f?. A sv�cinc+ �?e��r;n'-i�r. o�' +h� �iari'a�e rnrma�}o�1G in +his irnn-�rP distr��+
( ari 1�E;S'}'�P A'ino?'! h�r �f�9.t�'I'l1'Ir� +�ng� nnT'� i.OPS (�f' nP.1tSGPn tF ntii-1 i_±�,o, pf' 'f'.�g
Cen�zo�c� �onosits o�' +?�P mex.�s C��s��l �'lain 1� vrh;ch r�la+P to t.hP area.
i( c�a.rt ars+ n. :�A1 �.
1 7:i11 n�u�s�n� �1P.XF1�"!�f'�"'� n�. �i+., pn. ?7-?.�.
�, Tt,� �':ril��a f�rm�+ion, ��rrinh is +he olc�e�+ onp Pxn��P�l in tre ?��oT�,m-ore
(��S'�rlr'd"� O(',('11711f?� �Or�'.�nYtS �?' lirl(j(?rcnp� T�pY�f�P,r'S771.� ?TAYl 7,��'?(i'};� ,�'i??1�t�'1�
r'r'Cf?n'.�.� �,�rnOr�� T�0712rj.nS� `T'ii-U;:� (',3m")� TT',���"it)Y'� ('j'Ir37'OI��P,� T't�.C�r� ?"92'l(�T?�
'��l''"?SnYS� �n11(��%i� ,�'.1'tp,��zr� T?�if`Otrr�O['ti1P,.�i� .S.''il'! �il]�'L',8i-i7�P,� �n.C� �'9.11.71e (;01�pf7F?E=.
��5�7�'il"I�' SlC��
'i. 7'�' (�Of;fi 7'tc�i-. C'!3Y'r�r f'P,T'rlicr"Ipn�'c l�P.?lnSi.-�� nr' Pl',p2101?1� f' 1T'�1�nT"�;��'1rP,
](1. TI�P r"011]'i-1-, Cr��.T1�71 f'O''?R?�'1C?t� i� E'Xt�nS�?t� ].T7 ',1s1T'�"� Of' :�.?7't3ren�'1� Nr�i1r�P..t'POTI�
f'1�+�rpirf�P,� r.+l��l'� r:rpmEr� ?I.�rr'6^7±� ��nrjn7l� 1'RQ1^ric� ari� (',fl`?S (`(�1�T'!i'7f�Fi.
1 �. Th .n l�(�nlr T!()itrtf'il.T1 r'nrmai'� O7? i S E?Y'�7�'F rl i 7! 1?n17c1'n� � anClE?'"SO�?� �'}"IP,Y'O�P,P,�
TT�C'nfr�l!1nt,nc� �;qr� �,17m1i�'f'inP,� �.'i3���8.}'t�?1A rnl7n'�'iE?g�i%Z��
].2. qs ;,,�?i����,� ;r t.he o1�t,7iTP �1,�--e, ((�?,�+ n. ?;411 t;t�e ����,T+ S�7mar �nc�
���Y �R�n�+�in: #'ni^r».+-i nn� �re ?�+r.�1 �Ti c�� �v s;mi] ar, al+�,o,imh '-he ro�k
�`n17ni-9�71 ?m�+'r (`sirr��* m�r� ('Za�ri �%�—%��\ `
1:�, T?�e ��enos,'+� o�' brovan:�re �e�'er��� nro��is-inrallv +� +has� t-�so f�rm�+-ions
c�iffer in ��r+��r imnort�nt r.P,St�P.�+.g� �s ,r.ri.l ]�e shrn�•;n ;n +t,; � na.per. i�74.1 �
]tl. Ci�1 -f'he? r7F;pCnA��� of �Y'OTl OrF?� �t'1('��)��nm hni-1� 1i�?lc�rl��'P. fi71[� 77'(�I1 es�rhon�i-.e�
Sn fa.7' 'iS O�SP,Y"�f;C� tiitr �I-hE? �n?ri_-I-P,r� f{rp GGP�JC'i?i-Pfj Z'I�_f�'1 f''�s�.t�r0?'1�f1f' S922(j.
a. '"711er� -the s�n� i � mor� snarir.�*1« a1 ei,cnn�+� c+.�� �er,os�+s ure 1_P�n�r
l.r' 17'OTl� ttT��� �Y? f�P, �P.�S �"h?�' £i?'P, (`02'1.nnSE'C3 nnlST Qf' S7��1'fl SA.TiC�. �'!O
fer,^i7p'irl(1t)S C�E',i�nSl-f-c {-1'1=i+ Cn1��(] �1P, �4-P,77�leC� ,'r^n nrP. �*'P, �nl'1T1(�.
1�. TY'C?71 ptrril-P, �'1�5 t!�'Pn n1�GnrTrnr7 l_Y1 a'hC' La7103C1C�� 7.P.(� ?C>T1P,� �U�' 1n rrl �-1-1�r�]�r
T?1�.n1x+E' 7l]�a'11i;�.�'�PS� A?'�r� '�'n l'� C`?7? ?7i?i- hP. 98f.2^'i�?P.C� 80 '1Ti"�n'"'+'at'?i- n, ps�r'f' i2l ?"�f'
?,F',Tl%S1.S n�' '�ti1P n� P, A.5 1S e?T'1�EY�i'].�T nIF11rF'Ci r�I F''�stl�f C171�+P�
16. `T'�P. pr'(�vjTrl'?.fP. Snll�"CB Of' f1ZP ? rnT1 l S tip] i C?�rP,rl 'i"(� �E? 11�c fE)7^T'la�*i.Y1nl1S S�T1_CjS
�n� clat,s th�+ inc7osA +he ores, 1-�la+ ;-F- is nrol�ar�s i-hat Fhe ores +}»ms�1�.e�
�ssnT„ac� +1�ei� n,-Psc�nt for�^ after t-�F: �la;l�orn� se�;��n1-s �;rere c?enos�.+ed 3n�1
�'?s�(� �flP,('.nmP_, 9- ] �Tl� �7'P.,ti.
-4-
17. A�1 the ore �aterial mav have passed throu�h fih� car�onate s+a�e
'�)Qfr�r� ��('n^ti71"' OX1.C�� 7.E'(3� �V+ i;l'lr�rp ; � E?�r��lerif'8 "r}'I�Li- SO'^�' Of' f}'1E
limnn;.+e c�enosits nP�.r '-he s»rf��e are mi�ratin� c�o?am?nrard throta�*h
sn],ation ancl rede�osi.tion.
III. CuAP�C^FT?((74-7F1�
�, r:fIT;ERAIO�Y( ( 7411
l, T�,e �rP �nns;�+,s ��;�rl.r of li.m�r_�+e, or �'l�rdrat-er7 sr�saui�x��e
of ;ron (2Fe?0;�.3��?,0�, Y,ui- i+ ;_n�lu�es otrPr hzr��r�+ed oxi�les
of 9.ror_ �n�3 is t�optal�rizT +ermec? b�-en�.m ore.
�. `?'Y1eT'P, P.T'P,� hC�ZrJA4f_�r� m&.Ylz,r C�P,pnS''F� Of' �-1T?JnTlit-.P, VT3'iiC�'l 97'8 f'01111C�
i;0 P'Y'�'aP. 7.T1f0 i?"OTl C3I'}1pTlr'1�',G'��'P(,'n�� Of �*�rzrjpn' C�P,P']'('.P.S Of' pU7'7'��,T
belcru +t�e o�id.� zed or v�re��+-��r?c� z�ne.
�. The bro�am ore �n�l +he carbona+e ore bo+h con�t-ain m�r� or lP�s
si..lica ar.�l �.lt�m�_n�. and ot;her imnurit�Es, as in�ica+e� �n +�.e
ch�micnl an�l�*ses,
B. FORlv" 0�' DL+'POSITS((7�}_7F11
1. Rotr +.he hro�p,m ore an� the i.ron carhnn�+.P oc�vr in nodul�_r �nd
�*eod�l fnrms se�re�a.ted in P1 �,»cnn�+ic s�a.nd s�nd c� a�r ,'n tNi.n
lenses and �rr�mt�lar lec�.r�es, �n�? also �s m�re or ]Pss honev-
comrPd t�in sh�Pts an� lat.rers, finc� �'ra�!Pnfs, crl�s+s, sm��l
isolated nodtiles, an� irreml.alQr ma�sPs o? qlmos+, en�?less
�Tari et,y
2,. TTncor..Golir�ated m�teria.l, r�s;dta�.l rrom the br��k�n� d�Tm nf
snch ma��eG, is fo»n�l in ma��r places �t the s»ri�ac.e.
�. The b�+arn�m � v�e o�°ci�rs �ls�, nart� �tl].arly in �ent-ra.J, rherokee
C,o�antv, in � rai-her pers� stent l�min�.fied bed, 1-] /2, to 4 feet
thi.cic,_ne�r the 1-op of t;�P hi.t�hes+ t�1?le-lfanc�.
4. _Ann+rer co•�mon f'orm of ferru!*inot?s denos9_t is t.r� conr�lomPrate
+r�t crnos ov+ on +he s�_�e� of manv strP�m �ralleys �nd a.s e�-en in.
nrocess o�' �'ormat5on. in eert��� si-ream beds to-da;�T.((7411
a. This con�loTM�er�te occurs as loc.al lenses of nebbles of sand-
s+one, �nThich ; s mor? or less fe.rri?�inovs ifsPlf, ne'��] es of
li.moni�e, an� loc�111r a, fee�r �rhi�-e qua.r+_z �el�rlPs an� an�ul�r
fr��ments of sili.ci_fied ti^sooc�, +h.e �Nhole beinp� cemen+ed t,one�t-her
�v 1-imon�.te. ( �74-75� 1
r. B�i�'l.ders of t�is con�]omer�+e re=��r t�i.c�Unesses o�' morP ��h�n
2 feet an nlaces, bui- ;.+ ��n n�t bP cons;dPred as an ir�n ore((7F11
5. Th� prz.ncip�.l fo�-ms o�' the i ron-ore �Pvosi.+.e m��r +,rizs be sta*^mari?ed
�s
(1) Resi.due.l, unconsoli.d�ted �enosii-s of limoni+e
(?,� T?oc�ul�r,� �*eoda.�, a.n� concrei-ionarv mqsses of ].irr!on;+e 9��
iron ca.rbnn�+.e
('�l I�mi»a+ecl be�?s ofl limor_1.�-e
IVG. DISTRI�TTTIUl� OF DEPOSITS((7F)1
1.. Fe�•ri�,��nni�s denosits eu�h as d.e�crihP�i abo�re qre r�r�r�c�eri st.ic
Of' T�Rnt7T1'�" SPIn]�.11 9rif? �',00�' n�Oti��'�"fi7n fprm%3�'.10715 'P6}'12r@?'P,r �',�.P?r �T"�
exnosecl. in the ?1 �oim+.ies of nort�eas+ern 'fexas here+.o�ore
em�merated, ��ut in on��,r 6 or 7 of these colanties �ave t;he denosits
ann�.�red of suffic�en.t promise to Tu�rr�r_+ prospect�n� or de�elop-
ment
?. F'orem.ost amonc_* the co�mt-;es +,hai; cnnta.i� prom-isin�* denos�+.,s of
br�nvn ore are Gass, P�orr; s, ?,'�arion, an� Cherokee, �.vh� ch �re
discussed in th�s paner.
R. �ther co�mties th�.t may be considered a� h��rin� deposi.+.s of
nossi'�le fU+'l7rP val.ue are T�x�shiar, u�r�;.son, Ane�erson, �nc�
��en�? erson .
4. Al� +lies� co»n+ies �rere �is�tec� bjr fhe �nrr�ter duri.n.�* the recent
reconn�.i ss�nr_ �, �n�' �ar+icvl ar 9.nqiai rv ti���s *�ade re,mar�' in� poss9.b1 e
�r��� in o+h�r C'O17T1_+lE'�� svch a.s a.re in�i��fAd ��r t�e Tex�.s Sta+e
ma.ns, �tafi, in ?rietnr of the �nformation obta�na� �n� +'e shnr{-.
+iTM�e a��il �ble �.t ti�raG n�+ conc; r�e.r�;rl ,:�z�or+�n+ �i-o ex+end tre
re�or.na_iss�nce fa,ri;�+er �+„ +,h�+ t�me.
.ri, T}�pr^ arP,� f�OV�1'1�'SS� lAI1'F;1'117? CP.1'-Fn;» r8Ti19"L�'7l-Ylf* C'Ol7n-�-iP.S� rin�'
�r�cit;P..� �lt +.}'1P T^lT'1'}'E?T� manli (�P.DOS?'�'S Of' j�?T'niniYl ()t'P Znrl�irr 1'fi'vj�+i-.
1,e ivorl-hY o�' c�e�elopment i f' t,h ,u were si tu�te� �d jacent to a
_5_ USGS B. 62,0-E
T'�l�i"n:�.C��711'f; ?"T�'IIC�'1_ �a(� nni- 11?arr�n-F +l�r� ��TIS'F"T`tl(`.}._inrt r7f a ginmlP, Tf117P, n.f'
S'�llr 'f'T'�fk E121f1 1'rn?r1 ?nrh�r+}'t i�4- �r,rZll 7tr�}- pq�! a'i; '.'�P2�P,T"]'� i-n.��17] OY'C,' �iI
ZN�1�''' n]'! B .
V. DEPOSITS I"1 CASS COiTNTY( (75-��6� � �
A. fl6�.�.iI�� HIIL!(7�-7��1
1. �nmr- n.,, i.:h� ri+nG+ ;y+�pnrt;9rt+ ri��os?i-g nf 1C!rn,nrn nre i� �'P,X�s '?.rP. �nrithiri
�'`-1fiC (!n1�Y11'y� �11'{'�. �1F'rn� .�35 P.1..4,E',�1r1���Y'r,� +-'�1�? ,7�?T�pgi+-.G !3rF? T.,�I�.f�F',Z�T S�?p`?,•p;����r3
i. (�F?r��-�-ir} nf' i-'nr'c�. r�P..�nSi+S �rE? Zr•;�i'1-hi7�_ �lin A�I.f'i1'1'f;fl �r-It1�'11l'�P r7I]^(�7'�.?l�'�f'•f
?11�t�Df'!� ��lr -(-'�,�p TTnI'�"C-'� �i'�ifli-.P.S �rP,O�nmi_QA� �1�5"STP,?T.
3. �r,,� n�' the l,�s+ tT,�o1�m of +h�s� �len�s;ts ;s or_ Rnt.+r�e N;�1, a��,at 7
m� 1 Ps �ue ?�or�t-h �f 0.+1 �,n+� �n�1 ?, miles �rr-st- of +h� TPx�s and. Pa�;.�'i.c
T? �.'t � W�izr
�:. �Ond] P, T�� � 1 l:' � fl at-ton�e� t*t�7�P,� Y'1(��'P� 1-:�/4 mi.1 as lont�, i'.1'?C�
�'ll �''�"1P,Si', l�'�rt Of ?r*11i �h i c ��n1i�' `1,n�1 'f'P,P.'� F�})n?rf; +11p j-1@,�rOU� lri f'}t.P,
s�arrot�ndinr� no��ni-r.t, or 460 feet abo�Te sea 1�TMP1.
5. T�P h1 � 1 �'lag rpSi �t2ri P,rOs�.o21 7Rnrn su['CP,�"f't711�, +h�.21 riAi mhrori*1.P'
arPas, on ac�nv��t of a r�a,n of ferr����.no��s beds �ho--e +�e 40�-font
1 ez*el . ( (7511
6. T�^P bR+�l'I''ore or.. �n��r7e N; 1 i ; � �'�,ar.�' in tH.� +on 1� +•� 'iF fPP+ of +hP
�� �*t,Fs+ la.nr� on 1-�e r� 1� .((76� 1 ,' S�s follo�^rs:
7. 4��nPr�lize� sP�+��n fr�T *nan�r +.est ni+� and nrosner+. +renches�
�'rP!'!8I'f�� 1 Z('C� S(.'C1'� np nf �r�;_1-iea,riT1[r ��'� G 021 '�OZ'Yi P T�7.11
({�gll FPe+,
^Ps� �'u`i�. �'��^�!*�e''�+s o!' 11?'1oni+P in ton soi.l , �.n n7 ares
nr��+,i c�7 l,r sol i d �re �*r��rel 1-3
l e�?,r*e of nodular l�r�.on�.t,e., morP or l�ss solid 1-ln
Scales an�? +,hin bands of .limon-it.�, �r,Tith � fe,^,� +,rYcti'P_,r
1�ZrP.7�S O� 18��'P,S i27�F?Y'� R,!liT�a.i'P.(� t�T�.'l �'1 P'� <'�17.( 071�t'�.C'
S�Yl�zf ].'iz7P.T"S. `n�r' ]1Pln�ii'P iTl f:h�S CC�1?1(��f�n]1 1"il'iP'P.S
frmm �i_e�'�S pf' i'�'1P, �'1'!� ���11P�^ nf' STRAl� C!'1�?�S t7T? 1;0 m'i�BP,S
11 f�Pi- +�i�k an� -i� sn�+�;ere� i-rro��r�'h ?rP,lIO�Y1.S�'1 'f;.n red
s�nr� an�i �l�,v. It o�.c,ar� �n �C��s onerla.pnin�, rrnzmrly
len�-ici�l�r s'-realts, or ?�roken ar_d �?i�ron+i.nt�olas s��r�s.
The liman7+P �onG+.;+,ia+��, in t�P s���+i�ns ohs�r,*eri,
7,(1 ta :�n par �.?rt., ?-�z,r ?rn1 timP, nf +?�� r� i rt. Th1 c�n.�Ss
o� I;mnni+�_� sanc� anc� n1 av ].?,-l�
7r�n es�.rlio�atA ;n nn�tal �,r mr�ssPs frn*� +h� r3; am�{;er
o�' ar. a.�orn. ian to 6�nches, or i_r +h.;n i.rrP�*ia1�r
�enses,,,'embedt�ed or -intPrG+r�+;_fzed in �?.�t�rnn;+%.e
�and �n� �reeni�l,_�,1.3.��- cla�r ca.l_lec� "t�tz�?-f�+n �.ia.r�
Tl�� iron �arrona+� ;.G -ip r�en?rQl nnr��?� alt-ered to
li.monii-e or �o rF��;sr �±�r�ra-I-e� ox;c�e� of ;r�n, ��,rr;ch
form a sc�.] e or cmas+ or vars*ir_� tr; �lrnes� aro��ric3
+t�.n C�r�7nn�i-�? 1?Uc:l�'Us t3n� ?10_~!�!' rrf3r�'g ��rj�ich -in+t;r_
SPct- i;he _rta�Ses. '�'hiclrr??S� of c�xT�osPd n�rf•i.ons of +,he
lanoxi.c� i^e� l�ed s 1-�
�'. *******, and. t-he �*re��+ �ar; ��� ] it�* �n th� c?mess anc? exi-eni- of all +he
rroi^m__-ore 7^�TRreT'S ;� �asi J�r ciPm�ns+rAte�3 b�r +t,e use nf a pick. ((??11
Q. T�e ol�l. Si�lz�ht�r norti• iron +'vrna�e ?v�s ruilt nc��r Roz�rie ��i11, we�+
of Spr�nr��3a1 e, in 1�64, and opera+ec� l�nt; 1 Anr� l, 1F6F. ((7£�) 1
1 �. ThP,-e �r� ot-her smal 1 t>rn�,� ar_� n�- ro��� ri dp�es tiv:i.+.hin fl_ ra� it� of
? r?ileG of poti�*i.e �il � �n ���h� ch sma11 Y•�siduPs of ferru�*�n�l�s
m.��eri�.7 are �reser_+, bu+ prora�lv n�t in la.r�e enonRh a.r��s
+n t�e r;orked inde�endPntl�r
Fi. T�TO�TH�'dFST �)F ATI�Ar�TA( (7E�11
1, T�.*o �Pp�sit� of br�vn ore r��Pre no�Frl nort?�Tvest of .�tl�zr_ta.
2. �na �?�o1?t 2 r�,' 7?� �r�l +�e SF'C`nn-a aroi�t. 6 mil es from �he to�m
an� Arnn+, 7 mi1P srn�+hPa�+ of Ant;i S�hool
�?. Tri i'l�� fjrc�'�,-IIA�?3Bfj_ �1'�'Ei 1'�.P,�^�' A1'P, n'OOf� S17rf qf`P, SI'1C1��!i�nrrS O�
ore, bv+ lit�-le nrosne�tir� has bne� �lone
t1_-. Tn 'FliF? O�'1'IF,T' 9re3� Z.�1Th1C'}1 � S �'1lnTR711 9.S 11'�g 71iqf c'1'� 'f"7'!�f'�'� i-,1"lP, St�?"f'&.CP,
r��n�e +he 4nn_fo�+ c�ni-rn�,- r�n*��a,-s +� �e (`OT.rPrp!� h�* � c�rc�Pntr3tPc1
den��it of 1.o�se res�r�,aa1 br�rm ore, in �l���s 1 fo�t tn ? fe�t
'�'h1.C�� 7'tlT?tr;nrr frn*^ 1'irtn my��T.�l +n 6_i2'�Cl'! Ztamr�S 7t'_-jXP.f? �,��i.t"�1 S(��f1P, (�iT"t
A. �T�'?'P. ?3 711T^'innr nl' 1'1t'n8?7P,C��- ip�.'�S 6't'O �F fE?P,f' i7l !�eT?+"i? ha.�e Cj1SC1OSE-'C�
-6-
� �rpn•-jgiYlcr -�1�ni'P'1'1 S?'?'-1�� F'�.!'8`3 ni' O1'P,.
b. ThP �l;�t�n�e t� -Fr� Texas �t- ?'ac;f-ic� �?a.i.l�ra�* a+ '�tze�n r,itv �s 5
miles i.n �.n �ir line.
C . r'�.AR T3I�TIT�S i (7�-79) )
1� T�,� ne.xt an� l�s+ fazrlv larce ar?r� of brol�rn or^ t�r-i+�±;n +?�.e A+,1.s�r_+a
��a�dran�]e lies �r.-1 to 71 *r_il�s soi�+hti*jes+, of �+lanta �nd 1 to 3 mi.lPs
ri0�'t�t'V('Ef; Of 1-�r� `i'eX3S �?'�P��ifl;� T��l'!.11rT3V Af �l.�rinS,
?,. T'^.� �,-n,_h�arin� qrea o��l,�iP� +.h� tan���. par+ ��' a�ranch;n� woode�
r;d�*� �nc� li.c�s ��nPral�tr �rou� t'�� �6n-foot letrel
�. SO^?P, mini.r� of roncre+,ionar�t ��+on�+P n��r t-�P sl�rfae� �a*�s �arr�ed
on ;n f�r?^er �re�rs +.o s�znnlv +,hP b7 �s+ f��rps3C.P, �t Je�'fPrson, Tex.
�a. �n1v 1�p ore Zr��s taken
b. And +,he �l��r_s ror_tain mlzch ore th�t mi�ht n��T 1-o tivash ((7�'11
�-. �'�'1P, 11^lnl'?�i;.P.. I1P,9I' �l?r1r5 .l S�.SSOC,? �'f".r,(� ��r�'�-�'l OXI.C�.I ZE'Ci �'� FiLiCn7li.fi.f!. SflTll� �
l,ta+, t-'��..s ��nd. anpears +o �e ]eAnnr in ��al,conif;c ool-it;es �.nc� +.,o
innlii�e a 1ar�er �ro�or+,-ion of sz.li.c� s�n.cl the+ trat of certain
areas +.h�+ ��vP �een dem�nstr�tecl io cont.ain ,-ich ore. ((7P-79)1
F. 'T`�,vo deen nrosnPcl- nit.s �h��,a.ed at +,�n �+o++on± ;ron carrona+e ;n
concret� on�rjr an� 1 enti.cu7 ar formi (7Q11
D. r10PTH OI�' LIP?DF'I�; (( 7�1-R1� � '
]. In the Iin�len quadr�.n�*]�, ,,�?�;ch ad��irs +he n+1an+.� qua�ran�le on
+,t�e tiaresi-, t�+er� ar� s��r�r�.] ar��s oT^ brov�.m. ore.
''� �`�� of t�.e l�r�es+ ar ,�r�ic� o�cl,n,,'�s +��� ,^ron,ae� +�1�7�-l.and ir. +he
sricini.t,�r nf �en.-t-ra.1 �ro?re School , n. +a �1. -n; l ac nnrfh. �P T indPn
�.. Thi s�rPa. �-in��m 1a��.11v a.s +he Surr�++ +ra�t, ; s ci,i; r,� head-
?arafPr� o�' Rrn*m'+tLT1 CT'?P?r
b. A.lon� t1-�e latera.l 5looes of v�r�;nh lim.on,'+� crons ot�t in hea��r
led�es, �Q�erallv 1 fo�t or mor� th-i,ck
c. There is also Yntxc�h del,ris sca,+-`ere�l o�rer +he sl�p�s
c� . T�,�� �ros���t trenches nn bo+-1, +,t-,e �;as-` and �re�t sides nf ���,am�n
�reek sroti�� clear7Tr the rel�+ions of trP limoni.t;e, r�l aconi.+i c san�,
an� cla�! anc? the fairlv sha�t� line of �lem�r��tiar. he+vJ�en t;he
oxi�?-ized zor_�, con+ainin�* l;mon;+e �n�? �re11o1vi.sh to rPci��sh.
ml�uconi.+i.c s�nd, �nd the nnox�.d; zed zone, �ontaininc� 9.ron ca.rbor_a+,e
Rr_d ?�reen �*lauc�ni+�c s�nd anc� p�r�en-ish clatr, or "b»cUfatr'
e. Thzs un��reatr�red znne �loes n�t s�.nz��r?�ere ex+�n.d to t�e f�ce of' the
]�i1_1 Y�ut. i_s ro>>mMl�r pa.r�l]el to the si�rface, �t; 15 .+,o :�0 feet from
it, excPni- bel.o��s p;rovnd-v,r�'-er le�-e1((79i�
�. There are se�r_r,r�l areas of brotirym ore in thF I�nden ql�a�rar_�le +h�+
m��r be no+,�c� ;n passin!* �.1�n� thP r;da�e roac�.s retvaeen I:inden anc�.
Centr�l. Grove School an� between I�inden and �'�tlan+. a, �nd t?�ere � s
some ore-ree.rin� l�nd in the immedi.ate vicinitv �f Linden, riat all
of +1��sn arP r�1.�tivPl.tr lanimnortan+ rnrr-i.nT to i;heir sli r�r+ exi-ent. ((f?111
4. Tn +hF so�zth��n�t carnar of 1-he c�taa.�'ranml P, Y,a+tveen rlat �.reek snd
�oncord School, �. sPri es of knobs extend�mm �or'�i��rrest for a disEance
o�' �bout 2 mi.les re�.c?� �n �.119ti�de of more than 400 fePt an.d �.re
1'P.t�Or{;P.(� +o carrv valv�ble c�e�osit� of brov�m ore.
E. SOUT�,�I�ST Or' LI�?DETT((�l-Rti))
1. In the n�.rt of rass r'o,.,nt�� so1,+1� o� thP I in�en and qt1�n-t-a qiaac�r�.n�les,
.�ah; r.h. h�.s nnt �re+., re�n to�oe�r�.nhi cal l�r mannecl, there are S�srP,)^A� Or2—
t�earinr� are�s
Z. n1'!E'. 7�Y'f:E1 'f'�'1�'i' 1S �E?'Yl�' f,if'f'1�'e�'�r TJ7'OSr1P,ri'E,'(j ��r +rench��, '�ii-c� �Ilf� d.rill
hales lies al�o�at F mi7 Ps soYa+,heas+ �fl j�n�en and i s kno��vn ] ocallu as the
Prui.tt tr�.ct(��?1)�
'�. From 8 to 9 m�..7 �s soiat-heasf oi' I�n�cn and 11 +o '? m; 1 es northwPst of
the Tex�s � Pacifir_. Rail_t,��y, an ex+�ns�--n l.imonite-beari.n� are�, h�.s
�`P?11 pl"OSXI.P,C�P,t� 17�r fii,*O Or TTlnrp ir�T!-OrP COY^_:�3.Y!1n5 '�'1'1'�1; �'l�ZT9 �'10�tiinp'S
t"�'1.P,T'@. i��`1,��
a. mhe ore i,s foimd on the hiah d;�r-ides a.n�' t-�blelards
b. :qs �ho��rn b�r +�,e +rencres, some places �.�±e rearl�T t�arren, bu+ �n
bd�h�rs +h�re i a�. r�i.c�!er c�n�entrai-� on of � ron ore tha� has bPer
sePn b�T the ?;r�i.ter else�arhPre in nor+he�,s+,�rn TexAs.
c. Th.� s arPa cont��_ns the nroperties 3rxi��v�a lo��] ]v 1rnoz.�m �s t�e uarris
an� Je.rn-i �an +;rac�+s
d. The ?ol) o�r�in� section, sho�.Fm in a shalloU� trench �boi�t 1?� feet lon�;
_F_
USGS �. g?�_E
?'f111?'li'�.C�1'?ll"� ,"r}']�C'r ran nni- �v�rr�r+i- �f1�r� C'�71S�-1+i7r+�n1't <t� a S�ncr1P, TS!17P, C�.'�
S'�llr '4'rc�f'lr FiT1� 1'7'C1�'r1 ?"�1�+� r+� i i' ',"r-j ]] ?ln�- pntr q't; t11"eSpn�- -f-n hAtll Or'2 �\!
1N� f'' n7! 6 .
V. DEPOSITS I"_? C.4SS COTTFdTY(�7�_��gll �
A. B0�'iI�' HIII:f f��_7811
1. �C1T*Ir' (�'" i;}�m m�c�- impnr%?t'1�1- rlpnpgil-c (�f' �+rflir'T'1 nl^P ir� 'T'FXF1S a.7'A 'n'i'i'}1111
r3SS f'.(il'r1i;j7� �17� 1�F?r•n� :'�g P.ZSF;Zxr}�F?Y'P,� i'1'1P ,�<.?nnS�+'.0 '�rf; r�rZf�P,ZV SP,pri,r��-.erl
?. C,er�-.a;�? n�' +1��s� ,aa�os;+� �re z�r'�;+�;n ��,e '1i�lant� 1�-mi�»�P� nla�drana�le,
maT�n�� 'htr -F},E� TTri+,e�i S#�a+es reo]o�,'ca1 SZ�rtTev.
?.� �,,a �f the l,�s+ �nrn�m of +�es� �1e�na;+s is on Rotv; e N; � �, �hoiat 7
m� 7 Ps due nor�f-h �f 0.t1 an�a an�l ? miles �r�s+ �f f.h� TPxas and Pac�.fi,c
T?A"l ] WA�r
4. Ro�*ie ?ii � l i s r� f? at-ton�ed �^ro�c�e�? r1c��P, 1-�/4 m;1?s lon�, 1-�e
}71-E''�'IE?C'f' t��rt Of' �r'1-ii rh i g ?1-�(11�+ `�.�in 'f'PE'.� £i})nnp '�-!'?P �6.�!OlZ� l_1'1 �'}'1E'
slarrot�ndinr� n��ant.r�r, or 4g0 feet abo�re se� l�vPl.
F� Thp Y11�1 �'lac 7'P,S1�i-arl P,*'C1S�nn TR�r� �UrC'P.f,�?'tal1�. +�'?'3Y1 Y]Pim��?O?'1.�'la'
A7'P.E1S� OI1 EIC;I'n1�11t Of' Ll r�-D Or ferr"��no��S �f;C�S �hoz�e f}''P, 4!)�-f'Ort'f;
1Pv�7.((7�11
6. T�P bR��1T''�rP, on. �io�raie R� 1 i ; � �'o,an� in the +on 1F +.� 3F fPe+ of thP
h� �*l,�s� lan�l on thF hi 11 .((7g� 1 i s as �'ollo�^rs:
7. � s��n�r�lizA�3 sPr+=nn frnm *nanjr +est n;+s �nd �rOS?�P,r-I-, i-7'P,ri�l'iP.S�
�'rP.nAY'f3,1 l 7,P.Cj. SP,C't'' nrl Of' Qr'P,-}i��T'�71Lr' �?E',� G 071 ROZ'V? (' T�'111
((�61� FPe+.,
r'F?Sl��ll`��. ?'di3"'�^c'',''i�:S n{` 1'!.?'10T11i'P 771 {'n''? Sni.1 � �.11 L�� ^.rr S
nr�.�+,i �37 1,• s�l i d �re r*r�t•e1 1-3
1 e�r*e of nodtzlar lirmon�+e., morP o.r l�ss solid 1-1�
Sc'Q� eE �ri!� thin barid5 of 11mo]'17t.r� i�^,�li-h � fPir,r ith��t�Pr•
la�rers oP le��*es �n+-er7am;r�+,�c� tar�+h mlaucon�+�_c
s�n�'�r 1�zrprs. "'1,.� 1 imnr;+P �n tr� s cc�n�;+� on t-�nmPs
fr�m �i.�C S Oi f.�'1P, '}'}1i(;VYi?�^ n'f' STRf�l� Ch.''?�5 t7n f0 mg�BP,S
],�' fppi- �.�1 rlr �ri� l � Sl�'�i-i-grf?C7 i-1,rt�l7.fr'!'� �rP,1� C�"V1S�'1 1;r1 rPCl
s�n� �n�3 cla.v. It o��,ar� �n ��a� o�rerla.pnin�*, Y'o1.7�'h1V
lena-icular s+re�.lrs, or rrokPn �ncl d.is�on+invotas seams.
The limon�+P c.on�i-;+.la+,��, in +�,a sn�+inns at�s�r�rer3s
�n i'O ?(? i)P,7' c'Pnft �,.* ?rn�11mP.� nf' i-1�� �'IT'f. �'1"]1C1r71E�Sg
of l;moni+�_�. sanc� �.nc? c1 �,v 7.?,-1F
Tr�n c�rrc?r�fA �n 710�11��.Y' masses frn*~ +h� r�i�mater
� r, � . . . .
�n A�orn lan +,0 6�nches, or Z.n �t-h�n �.rrPRizlar
�enses,"embeflHed. or intPr�+r�+,'_fiP�l in ��.�.l��oni+�.c
sand �n�? ?�reen; �l,-�1s.�t- cl.av calle� "ru�?rf�+„ c� ��r.
The iron carrora+.c� .;..� in �*�nPral n^r���r al+�r�d +o
liTnonite pr t-o rF��,•sh h,•�r3+P� qXi�es �f ;r�n, Tarh,:ch
form �, s��.le or ��rtas+ of �rartrin�* tri�l-nes� ar���ric7
t;l�.� c'�rbn1?�t.e nt�clQtas an� �1o�m rr�r�-5 ,,�thi�r in�Ar-
sPc� the r,aeses, mhi.cl�nPsG of �xn�sec� nnrtions of +?�e
ianox:i�li.�e� heds 1_�
�. *******, and. the �re�,+ �*�ri ��; 7 i+�* ;n thic?rness �.nd exi-eni- of a7.1 +he
�y'Ol�rn.-�re TM""T?r2T'S � � �asi l�r dPm�rs+r�tPd b« the use nf a pi�k. ((?�l 1
Q. T�e ol� Sizlnhur rorl� iron furna�e ��r�s rizilt n�;�r Ro�rie ��ill, we�'+
of Sprin_�^�3a] e, in 1�'64, �nd opera+.�,�_ i�r_+� l lanr; l, lf'6F. ((7A) 1
1�. Th?,�P ar� other small l�nn�,s �r_� Y1q.T'n"d r�d�es tivi.thir_ a ra�ium of
?, miles of ��vri.e �il � on �^�h� ch small r�si lues of f�rru�*;.nrn�s
��i-er9 a.] arP present, btzt proba�l�r n�t in lar�e eno�a�h arPas
+,o �e ;^rorked � nd enend Pni-1��
B. t�TO??TH'�V�ST (iF ATI:A�"TA((7811
1. T�ro �1Pp�sit� of brrnmm �re r��erP nn+P� nort?�Tvest, of qtlanta.
2. �nP �rol,t 2 m; � P� anc� +�e s�rnra n�oi,t. 6 mi.l es f'7"r???� +he 1-oPm
an� Qr�l�t, j mil� srn�+tlPa�+ �f An+.i School
�. TIl �"�8 fir�i-.-IIA'f'1?t�. �1'�?A 1'�.P.� �- ti1'P, fi'0�71� Sl7rf aC`P S11(1tFrinmS n.f'
ore, �ut- lit�-le nrosne��;ru� �as i��a� �lar.e
�-. Tn +ha n+h�r �rea, tv�i�h 5 s l�nnt�m 9.s +-he '�rai �°rs tra�+., +�e 617?'f'�CP,
f1�r1TrE? +h.e 4:(1(1_fnni- f`n71�'n��r A11�f?'a�'S �;!) �`(? (`Osrprp� ��.r 3 C��?('�'?lfT'3�".P.Cl
de*�osit ofl loose resi�l»1 brorm ore, in z�1���s 1 fo�i; to 2 feet
'f;l�j(;]'� T'�7'!vincr f'rn*^ 1'iT1P. mY'�?'�� 'f'� 6-12'!C}'t 1\1??!!�S Tr!'!XP,f? �!�7.'t',}"1 50711P, (�l7"t
A. �TP?'E' 9. rill"n�"Y' nr' 'nrOS'�P,Cf ?Jl'�S 6 'FO �F ?'P,P,�" iri !�BP+r }'!�.'Te (i1SC1OSF'tj
-6-
a n�-o�^i sinm th�„Ph Sr!�J � a.*-ea of Ore.
b. ThP �lis+�n�e t� -F,r� Texas R• ?'�cif�c Ra.i.1-�,*a„ �t �ue�n �atjr ;s 5
miles i.n e.n. �;r linP.
C . A1F_AR BI�TIhTS ( (7�?_79) )
]. The ne�ct anc? 1�.�t. f�;rl.v larv�e area of rroti�rn �rF 1^ri+?�?n �he ��1+1�r.+�
��taadr�n�]e lies rr.l to 71 *r_i.l�s sol�+htiveG+ �f n+l.anta and 1 to :� mi.la,s �
nort-�,tive�t of +�,e Tex�s �nPA�;f;� pa�.l�Arav �t '?;.?T,'ns.
?,. T�.e n•-�_��arin? �rea Ot'rlt�'I.P�, f.Yt.� ian���- par+ n�' a�ranch,'_n� vsoode�
r;d�*e an� 1-i.e� p�enerali�r arou� +.,�e ?6n-foot le�Tel
:�. Some m;n:irm of concre+ionarZT ��mon�+e nP�r t.�P sl�rfar_e tar�s �arried
or �.� f�rr^er tre�rc +.o sl�nnlv +,he bl�s+ fii*-nr�.ce �t Jeff�rson, Tex.
�. �nl�* 1.ir�p ore trra.s ta1_Ten
b. 4nc�_ th� �?��ns cor_tain mlzch ore th�t mi�*ht n��r to ,vash ((7�')1
4. T�e li*nnr�+e ne�r Riv-irs -is �,ssoc;.�tPd ��r7i-h oxi.dizPd �l�iuconi.ti.� sand,
1,1a+, i-'��..s cand anpPars +� be 1 P,£i?'!P,r ;_n t�� anconi_ti.c ool-i.tes And +,o
in��llc�e a la.rPc�r p,-��ort-i�n of si.lic� s�ncl th�+ that �f certai�
�rPa.s �ha+ �ane �eer_ demonGtr�t.er� to con+.a;n ri.c� ore. ((78-79))
F. T�,vo dee� nrosnect nit.s sho�R,red a+, +,h,� ?,o+a �m ;ron c�rl,on�+e ;n
con�r•et�on.arv an� 1en�ici�]ar formr(791)
D. ��10P.TH OI' LIT?DI�:N((7g_R11) '
7. Tn +he I i.n�len r�uae?r�.n�*7 e, ,^��;.�h a� �n1ns ��?� �ti a_r+� qvac�rar�1 e on
+he ztirest, tr�re �r^ s��trer�.1 ar�?s n�' t,rot�m ore.
'�, (�t7� nf 1-�.A Z�Y'�'P,S'� Of t?thic'til O!'rllj�i,AS -!-��P �^�On��Pt� 1-a.1�1E+-1-�Ytd l'Y! �-h2 -
vicini�!-�� nf ('en.tral �rone 6chool, 4�-o rr,l -�-i�es nnrth of TindPn �
�.. T�,� s ar�a fi�rn.,r, local.7.v a.s +�,e St�rr�'-t, +r��t, ,; s cl,i; �,� head- _
�lraters o�' Tio1*?nan C2'P.P,.�r
b. �.lon� the lateral slo�es of ����; ch limoni+� crons otat in heat�r
le��e�, �»n�,-all�r 1 font nr morF th-i.c1-
c. There is nl.so ??�uch debrj.s sc�++.ered o�rer the sl�nes
cl. TT�m �rosn�c�t trenches on botl, +,t�e �;as'- �.nd ?rTest s�des nf R���,�n�n
Creel�: sroti�� cleariz, the rel.at,'ors of the 1�mon;t-e, t�7aconi+;c sand,
and c] a.� anr� the fairlv sha�l� 1;nc� of C�e?T!�7'C'��',107� be+�,^.r�en +.he
oxid-izPd z�n�, �or_+.a�r_inm l�moni+e an!? ?�ellovaish 1-o rP�l�lish
ml�i�coni+i.c s�n�, an� the lanoxidi ze�l zone, containi_nc* i.ron �a.rbon_a+,e
�r�? �reen �lauconii;�c sand an�? �reer_is� clatf, or "bncl�f�t"
e. This un��reatr.ered zone ��oes not t�.n���rrere ex+�nd fo t�e �'��e of the
hil_1 bu+. i_s ro�?m�l?r parallel to thP si�rf�ce, et 15 +.,o �0 feet from
it, excenf belovl p;rovnd-i�ra+er l e��el( (791 �
3. There are sever�l are�s of brown. ore in the Iinden qlaa�ran�1P +h�+
m��r be noted in p�ssinm a.l�n�* the rida�e roac�.s between I.inden and
Central. �rrove School �n� between I.�inden �nd A+lant�, and there is
so�e ore-'he�.r�.n�* l�nci in thP ir!medi.ate v?c�ni-l;`j of Lind�n, rtat �.11
of thes� �re rPl.�tivel�r ianimnortan+ oti�r�.nm to �;!1P_,1�' sli �ht ex+.ent. ((i?1) 1
4. 1'n +1�P so�?th�rest corner o�' the qtaa,�'rana�l e, be+t�reen i+'1. at �reek r�nd
�oncord �choal, a ser� es of knobs extend�n� r_or�E��rest for a dis�l-�.nce
o�' about 2?ni.les re�ch an �.l�;�tu�?e of m�re than �0� feet a_n.d are
7'P.nOr{;P,c� to c�.rrv zra.lt�able �enosi+� of brofim ore.
E. SOUTT7�11ST OF LI1?�J�P�((�1_g��)
1. In tt�e nart of' �a�s rovn+zr so,�fh o� 1-1�� Iin�en a.nd At1�r-t-t� qiaadr�n�*les,
�rrh; ch h�s nnt zre� be�ri to�o�r�z�h; r�l l,r manrPc�, thPre �re s��eral ore-
bearina areas
Z. nnE' 8I'f;&. 'f"�'19'1' 1 S �P,iYln' f,iC''1'1?*BZ?r ?JY'OSpP,r'4�(,'fj l��r ''I'P.,T'�C}1F"' �??7't'S � A2l�i d_rill
holes lies abo,�t F mi7 es Sola+heaS�f: o�' 1 i.nden and i s kn.ot�m locallv as the
Prui.+t trac�t(��l))
'�. From 8 to 9 m3.1es sou+heast oi' I?n�?�n an�? 11 +0 2 miles northw�st of
the Tex�s c� P�ciflc �ailU��y, an ex+�ns��-� limonite-bear-in� area ha.s
�eAr prosnected i��r t;ti,ro or mnrP ;ron-ore comn�nies +�h?t. h��-� 1����1;r�s
there. i(F?21� �
a. '"he ore i,s fo�md on the hi�h diri.des an� +arlelands
�. �S S110��.71 �?I ?;�'12 '�1"PTIC`�'!f'S� SO?C1P,. D��1CP,S �i.�8 �''_P,ail?T barren, �Ui- in
b�shers trere is � r-i_c�er c�n�en.i-r�i-ion nf ;ron ore th9n h�s bP�n
G2<'11 �L7Tr '�;1'1P T7Ll'%P,Y' 81S�i°T�'1P,"'E? 1.21 T10?'flhp}?S+;P.1'T? TPXAS.
c. Th� s �rea conta�.ns the nr�perti�s 3na�9a�a lo�a] lv 7-no�nm �s t�e N�rris
an� �Te.rni �*an tr?c+. s
d. The fol]o�r��n� section, sho�Fm in a sh?llow trench about 12F feet lon�;
_7_ USGS B. 6?0-E
wherP �r��r.m ore w�s fo.�mPrly m�r.e�a ?or tzse in the blas+ fizr.r_ace
�� <Teffprepr��***'�'*a*.((sec+��n o^,it+ed�i
e. Th� cor,cr.+i�„a*R� or� �+ +?�e +�ni�o�' +�i� sectinn:"So�1 �n�l
resi�uA1 1;_moni�e, m�s+ljr ;n �i�ne�r-sh�nP� concrPtions
2 feet 2 inches" 5��+��n �n ol� m;nA +rench Pl m�1Ps
sotitl�e�s+ of I�.r_�en't(i�2)1 �.s ri.rh a?Z�? is rPnnrtPd 1-� },.a�e
. . �
?�PP,Y1 "IY1 P_'7'?A?- f!Pm=�n(�. 1"71�PI'' +.rr? �1f�S'f; f�irn�(`P T*rn,� �n nh�rA?'7nn.�����
4, F�rs+ f;res hatrP nartl�* c�ehl•�rQ+Art rm�.�h �f' t�l�e stirfa�e �re,
A,� �-G'Y"171P' i f� ('^�.Or i-0 !� (�Rr1r �'P,� . i� f'S� i��'t}'li.c nni �3.1i nn cl.t?nt7�"
�.T'r 9 1'TIOt^rt'1 3S ��<TP,7'711 "'�11 �7; ]]. �� tlq ?rlll?5 501�1'.�1naS+ Of I 1?1(�nrit�� �
,Fi. `T'1'I.f', � c1S'+'; t�nri-i nn nf 'i"1�� e qrc�a i-n �8 zri Si 1'P,f1 � Z�S 7'lnl^+�'? Of' �T�?T'21'. �'AYl
n� l l and ;. s knrnr,m �s ?'i g�er �T� 1 1
a. �� Z.�rP,�l 1-�C','?"im C�tlf* f'p7` t',T`r]i-nr �»r!�itl"1P.y'P.Cl (111�.�. f�qnm�pni'S �lf' f�7'@
b„+ cta+- +,hrol�c*h s�me ntrr;+�fler�l,s r�reen san�s+nn� ard c?ar�-
c 1 av at a d enth of 4�� f eP+
b, jhe nrP shoT�-n t,1. +he �h�1?o?rr n;ts �nns;s+s l�rr�Pl�.r c�f rat�er
ri�� "?'].(�21P,V�� co�+ctret� ors, bt?t some n�rt-i or.s are sandy.
c. F�rrum�no»s conc_1.oTMArate c�nt��n�ne� Quartz sanc�, rolan�?Pd
�na.rtz pebl�les, anc7 �nRtila,r f�a�*mPl�+,s of s�li�ifiPc� z+ro�d
tiv�� n�+ed on thP siirf��e.
F, T.r�; ,�n L�'�,S AT ER (( g 5- £� 6)�
l. In +.he soi,f�,v�e�i-�rn. n�rt of Ca�s ro��t��tv� on the „nr+,h side of
i-h�, �RjSSOI)�"l� I�aTIS'#.S� ?1'1(� '�'f'X�.c t?��!tiM1f�V �7P,'t[tiTP,ATl A�TZrE'Pr 31'`C�
I:asa+er st-ati�ons,� i � a.n s�.r�a of broti�m �re +r�+, �rsas formerlv workec�
in se�er�l nlacc�s i;o sla*�nl�r �rP +n +�e furn.��e �fi Je�'fer5on.
2. The railv�ra.V cut at A,t*�n�c�r sro�rrs li.mon�+e �r. a thin ledr�p n�=�r
+hP ta�, �sso�;�te�3 ?,*ith re���sh r�l��a�oni�;c s�nd; �+ +he b�.se is
P..F?70SP,(� �11i� sh� 11rit�Xi.r1i ZPf� C1 �`* c nni-fliriinr* q fE?z,+r rtnr1171?S �f
l.�"On C �.�'�t�n�fe
�. T7c�ar 8�?r �tiaitb�., a+. thP so„+� e��^e o�' +�e colzni-?,, � l�d�e o�'
l.i.mnr_i+,e hQs ?�e�n m;ne� or_ +h� s;P�es of +.h� �r�lletr of a ��^��.1
�rP,r�]r� q�p��� A. 7�*l1a?'+�;r nf' q mi]P, 11'�r-1-hpact n" i-}�±� rai,lirtrr�v
a. T�?� le�r�e is m��F�a11�! 1 fo^+ 4;n��Ps to `I, ?'P.P?' t.r��t.
b. Ria+ =�+1_a'nG �n onP nlare an exeP-�+i or.�l t-h-i.�l-n�5s �f F) 'PP,P,f;
6�nchPs ;n thr,�n rePfs, S(?t�3rQ.+.�f� b�:T t�rt�n ler_s�s ��' �1�v�oni+,•a
��nc� �- ,'n�.h�s +0 1 fo�t a;nrh.c�s t?,ick
ri. m,a�o sm�ll iror_ ftarn��es �r�re �ner�+ed �.n Fy�_r?�.r �latrs in sou+h,.��e�+ern
�'ass Conn+v.((�511
a. T!�P 1'Ta.s� fl�rnac.P was ern�+c�� ,=,z+hi.n a f�r mi 7.?c �f a,r-in��r
se�*Pr�l �re�rs prior +0 18F9, �n� is belie�-ed +� haTe b?en. +he
f;rs+, ftirna�e to t�+17i.ze �he hr�,:m ;ror ore of �As+ern mex.as(���-�sl)
h. The oth�r f�arnace, lrnota�n �� t�� Ti1?�hes, ��aas rla�l�. A?�oii+. 1861
an� �,;*�s onc�ra+.e�? c3�zrin� the "��r�l �"�.r. Tt �Fae.s 11 mil�s
solathe�s+ or ��uP�es St�ri.ncs. ( l t?6i 1
�II. DEPC:SITS IT' T����ARIO�? COiTP?TY(( gg_pR� 1
A. 2?r�:�1P L�,S ATT�R ((� 6- 87 i i
�. A fP,1',t (�C.')OS"11-5 n�' �Y'�7i�m nt^� r,rf'1"? 2XaYil�ptnrl i11 fh8 71�1r{:!'�VTE3�'I;Er'Tl P'�7"i'l OY7
pf T."�ri.OT1 rO�,�t�r
`�• .�"ir?lli'Y!�4'G6'i- p-f' f-11A T?igSnitri� �''3i'1£',RS f- r'P,X�3S T�`��Zln�.aTr (lT'P �1c`�.S hF?e?1 T?lIlPC�
f�f' SE?�t*Prq.l T�� a(�PS 1+(1 i m1 � E?g trr�c+ O?� T ASPi-P,j^� ��F7� �
2'. I21 FL^'C�ii-in,� �{;p +1�F? [1rP. S1'l1.'�pf?C� '-n �TP,ft�rcC�n� `''�?X.� S}]iTJt?lents
of lumn ore arP Y'P.T!Ort;�r� +,o �a�e bPen *�ade +o �irmir_p�ham, Al�..,
aholat 190P-or lqn9.((�7�1
4. I.;ttle or nothir� �eeirt���t-o r? Ilno�rm �s t� ��he+�er �t,erP � s ore ;.n
S?^�-1� � f'�E1'T^'E'�'1i"S �1P.� f�Rr �-1'lc, '�;Ol') � P.(� ^'�� �iS t'h.f' C�E'.P,T1c'c1 [;1�'�-5 c17'P, T'_f�t'
•nnre +hA.n 5 t� 6 B�et bPl�rr the St7r1'�,CP,.
B. SOUTIr�ST OF AVI"?�rLR.((�7_R��1
1. T�+ �+rac+ of ore land mos+, rP,�Pn�l•� c�e�elo*�Pd i.n A��r; on �'oun+.v,
. lrnrnti� as the �=ilbert t,r��+., �s s���»�.+e�? in t-hP eX+relne north�.,.-eGi-
corner of +h� nOnn+.V
2. Aho�at 61 milPs sovt-�Fre�t of ��rin�er an� 7 miles nor+r�a�t of Ore
City
;�. It is +.anpec� b�r the Port �iolizrar Trnn Ore T?�il�nra,v, a line exten�int�
fror� 7on��ie�r, Tex., a c3is+anc.e nfi :��out 30 mil�s
a. Th;s r��d �=ras },vilt to +rar_snort ore f'*-�m tti,is field. to
-�-
IO�'lm?TjPC� an�' therc� ozrer t1,e Texas & rulf 1�ai_1�«a�r(Atch�sor_,
'r01pP,1r8, F S�.nta. Fe szrst�m) +.o por+ Roliv�r, on. rral.vecton Ra,y.
t�. Tt �.s plsnne�l e�rentually ta �xter_d +he por+, �oli.t=ar Iron �re r��l-
v�:av n�rth��r�rd to �onr_ec�+- �^r:i.+h the TAxas �nP�.�ifa� nailTua�r,
nrob�hlv he+z�rt>.en Avi.n��" and ui�r�hes Snrin�s
4, Th� ore 7 S eXl]OSP,r� alon� +h� bro•*• o�' a hi.�h, f1.�t-topned !w!o�ded
ri d r�e, knov�m �s 75-Acre uill .
a_. The b��P of +.he �na;.r. ore l.e�?�e lies ahout FO feet above the
r�il.�x�av sx��,r and, accordir_� +� comn�nv mans, is a+, an �ltiti�ci.e
of ab�u+ 37n f'�et.(18711
�. The, �on+�o��r and sorfa�e of the hil � resPmhles +h�t oi' Rol�vie Ft� ll,
@as� �'ounty, �n m�ntr re�ner.+.�, nar+-ir��].ar1z� in the outs+retchinr�
snnrs �nc� reentrant ra�-.:i.nes on. �+_.s �Oi��B?"S i(��) 1
6. �n tre SOl7i".1'lP_.p�5?' marm;n of tre h��]. a m��hire shon,+.,innle, �n.�l
crusher pla.t�'nrm h�,re �een e.rc�r+ed, anc� �r. ore chute, or �'l��*ne,
ex_+enr�s �n�,m +o the railtv�v sniar, �?� f�et belov�.*.
R. `T'�P C}'IU�E P,'-ir�eni-Z�T S�TAS Tl()�f- P,m?JZnVP,�I 'f:0 ('flr'Y'�I O?"8� 1'1,01�7E-_'�Tc1^�
clurin�* +h� reeen+ minir�*, �s +•he �ro�u�+ frnm +re mine +rPnehes
r„rns hal,led do,,.�n b�* ,,v��:ons and e�ur�ned on a nlatf�rm abo�e i-hP
railtiRJq.V
b. uP,re �he �re v�ra5 sho�reled intn +rree ch1�.t�G �rhi.�h dis�h�_r�*e�3
on �rizzlies, �here �t ~n��,s broken b�T slec?r*es �nd fed t�rol�r�h
chlatPs into the cars
c. ?'���o s+eamer car�o�s, e�.eh cons; �t�nc* of several thousa.nd tons
of hi�'h-p;r�.de brotRm �?rP,� �rer�. shi�o�d flr�m this *�ronertv +o
t�P fv.rnaces of the 11an ''�r"�d c�rors��? S.+,eel Co., near P�!ila�le�phia,
Pa. , in the stz�*nner of 1913.
%. QI1 � T'Or f'hrp'P, n7' fvrnace �N.`i.S Ot�f',�"EIt;E?C� T'!3T1ZT y�''�.7'S €i�'O �L?' +hP }'�Se
of 75-Ac.re ?Till. TrP on.lzr e�ri�?en�e of �.ts fo?�mer �.cti�ities are
a fe��,� remnan�s of r�lass�r sla.�,.
Vi�. DFPCSImS Ii< A��GrRIS COL�?TY( ( gR-�p) )
i�e I�fJ�TF3':i{�,uT OF DAIP�GF'RFIELD((AE�-89)1
1. The iron-or� map nlablishPd. b« the TTniT-�rsi�`v of Texa.s Rureau of
rconomic reoloav a,n�a mec?znolot�v s��oi�rG � 1qr�P.iron-bc�a_ri.n.�
�r�a -r�e�t and nortl,gle,�t afl Pa;nr*�r�'iel�?((8�1)
?� So far as could be �scert�.in�d. bjT � rQnic� reconna,issa.nce and
inq��ir�es, tre s�o,�r;n�s of �rA ;.r_ th� s arAa are limi.ted to
S�;T'Pf91?3 of vertr red soil a�soca.a.+ed z�rith a t�.�n man+le of
res;,�?ta�l lim.oni+e t�r�vel . ( ( Rf?-89� )
3. This li-�nn�.+.e a�r��*�1 ranPe� frnm t;he size of shot- un to +.he
s�ze of �,v3lnuts and is hi�h in iron ((F'9��1
�l-. p� eces of the 1ir�ani+,e �r�zrP1 +.ra+ a.rP c�mrara+;�e1�r fresh
�r,�e�r to be f'ra.�ments of +,h� crus+s of v�nde�
5. �n +he crPct of the r;d�� no,-+,ht�re�+ of na�n�*arf;el�l, ,^rhi.rh
rea.ches �.n aJ+,�i-�acle of mnre 1-han 6�n fe�t, the ro�k is mns+llt
ferri�a�-i.novs silica s�nds+,one, �.�r�-ain-ir� here anc� there a s-F;reak
f��_t�lv .rich in iron, bla+ on +'.ne �^r�,�] � i-no lat�r ln. 'lr�jT1. �V�P to re
remar�Pd as �.n ore
6. Rolal�e,-� of r�7.auconi+�c sands+.one, sl; ��tl�r fPrrta�in�i�n ;.n s+rea�s,
are �1so �'o�m� snar;n�*1�* on +he cr��t- of +�,e r:i_c��e
� . S CiTTT�IL<' �°�ST C�F DAIT��GLRFIELD ( ( �zg_gn )1
l. '?E'�.Y' +1i.E? ?,!fnrriS-('�SS CO?t�'1-f-zr 1jY�P� T.,�1+h1Y1 11 TRi.ZPS ri�rt�'t �I"LC� SOV'�-1�+
�f +hP 1+�1ssovr:i, �'an��.s f.• Texas T?aill�raV, 1.i�onite 1ed�es cron out
�t abnl�l tr� 5C?f1-f oot lev�l aroianc� +�,e ri_r2 0�' +•he tlnland
2. �n 1-.he TTor��ooc? an� b-"-her nei ��horin� n'! �ces SOmP, surface min;n�
�r�as dn�n 12 or 1� �,re�,rs a�*o to sup�lt• the bl�st furn�.ce a+. �Tef'L'erson.
a. Ther=� i s muc�h ore �ravPl. over i:he su.rfa�e in th� s zTicinitjr, and
m�nv bo�.�,�lders (( si�l ) of concre+.i �nar,y ore or �rcellent qualitv.
b. Some rowlders measure 1 foot 6 inc�hes a_n c�.i.am��er.
3. The rTi ssot�ri, Tr�nsas, and Texas �?ailti�a�r cut at �reals switch,
2.� m-1es north�rest of �Tumhes S�rinms, shcr��rs the follo�vin�
secti.on: � ( � seci:ion omittc�� } ) � ( 89� �
�, 89, �;c1.-e�, F. C,, 1^he i.ron �re� of nor+he�.stern Texas: TT.S. �eol.
,'�'i��^ZTetr ?iu71. 26n, A. :�52,� 190.�+. _
-9- US�xS B. 620-E
4. Ir_ a vrell a����e�t +,� HP�?-e��'s �o++on r*ir �+ ZTea.l.s s�•�itah masses of
; r�n cs�rrn„�+e �rFre �'oiard a+ a den+h �f �bov+ a� f'e�t ((90� 1
a. I imon.;.i-� sPam� ,vere a.� :-� fo„n�a �+ i�+ermed.,: a+.e dep+l.ls
b. And in n1p�Ps �'�lms �ncl crlls{-s of ��rPer_ fihrn��s m�r_?ral
_
occlzr in c���.t5es in +r� 1.zmoni+e
c. This m�nPral ��.� bear, r�ef-erminP� �1• '"', m. S�h�ller,o�' +.he
Trn�+e� S�-�+es �e�7�ci_��7 fi��,�rezr, to be a. rj•�rniis irnn
�t�nsnhai-e, ne�r �ixfreni_+.� in �omn�si+,ion.
5. Soia+�, of the m�a.in D�i.np�erfiP7.�l_�Tiz�*r�s Sprirc�s ��rASrC?Y1 road, » m�le
or m�re fror,i �reals s��ri_+ch, +here i.s ml?c,h rich 1 im�ni'-? scatterPd
ahou+ +he siir�',�.ce in t�o��rlc?er,T corcre+ions, nnc� nl�m�rnns shallov�r
pr�s�ect +rP�ches h�sTe d�.:�c�losecl +�� nres�nc� nf' � l.ec?rF of
l imoni+e a fe�^� �_nches to 6 feet thicl.c� underl�tin�* Ar a.rea of
IYt?7'l�r 3C7'E:S. .ciOTt1E? t�j }-g� !'lnlrl�?'!'1'� �3SZrE �P,8Y1 1�17'i; !�piP,rp in h�,1'T'�'ri
P'I'(�17nCi
VIII . D�POSITSt:IN CHEDOKL'E COZJI�TTY( (g�_��11
A. VICIT�TITY OF �USK( (gn-g4)1
1.. The most valla�ble depos;ts of brrn�m ore i,n Cherok�e �ountv are
s�.tiaated ne�r the tons of the nl�+.e�.us south of Jacksonzrille,
t�±osP in the vic-in.�ty of �?u�l- prob���l�T be�nm +he TMc?�+ Fxi-�r_s��e
an� �e�t, � no�m
?.. A�c'ordinm i-.n net�ssen 1� thev s�rP fn be ret�arded as l�elon�in�
i;o t?�P rook �`o�ar.t��r_ forma+,�c,n, the unper ni i:he two iron-
Y�ear;n�* di�Ti si �n� ��' +.hP (',� F3.1hnT'71P, ?rat�p
1 �0 ?leussFn, 4lexarider, on. cz.+-. pp. E2-6:�
;i. The �enosi-Fi� ;n +i�e ,7ir;n;+v of R,�sk ��a+ ?ti�ere exa*n�n�d rv the v�rr�ter
arP of a+,vpe e�+; r�lv �i ��in�t frc�m those of �ass, �Rari �n, an�l P'orris
CO1�Y1'�:i PS �?',r}�i Ch £lr'P. T'P,^'4.1^� .P.C� RS T�C.)la7'1't' S�ZTM!.3Y1 zl:*P, ��4�i �
a. I1�st.��d of' c'.oI?si.s+;;�c* of irr�^'1ala.r� r�mi�'�».r�r�� �n� frc��'man.��rV
m�sses of •nnr� ar l�ss no�tal a.r orP di s+r;1,t��c�1 throl��h 1� fo 30
fPe+ of b�c�s, +�s in Cass �onntv, ( i°0-91� )
�,. T1�� R.�isk denositr �nnsi sts essent� �llz7 of or_A soli�l ancl f�.irl��
con+,�rtaotas b�� of 7imoni+� ��.;+h a.lm�c.+, no res;.�.iaal ��n�e�+ra�;�n
nf nre �bo�re anri bu+., 19++1.e �rP in serams an� n��iale� b�lo��r.((91�1
�. �'he"�fi��on;i-.e bed ne?r p��sk iorris � can nP r?-�P +�o nf +?�n t'la+.-toA'�ed
nl�fie�u, a� �n a.lt--ii-ia.de nf fl1,ot,+- 6nn fpPt;� arcl is overla�r_ bzr
1lnconsoll�a+ed a�ra.v san�? rar_��r_r� f,-om 1 foc�+ or 2 f�e+, +,o ?,F nr '0
feet in +hic�-ness
5. The ore bPc? ranaes f�om 7 or 8 ine!�c�s t-o 3 anc� e�er_ 4 fePt �n t.h�cl-n�ss,
1„�+. �-he m�rc� com�non +,hic1-n�sses are bP-t�rreen 1 fnnt '� inches and 2 feet
6 inches
6. 4i, the ton o�' the ore bed, howe?Ter, is a"�and c�an," or latrer of m�re
or lers fer.rv�inrnis har� san�s'-one, from h�.lf' an �n�h to � inches th�ck
a. ThiS sand can r�a�r Y,� sn].i+- freelv from the ore in m�n�n�
7. The ore l�ed is i?nmediatel�r L?nc�erlair_ h�.r a few -i.nches o? li�ht-�olored
clay, relow tia�hi�h are 1_�]VP,rS of s�n� �nd sofi-. sandst�ne, some of �hich
is �l auconiti.c.
�. At thP rasP of the ore beci ro+rvo�wdal and roetlive prot�al-eran�es
o" l.;r�ont+.e ex+end drnnm into +�e �in.derl�rin�, c1a�T, so th�+ the bas�l
sl�rfa�e � s��r�r irre�l�lar a.n� nr�s�n+;s a stron.a con+rast to i-.he
lai��E?r Sl7r$flC2
9, Tre nre its�lf �ossessPs certain charac+eris+;es of texti�re anr�. color
+�,�t m+�l�e -i+ easil�.* d?.stir.�lais'��hle ft'om t'he �rP� of +.he more northPrl,y
c o1�nt; e s( f g 1) )
a. T�c� c�l�r, �'or ins+ar_��, is li�^ht bro��^m or buff, SP..�87'?1 s?�adPs
liml�'�'ET i'1'1.�71 t;}'�_A.i- pf i-1�a prC,' Of' ('tiSe ('p!�T7tTr� P,XCp,pi- �;�r�'1,P,Y'g +}12
la�+-t-er a s och�ro�is ( i91-92i )
�J. TYif; ll''?nP,r ? f;0 4 �Y?C11�S C)1' nrF �*ariPPallt.r 11aS f�n� O�8T1 l o?T?-jT�n@�
?-».r�11P1 to the �eci, lined t�ri+h �*lo��tr b1a�ti �o�+-in�*s, v�*hi.�h here
anc� +,here h�-�*e � s�ot �olnrec7 t�r; �h+ .re� (f 9?,i �
C'. `T'�P.. !�2'P. '��low ?"1'1E; 1al?1i_nq�'PC� 1a�rf;r �rAS�71+c ft Cl)+^lz' S+Y'l1C+lJr(? *,nr'�1GI2
freshl,y �roken, 17? CnTl�f;r?ci- fp f yla ?T1C�?'P, et=enl'' C^11C�"E?'{"l OY1si1^y i;zTl�B
of ore in �a.ss an� T�ari nn colir_{-;.�s .
-1�-
�i, T,1e orP �r-i_th ���rl�T s+r�actizre cra�ks and crur?bles on �,^���i-.�er;n�*, ,
and thtas i� kn�:�n �s "bia?f crtimblv o.re"
e. �ccasior_all;�r a canit�;r con+,a;.n,'nm sand. or s�n�v clajr i.s fol�nd -in
the ore
7!l. `T'1�C '?1)Sli OrE'. 7 S C(�Y1�7C�.� rF'CI t;n Cflr'r�r �, 7^.P,�`i'f','1.PG'�,`T �'17��''}'1 1�P,1"CE321�;*3�''8 Of'
a1um;.na., anc? t.h.Pre m��� 1,� � re]a�ion ?�et�xreer_ +he �reser_ce of this
�n�rec�-±.�nt �nd th� li.,*hi-, color of' �-.he ore
11. The ore from trP +,n*� of +?�e bed c,onta�.nin� hl�.ck-l.ined lamir�+;ons
is s��d b�r furn�cP men �rho h��=e ha.d exner-i ence -in its use 10 conta�.n
� hi�her nercent,a�*P of' rnho;��harus t��n +,�,e res+ of the ore in +he bed.
1?. The ore i s exnos�r� -in �, ?re�+ mQnv places A.,roian�i +.he rim o�' th� t»b1.e-
land, �arr�.ch forms El?1 1rrF±mlllaT" cr�scen+ic area ex+enc�in� aro�at 3-3�4
mi 7 c�s no,--f_h,,ves+., an�3 �_�/4 m� 1 Ps so�+ heast of tre +oT�.m of �?usk.
1;?� A�'f10Y1R '1'.1�C? �"1E?"-F �Y'"�OS1)I'PS ftrP �F.h.�gA Y��'1BT'P i�Yt�' �7'P, YIHS 1'?.P,8T1 TTt.i_7LP.,�� aS�
for ins+^nce� c�t. t�e se�rer�l �La+� 7?l�1'1P,5� :� miles nor+hz��P�+, 11 mi.les
n�r+h, �n� 2�- m� ]�s nor+heasj- ��' ^l.asl-; ��- t'�a Si-ar and rrsseen+ mines,
1-'�/4 mi7es east of ''us1:-; an�? a+. f-��e m.��!�s 2-?�4 Mi]Ps sot�+h�qs'- of
nlaslr, Trror��d in �onnecti.on ��*�1-h +ti�� Tassie Ttelle fi�rn��e
14. The l a+esh an�l mos+ PY-I-en.sizre of +liP St-ai-e mines a.re on -rhe ea.s+-�r.�est
s-�nr of +he pla-`�au, }!P�'111ri�rfT a��ou.i-. 21 rn; 1 es n�rthtives+, of ?i�sk
a. ThesP zFrorU;n�*�, ,•j�i�h ha�re b�en �na�+;zre sinc� 1�?09, ��r_s�st of
OT?E',Yl rt1"�S
h� qr_cl e�t-enci 1�res'-,nr�rd f�r m.�r� +h�n 1 mi1Q((92.))
1��. � small�r arandoned nn�n �u'- tivas no+ed. on +he rim of +�e p1a+P�u �n
-F31e z�r�et side of' 1-he Texas �,���''T�ti�r !�r] �^�ns ??a; 7rna.d, �l�o»t-, 1 m� le
nor+.h of +,he State �?enitPn+,iar�r,�+at; ??»s)r,((�?311
a. TY�� +,h;�1�-r,ess of i-re, or� ran�es �'rom 7 tol6 inches where ex�^as�d
r. mh.� or� 1^ras Z�ror�-ed h�re bv +he State
16. An�th.�r locali.t?T �vhere minir_,� i�v�s �one t+v the 8ta+e is 2 to 2,1 Tniles
nnri-he�st of ??u�sk, �.rol.and the wec+ r;m of a northvrard.-extend;nr� lo'�e
of t�e pl.a+oalz
�� T1,P onen cut extend s aro,�nc� +?�e, e�l�^e �f th� hi ll for � mil e or more
b. The ore bed, ra.n�es in thickne�s fro*� 12 to 30 inches
c. nre �^•��_s c�Y•ried from thi.s ��a.c� to t�e State blast ftarnace ?�v a
stearn tramroad
d. The ].=�st opera+ions are renorted +� h�,�re l�een c�rried on`-in 1906.
17. .1 �oad exnos�are of the ore her� �Fras no+Pd on the tve�t mar�*in of t;tite plateau
1-•'�/4 miles eas' of �vsk, at the vrorkz.n�rs of the St�r and Crescent
ft,.rn�.ce, �rrer� the 1�s+ op�r�+;.ons are s�.ic7 +� ha�re �e�n Ca.rrl.P.r] on` in
1907
a. The n,-e me�.sur�� �?. 1-0 �� i.nches in -!-.},,'_.r?rness a+ +his p].a�e
b, T.Rore orP -i_s stil7 �.�railable here, �s -i-rA coz*Pr �as n�t. b�nn s+-ri»ned
��'f +� a.s �^ra�1- � +r; rlrness �s at +he �+�+,e mir_es
c. �re �aras tr�m.me�l. drn�rn +o +.h� bl��+; furn�ce, A. d�s+ar_ce of �bou�-
1-1,i3 miles((93)1
1£�. Th� old *nines of' -(-he Ta.ssie '�e]l ft�rn�ce are 1 to ? m;7es f'�ar+her
so,a+h �lonm +,�e inres+ mar�i.n of +he p1 a+eau, ,�r�+-h3.n � short ra�zl.
n�' +r,� ft�rna.re ((94))
a. These i*rorlrinms hat-e lain. �c�lP for abou�t 2,0 zTe�rs
�. In one c�ui- h��f a mi�e northe�.�t of +.,1,� furne.ce +h� orP l�ec� is
2,?€029 -i.nches t1�� c1r �and ; � �o�Are�l r;�r ;? +0 4 fPet of sanc� a.t
t;}�e m�.rr�in of +he stri�p�.n�
c. A p� 1 e of lump ore 1� to 3 fP�t 1�.-i �h, �p �'e�t ,n�a d.e, a.nd �1•0��+
300 f PPt; lonp� h�s been left here.
IX. CO���'OSITIOI? OF T'iE ORLS ((�a_QP� )
�!Omi1-;t�d��
D��IELOF'h`_�,'�?T OF TH� ORE DEPOSITS((gg_10611
I. L_ARLY OP ��R }1T I OP; S(( g� 11
1. The deposi+s of iron ore notec� in the nreeced���!� pa�es, a� ix7P�� ns
m�.�tiT others ir n�ri-hens+ern Tex3s, were 1�no�rm and vrorked from time
to ti�e on a rela+.,ivelY vert� s*!z�1 � sca.le -t-� sup�l,y ore for several
small for�es and fitrn�ces before �nd dur�np� the ('ivil ?^Iar
2. qs a reGvlt of +he r���.d ir�i,s+.rial. dezTelonmAnt +�s�+ followed 1-r.e
wa.r trese sma].1 f„rn�ces soon became inadeqtaa+.e to co��p��e ti^.�i+h
l�rmer pl�nts fart�?er er�.st, an�l thev fell �r_to d-i.svse
'�. Tre ore neede� t� sunnlsr them tiva� obta��r_�d. fro*� th.e m�st f��To1^+�?�1}r
exn�se� led�*c�s, .�nd nn i;horo�?ah nrosnec+sne� ha.s been tandertaUen
IT.
IIT.
_1i_ USGS B. 620-F
�mi;�_1 recert �r��rs.
�. Tn.�l�e�, e�*en` t�he ore nee�le�?. to sn:�nl�� t�P moderat.e-ei.zPd b7 ast �'Z�rr_aae
f?.t; �T�?ffP,1'.ciC?Yl �'J�?g Ol'?'1'�l?1PC� t121�.V f'rClm cl�all{)�,*.r 5171'f'sl.rp �i1-S� verv lit+'le
T�P,C'�.`3Y17('t31 8nl)�-�^tF'Ylt Y1�'��'ln' 17SF',� Pii-1'tor f(?r' T"l�711?''f�' '�'" f'OYI�<''tlj'ra.'t'..n71 O'f'
f 1"l P. n'' 8
,'ri� ��h7'1.e?' OU'f'�-inP, C?f' L�7'P.SP,Tl'{ P1P,'t'1'1n�iS f'rlr '1'hp �pZ*P1r1?�mar�' Of' i'�lE' C�At�OS1+S
1.S f11' ?Ytf'P,r'AC+' 11'1 'i'�'1 �. S ('OYlY�P,ft�'.'I nZl � f'()r ZtYt� pcg f'�'1P,1� C'.�?'] �1P, wOrked nll �
mu��, l ar�Pr s�a.7 e+.har ��re+�for� +�P�T are nof 1�Uelv +,o nro��e
co*^mer�ia.11v t*a.1v�Y�le.
PnOSP��CTI`TG ��0�? ORE((gR_l��li
((om;++edll
���St?LTS OF �:PI:ORF,TIOPd( �l�q-1�1) i
1. The tr-����: t-akPn r;tr "r-i1�9*�� Tn'+h rF�*arc� a;o exn]or��-i�n nf th? �re
f�Plds u� to 1-hp clos� of 1911 �s srcn�vn sn i-h� follcrosTinm quo+..�+i.on, �
�n� �t ?nav be adc�e�t t;�,�t nrosnPc+in?� dur�nm the 1as+ i-hree �*e�rs has
b8P.I1 E,'4P71 P'n7't? E3Y1COt17'fi�''�Y1�*� 7?'1(�'L��.'f;�T!?' 137'c+�� rP,Sf?r�TP,S (�f j,7'021 OY'P.•
(t10�-101)1
1�� 10�) 1 Phil? i.ns, '�a. R., Trnn �n�' steel. malrin�* ir_ Texas, II: Tran.
?mP, ,Ta.r.. 11, 1912, pn. 14P.-1�3.
n'�h� TF*orU t-h�+. has b�en nrosectated dvrin� the l�s+
t�vo ve�rs �nd �^�hi c� � 5 st-.i.11 �n nro�,ress h�s sho?�m,
amonm other i**�-�ortant th�n��, th?.t- th� ex+ent of the
ver�r monc� an� �x+ra �res i s m���h 1�r�c�r t-han �ntrone
h�� re�Gnr i;n �nticin�t-e�'�
IV. i�:'I�?TT'G OR�� ( (1�1-1�7) )
1• 2R�Yi111f7' Cln"t`FJ"t'lC)Y]S in i'.hf? 1'lnr{'}�prp. l'011?'�f'iPc }1�7.?TP 1�<�F�YI ('C1?'If'inP,Cj
'PC1T" tl'].n I^OS-I- i�3T"'t' �n +he Y'�C;l'1PS�' nl7i',C',v'11T1� Of' ('.nr'1CT'P.'�'i(1T'ts�.T'S� O?'P.�
f�.ri� S'ln!p�-P, h�Tla ^+�-f-l�nrlg C�f ?117.t11?�.cr 1't9'c*e 1?T'e?Tfi.1�f',c1�(Inl��
V. CCiPTCF?'TTR_�TIOI��" t�I�' OR�,((102-1�6i;
( � Sm:i i-.t ed 1)
UTILI��1TIOi�T OF TF� OR�((l�t;-7.0911
I . �'7F;��TErAL COPIDITIurTS ( (106-1�7 ) )
). The rrrn�m ore� of nn�-th�as+er� Teras h�r,.P }•�Pr i�tilzzPrl. +n a, m�nor
ex+eni-. for +.i�e ma.r.ufaci-t�r� of ir�n Zn sma71 ���31 f���es o?- fvr�±aces
in �lr^os� enPrv cotant-zr ;.n ?��h�rh a�nnc3-si.2.ec3 c�.Pnns-i'- of �re occnrs
2. �-ame Of �-11P,SP, ftarnaces ?�a�re alreacl�T be�n mer.t��r.ed
:�. This form of in.d,.,s+•.rial a�.+;zri+,y exis+e� m.�;nl�r be+wePn lt'56 anci 1F�7�.
4. ge�reer_ 1�7n �n�? 19�9 iron tivas M�ant�f�otli�Pd fr�m t;m? +o +,i*�e in ?ive
or more srm�ll cha.r�oal 1�1 as+ furna_ces
F. Since the l��t of these "l�rna�Ps �*rent oizt �f rlast several nlans h��re
beer_ mac�e +.,� esi-.ar] ish iron anc? s-t-�el ,Fr�r,rs on the �'s�al.�' r,��s+, �s T*rell
as at �o�.n�� betvre�� t�e �re field:�nnd thA �?-l�hom� cok;n�-coal field.
6. q mor•Pm�nt i.s no,^= un�ler ��ra�T +o es+ab]ish ar_ �ror_ an� steel indvstrv
at Tex�.s Cit�•, Tex.
7. �*****, and �n the me�ntime ;-�me �++ention ras reen r�;_�r�n to the shipment
of ir�n �re }o bl as+ fi,_rnac.Ps an �lAbn^�a �nd �n i-h� Atl �nti� searoarcl.
(�1�6�1
II. T���9S BI,ASm FUP�TAC3S((lp�_in8)) 1/
�(17 n�im?,l.p� T;, T. � T'e'C>n„'�� nrtt i-l�� � rnn-�ra �i S+.r-i r,i- n� n��',t
"'exa�: '"ex�.s �'��� . SZzrvP�T, Secon� ��nn. Regtr�1 (�'�r 1£�90�, r�. I.F, 1891.
1. �ne of +h� e�r1,r �]asi- furnac�es +o ia+ili�.e the locp.l
�;11 er_ ftxrn��e ��- gP] i e,r�r; � � P, T��ar; �n roi,r+,•, F m� ] es
�a*�i�h iv9s put ir_�-o l�7ast �n ..1�7�(�1n7)1
a. �'�!P ��n��;i-�: c+f the f„rna�? t�Tas 1C1 ton� o#� �nC��rl
h. `I'hn pro�taci- tiva.s ai- �'ir��- hoa--1,1 �s1 rh�rcoa.l sofi-
1a+�r � h�rc? i.ron esnPr; a.l l,r si,i+�b) P f'or ch,' 71 �c1
as c��r ,,�rheels, was m��e.
c. 1_:in�stone for fli�x tirras o�+-�inFc3 n��r ?lallas
�res ,•ras +1,� I,00
nor+h �f Jeffe,rson,
nF?7^ r7a.Zr
f ont1� r�r i rnn, ar�
r3�+�����, slzch
•�i�?-
2. !� lar�er and mor� mociern cha.r�oal. b� as+ f�?.rn�ce t^Jas pu+ 7nt,o h7 nst
T?ar�h J F, 1�91, on the nor. th edrne of +.,hP t�t� of J�fierson, qnd
for sever�l �Tears this furnace �das s1��x�lied ��r;+,h ore ±'rom c�Ppos;.ts
in Cass, T�arion, and I+�`orr�.s �ot,ntiPs a�ija��nt i;o the railroac�s.
a. Tts antlu.nl cap�.mi.tv Uras r�tecl at 1:�,500 tons.
b. The nlant h�s been �_nac+:��re for 10 or 12 vears.
'�. Ther�: a..re three smal.l. blast ftxrna�es in the vic�na_t.Zr of ??taslr� '
rhProkee rolzntt=, -!-ha+ were bia�lt to ��ti.lize the ��novrn ore of +he
pl.�t-eau, �ut a11 are no�.n* ;d_le.
a,. ThP o1.�3Fst ftarn�ce �n.� thP nne ?�rhich ha:� had f�e mosi- us�ful
hist.�rv is the nropertv of t�e S�'-�te of Tc�xas
1) I+, �r��s ori�*nn�.11v c�lled fhe Olr� A7calde, and �^t�s firs+ pUt
in+o �?] ast in Februarv, 1F�n�4, �ari.th n s+.ack 55 fee+ t,; r�h �nd
a bosh diameter of 9-I�2 feet
2,) It was des��ned. for an otatrvt of ?F t^ns � �la�r, or 7,O�Q
tons a �.,*e�r
31 It s+ands �boi�t th��e-��a�rters of a m?le nnrtheast nf t�e
center o�' Rusk, ;jl?.st o��ts;�� t�e ,rr�1]s of th? S+-Qte pPni'�er_fiarV,
anc] h;�s tra�lr��e ror_nec+;�rG ,�,,+h +�,e `T'ea��s 8• rTev�r Orle�ns
'�ai.lroad. �r.� the Texas State nailre�d
�� The bl.�.st furn.ace �nd the ae�o�;a+e� ore mines �;�rFre ox�er�ted
b�r convict labor, �nd consi.c�era.bl � �T' f�e p; �;.ron nrodu�ed_
ti��as remelte� ard c�st inLo iror �i�e �t �n ad;jo-in;r_m pi�e
fol?ndr�r, �,l so o��med and one*-�+ed b�T t.he State �
5) The r�?rnace �,ras orir�inQ.11�r bU�.lt tn »GE= char�o�l, but l�+er it
�a.s rebv�l+ a:nd ran on cokA
b� The �'tarnace ra.s been oia+ of blast sin�e Dec�emher, 19�9, but in
1913 it �rJas rel;.ned an� nut in �ood sh�pe bzr the ?'exas Iron
Association, 1v1��.ch had leased +he furn�ce �nd nlanned to re�ive
onerations.
7) C�v�sin�* to l�nfavorable busi-�e�=s conditions �nd other reasons
t�e ).ease .vas p�rmi.t+Pd i;o lapsc. ( i 1�7) i
b. The Tassi_e �ie11e furna�e, ? mi_les sou+heast of Rusk, was pTat into
b7 ast �.n T?�veml�er, 1�90 ( (10811
1) Tt�i.s fi�rn�c.e s.+,ands on th� e�sf si.de of the St. Loiii.s Seu+,h�rres+ern
Rai1Ur�1r and dlari.n� i�s f��^� �rear� nf acti.�rit�r �rr^s sv.rrolznc�ec? t�v
a flouri.sh�n�* t��r�n ?Pno� as 1?eT�r R;rm;ns�ham
2) It ur�.s op�r�tec� as a crarcoal furna�e ».r_d •(-1+ro nf t-he old charc�al
lri l ns s+. i_11 s+�r_cl
:�i The c�na��t�= ���a� rs�ted at 1'�,FOn tons � vr��r
c. Tr� 7 as+ ft�rnacP to l�P huil� in rherol-�e roun+v ti�ta� +he Star and
f'r�scent;, z^*rich Zrra,s pvt ir_+o bl�s+ in. T?ov�mher, 1�91.
1.) I+, s+;�n�ls on t.he so�,+.h ��d� n�' +'�e S+, Ioli;s S�t�+ht�,re�+-ern.
�ail�.aa,v `��avt three-c�U�.1"FP,rS of �male eas+ o�' Rusl�
2,� Thi s f,arnac.e �.s sa.id +.,o h�.trP b�en oner�,+,�� �� 1 a.+e as 1907
�) ���*, a.n� 81 bric� ch.arcoa.l �ri.Jns rem��..r s+.�.n��n�
4� The c�pacitzr �pr�s r�ter� at 18,��p tons of n� P' %ron a zT��r
III . SHIP?�.'�'{IdT�> OP ORL TO OT_HLR ST,�.TLS (( lOR-10911
l. �rov+ 19Q7-8 apnroximnt-el�T ?.,,?0� tons ��' bro��m orP (mos+l,y from i+rtarion
an� f',asG �o,�r.+9 es� zuas sh; �n.a,d -�� +he R:i rTninaham ci i s+ri�t, 41q., a.
c�is+ance b�• r�;l of 3.bollt 5Q0 m-i_1e�
2. In 1�10 a sample l,ot of 56£� 1ons of brrn�m ore w�s shinnec� +o Philadenlnhi.a
by �rrx?* oi Texas �it,y, on Galzrestor. Ra,y. T�e rail ha.lzl was abatat �00
miles
3, T1Rro s�eamer c�r�oes of hi�-h-�;rad.e broum ore were shipped from narth-
,nrestern ��T�ri.on Coiant�r to Ph�.l�de�phi �, k�lat v,�a,T of the Por+ Rolizr�r
Tron Qre nailv,r�.r and the Atchison, Topelra k San�� re Ra9,7v�•�tr tc, the
!��al �', in the surr�ner of 1913( (1�8) 1
PAP?�;R5 O2vT GFOLOGY AP1D IPOT?_BE�I�?CS DEPOSITS Oi �t,STi�T'��1 T'��t1S t1I�1D I?ORTHEPN
LOitIS I9TTA ( (109 ) )
7.. Devssen, AlPxander, Geolo��T �nd_ undPr�;rotand waters o�' the solathern
nart of the Texas Coas+al Plain: T�. S. �7eol. Survev '"T�.#-er-Supnl,y
P�p�r :�35, 364 pn., 1,914.
2. rTordon, C. ��., ���lot�r and �.�nc�er�*roland w�ters nf nortre�s+ern Texas:
TT. S. Geo]. "t�rttev "Tqter-Sian*�7�r paper 276, 7�? nn., 1911
�. Narris, G. n., Oil anc� �as in Louis�.ana,: Tr. S, rTr�o1. `�urvey �iull.
429, pl. 13, 1910.
-13-
Z?SrS F3. 620-F
T` T'. �r Tht? `i'Fr�-'j�rsr ;ron �T'f?� r`'F' �_?"�'PaY�SfiS 9Y1�! TF�7i?��; riP,01•
4. P P'I7 �" O S f' � • !1 , e �-•�
5oa, �merica Bu7 7., trol. 3, nn. 4�_Fn, 1P92,.
- 30-
.
TTSGS B. 669
BULI.T�TIN 669
SALT RESOU�CES OF 1HE I11`1ITi1�D STATi;S
bv iN. C. Phal en
TTn'ted St�_tes �Teolo�ic�l Surveti�
GeorRe �tic Sm�th, ?�irector
1919
((Bib. ref.: Pub, of the G. S., h^a,y 1953: *669. S�lt �'esources of
the 1Jnited St�tes, b,y 1�7. C. nhalen. 1919. 284 pp., 17 pls.))
-1-
SAI,T RESOT'?�CES OF TI�L t1NITF.D STATES'
by �"d. C. Ph�zlen
tTnited St;�tes !'7eolo�ical
Surve,y
�3ULI �TIrd 669
1919
TTS CrS B . 669
( ( Abstraet not�s 1) ( ( � = r�uote�i fo�tnol;es) )
i i k. p�e�e referencel 1
................................................................ .....
((Pat�es 1-10: `Title pa�e, con+.ents, ar_cl lisf of illizstra+�ons)1
Il'dTRODt1CTIC�TT( (1 ] )1 �
A. Inf orm�t 9.on
l. Tn +r� sAa.rch f�r �enos-i+s of sn11��1e no+.fl.sh sa,lt,s carrie�' on ��r the
�',eol.o�ic�l St�rvev t�nder sne��fic au+hor�.+.tr o�' r n�r�ss a�'re�t c�eal
of �.mnor+..ant i.nf�rm3ti�n an sa�+, resnlarces �� the iTn�+-ed S+ates h�s
re ,n col lecte� .
2.. �iulletin c�ni-��n�n� th�s inf�r•r+�fi_on as f�rs-`-. pre?��rv� :RzQs di�ri�lc��?
int� fi.ve �arts, as fo17 o���s:
(11 �teol���;T o�' f.h� sa1i- r3enos�i-5 0" i-.he TTni.i-er? St�tPG
(?) T��or;es (ori�an an� formai-�onl of s�line clEposii-�on
(3� Chemica.� comnosition of ��line mQteri.zls
(�� S+at� st; �s of the pro�luc+;.nn o? sa.1t in +he LTni+c��1 Sa-�tes
(�l Te�'�nolor��- nf the m�nvfacture o�' salt �
B. Te�,hnolo�v oi man�zfacttare of sA]t
1. Part rel�fin�* to techn�l�c��� or m�.nuf�c�ure o�' s�lt omit+,Pd frnm the
�Teolo�*i�al Siirvets nla�lic�tion a.s more �7'017F'Y'lv connec+ed tirith lhe
vrork or the Bi�re�.0 of T��.nes
2. Th�t nar+, irrhi.ch �omnln.���n+s nresen+ hullet;.n, f;Y1P,rPipre �as been
nrenar��? �or r�la'�lic�ti.nn �s �iul7�t,;n 146 of the Rureatx of r:Rines
SOLn?CES OF IP�'F^'nP�'�.TZOl�?((11-12)i
1. T�'eco�nized t}ia1 ever,y knovvn d?z�osi_t of rock salt shoulc? be closely s+udied
an�' tested from i-ime to time i.n or�er to mal�e comt�let.e ir.�esti�a.tion of t?�e
l�OSS1h1P, occurence of co-�mer�;�1 denosz.ts of potash salts in the T?nited 51-.ates.
2. For c�enos�+s of orc?�r_ary roclr s�lt may ovPrlie, be i.nclude�i ,�rith:i.n, �or unc�er-
lie dez�os�ts of notash snits
:�. System�tio s�udv therefore rmacle �n summ�r of 1911 of i-h� br�nes, b�.t+eans,
and �le�oe7t;s of' roc�1- s�l� �.n +hP "ts�+,..es Pas+ of the �o�lnr T�Roiln+a�ns an� in
1�cal�ti�:s consi.�ered most n,-omisin^� f�r notash
a. Hunc�re�s o�' sarmnles of brines, b�t-`-erns, rock salt, s�n�3 cal�ium �hlori��,
mam� of them. sent; in t�tr c�r� ]) Ars f�r oi.l, tvere coll ec+ed ior chemi��l
8x t�7� � r!ii- i 071
b. ThP �eolo�*v �f +he o�crrr�n�.es o�' +h� brines and s�l.+ �wqs i.n�*Ps+,j�*�+ed
c. �ec�r�l.s of deen ,�rel.7s exam�nP� ;n ro*�P snme o�' +�er+ m�r*hf �he IT1nrP, c.omnl�+-e
+�{'�`-iP_ �}lC�S? Fl�?'F,"#�V F)17r�i.rihE',f� l��r 1-}'l.F' (�1"f'E'rc�ni- �S+fi'FP, St17'1TP,ZJS
�?. Samp7es nf the rocr�s n�sse� tl�.-nua�h �r_ +11A dePn r1r711inP'S ���ere s�uc�i�.=.c�(i1.1)1
4. Fielc] w��rk
a.. !�Xf'BYl�@� nzTP.T' l"JP,S�-E;?'I1 l�'1Y'f ni' �TE;\"� Yn2'�' £iT7!� � I7(',117� P,C� 4i.5� f S i�n ODr.]"!i'f"' 71 P'
n1 �n+,s in '"!vom�n�*, I i�in�*s-l-�n, �enesee; �nri T�mnkins r�un+,z^s. ( f 12) �
b. rtT�r1,� ac+.�_z*e s�1_t nlan+, 7n I:olver f�en�nsula oi 1'.`�c�ir*nn ti^r�s v�sit.Pcl
C. �'�q br�nes (�f' �'-�.1;�1�1'!(� �:'aP"Y]Ai'V� �!i"� �]'1� ISEI�';P,11£� C^ll�'!'�"l E'S� T�' C!11��TL
11 S�m�l�d
?� �"�hose �or_+ent- �f brom�n� i.n commPr�i�l �iz�.f�+,it�• incizc�tes n=�ri-i�l
� de�i�•�a+; on �f seA ivater anc� t�!e occt�rrer.�e of mo+�er l;.quorti
�. .Also br��_nes of �'alden, 3•;analarra Coiantv, an�i of 2��?�son an� �F�artford, �'S�son
�rnin+.r, ','�I� Va,; those of �:'e� �s �olant-;v, Ohio, �cr�5s (�hi� �'iver from P,�ason
�otzntv, ':'V. Tra., an�l t},ose of Pit+sbur�h, Pa. -- all of �rhi.�h are or h�ve
�een vrorked for bromine -
e. T?ox•thern Ohio and Yansas tivere re�riewed
f. As i.t ��r�s rumored earlv -in 191� that potash salts ha�l bee� .founc� ne�r
Go�leri.ch, wes+ern �ntar�o, �anada, that loc�litv visited and sam�le�
obtained.
-?-
5. F� el� t���rk of 1912
a.. Simi1 �r �'i Pl�l w��rk con-Finved b�r �c�rr� ter diari n� stzmmPr n�' 1912
b. Prir_cinallv b�r tr; sz+s to the sal t-nr��u�inp� distri c+s in i-he '"7es'-ern
St-ates
c. The shores of the �reat Sa1.t I,ake �*ere ins�iect.ed
d. The salt debosits to the sou+h, in Sevi.er, S�nnete, and Juah count�es,
T?tah, vrere sampled
e. Sam�les of salt and br�ne �rrere obtazned from the sol�r-s�lt pl�nts
on San Fr�ncisco Ba,y, Lonp� Reach, and. San T!ie�*o Ba,y
f. The �eposits in the Avawatz 1�Roun+r��ns, San T�ernard�no Count,y, Cal.,
were exam�ned.
6. Practicc�lly al� the analvses resultint� from tYi�:s ti^rerlr �.re aiven un��er
the �eadino� "Chemic�l compos�tion of saline m�t,erials" (pn. 270-277).
TYPES OF UCCt1T�RENCE( (12.-13)1
l. S�lt is wideltr dis+r�ruted and occurs in many �laces in bec?s of suf�'icient
�ize to constitizte rock m�sses
?.. It i s also fo�and in solut� on '
a. S�lt sprin�s
b. 1�Ta+er of the ocer�n
c, '^Ta+,er of �nland salt lal�es or seas, as rreat Salt I�r�1re an�' t��e nead Sea
3. T1enn��ts of ra�ti� salt-. t.hat. are in+;ers+r�+;t';e�? lr�;{-1-�'rnrks of ��ar�otas
�eolo�ic �zor�zons(see n. 7.9�) h�ne hePn formec� rv the �ra�u�l e�ar?oration
�f 1,odies of �ea ipra+er ciat off fr�m �he ma;n �rFan( (1?,�) (
4. ��1+, ��ra+er o�' +he �nland salt la.keG �r seas, like �7rea+ calt I_ake anc] the
nead Sea, h�s been c�nr..entrai-e� bjr e�ran�r�1�on +.,hrol��h la�k of an
outlet(i12-1311
a. Rs'�i�er�l mat+e.r of such inc.lose� rodips of �salt ��a+er in �en�r�]
C't'trSf'�1�1ZP.� otat -;n the oraer in •rr�;�h +.he soli�tlon ba,�o*�es ��+vra+ed.
w:�_th the �ar�o»s salts((131)
r. Th's order depend.s x�artiv on re19t?ZrP, amoun+s o�' the sfllts in +re w�ter
�nd ;�artiv on the�r s�luhilitv
5. Rock salt of such uni�ersal occurrence that a Iist of the loca]ities urhere
it is found ti^:oulcl inclla�e almost everv colmt.r�r on +he �^lobe
6. Tn the tTni.ted States ex+ers�ve an�l valuable depo�its of salt are found
a. Central and v�estern New 'rork n. I�aho
b. Pennsvl�rani:a o. '"dyom7n� �
c. ��io p. nrobqbl,y several other
d. 1���1 c'�' �an S tates
e. jr� r�inis
f. Kans^s
�;. Iouisiana
h. Texas
i . ��e�a� a
.� . TTt ah
k. Arizona
1. ?'T��e l',�`ex i c o
m. f'.alif�rn� a
7. Salt sprinr�s anc�. wel]s �b�tand ir_ ne-i_c�hl�nrhond ofi +he sal+. cie��ns�+s, ��a�x��a���xa�x�
�nd �;�'lP,GP,� as we] 1 as the `^r�+ers of sa]_t l�l�Ps ar_c� sea v,ra+er, are us�� �s
sonrces of +,he commercial nrodttc+.,.
£�. The locat�on nf +he nrodvcin�^ sa]t- nl�n+.s in +�P T�nitec� State� is Ishon�m on +he
ac�omnanvin� map (P1. I). �iAbsi-. _2A-11
MINE�'ALOGY.l�i(131)
1. Comm.on or roc� sal+ kr,oti,m mineralo�ica7iv �s halite
2. It is the chloride of sodium, comnosed of 39.4 pe.r cent c�lorine, vrhi�h in
its free st�.te is a e�as,
3. T�?alite is r�ther nrit;+l.e
4. �ardness 2.5
6. Specific �rav�tv ran�;es
2,.135
7. Its index of refraction
and 6�.6 ner ePnt o" the metal sodium.
�n� has a conchoidal f']"&cful^P,
from 2.1 to 2.6, that of nvre cr�rstals bein�
is 1.544.?.
-�-
TTS GS R . 669
�. It i s hi�hlv �liathermous
�. 7{; sPldom occ�xrs pure, bs�n� mixe� t^rith a va.riet�r nf other saline miner��s,
am�np� which are
a. Gvnstam
b. Anh,yc� r-i t e
�. An�(in �rermanvicarna�.lite, I�ieserito, ar_�l ��l,yhal.�.'-e
d. �r -it is a�socia�ed 1a��fh shal� an�l sand�tone
lA. Ra.1a.+e zsomPt.ric -in �r•Ts+�lli�a+,�on
a. TTs,,�al7?* f�rms ctat��•s
b. �"Ihi�h �.re��or�mom�V'�d�s+,orte�l or ,,n�t-e� in c�vernnlzs a�*mre�ations
c�lled honner-shnnP� crt��i-als
1] . Also o�.cvrs mass�ve m�i.+h �ramal ar to compa�� strtar+�xre
a. 1+,RassPs w�.i-h r,erf��+, clz�ica.l. �I ea,*aae �re co�n*non
b. A_s well as fi�rntzs narie+�v, v�r�i��h is sa�d�+o be z�se�z�lo-m�r��otas
a�'ter �vnsi�m
12. uas a �Titreous li�s+-er
1�. "JhPn pure -i.t is t}•ans�ar�nt and rolorle�s
l�. Imnur�t� �s im�art t-o it �rello-^:�, rn,d, b�orrn, bl??e, an� n�Trr�le hues
and �re resnonsible ior �.ts �l�f�'Pr�nt dPc*rPP� of trar�lia�encv
1F. It is re�.dily solurle in �.v�+er
16. Its charac'-eristic saline tas+,e is i3no�vn to all
1, 13 . nar_a, J. n., Svs+em of mi neral o�r, 6th ed ., T?ew `rork,
pn. l�n_1�6, 18g2,.
USES OF SALT((13-14i)
1. Lar�elv usec� for CLi11.ri'lr�r purnoses
2. I�Teat-pac?�in�, fish-evrin�, �iairy�nr�, ancl other inc�l�stri.es to preserve
the pro�?ucts from deterioratio�n
�. TTsec� extensi.�relV �.n refri�^eration
�}, The chlorin�.t� on nf e�olc�- c�nsiames some s�lt( i 13� l
F. TTser� to f�� a e�la�e on nottery( (17-14� 1
6. Fnamel in�* and pipe T�ror�s i(14i i -
7. Sa1t�r_� ca+.tle
R, Clar9.n� hides
�. T!�alri.nr� pickles
1�. C]Par�n�' oleomar�ari.ne
?1. In the form of brine, �t is l�rt�elt� iased �r t?�A ��Pmical in�us+•ries in
prepara+ion of soda ash, c�us�--i� sod.a, �n.d zTar;.�l�s o+.her chemic�ls
cnnt��nin�* a sodi.txm base
C7FOI Of=Y Or' SALT DEPOS ITS Or T�iF�' Z�'TITFD STAT�'��S ((14-19211
1� GE�TE:�_1L DISTRI�3iTTI01�' aI�.D CtiAn,ACT��R( (14-151 i
1. (�f us�ful m;neral� fntanc� i.n the TTnit�� S+a1-As none perh�ps oc�.�ars in
�;re�ter �run�anc� or is m�re ��dellr clistril�uted f?�an common salt.
a. Occt�rs in crvstalli_ne lavers in+erbec�d.ed. ��:�ith �frPr se��*neni-s, whir,h
maV hav� bP� n chPmi�al7y precznitated, like �ypsum, or tirhich ma,y
be c7as^?.f'1P!� as �r�lina.rv cla�tic denosits, like sandstone and sh�.le
---the l�dr012 foMnina hi l ls or e�*er. mount�inovs masses
b. In heds of dr,y, or nearlv dry, lakes, marshes,or alkali fiats
�. Tn f arm of dissolved salt in natural. br�r_Ps th�t �.ss��e from salt
s�rin�s or are found. �.n sal.t la?�r� or non�ls or in the ocean
?,. Fxa^��l.es o�' all t�ese mo�es of ocrlarrPnce v�ril.l be ��_ren in +,he
descript�ons of the salt resources of the different Stat�s in ti.l�.ich
salt is of oresent or of nrosnec+.ive com*nercial im*�ortance.
�. 7'n eastern and southern narts of the Ttni.tec'_ States salt denosits do
not- apnea.r at the s��rf�.ce �s thetr do �n m�.nv n+�rts of +,he it�est
4. Tn TT��r `�'ork, n�rt�ern Pernss.rl�an� a, ?�?ichi a�an, �h� o, Fansas, ?r�.r�i_nia,
Loizi.siana, 1'Tee,r P.�exi c�, and eas+.ern and northwes+,ern Texas salt occtzrs
in bec��ed de*�osits rre11 bel o��r +he stirf'�ce, ?"J�1P.re � t � s nr�+.Pcted. from
the solzrent act,on of r��n 9nc1 e^rniand u*a+er b��* a man+7P o�' i�nerviol�s
s+rA+.a.
_4_
.ri. TTl �";l?.e ;,TE'S't',f?� _'l �'+'i;"'t;F;S� 1C1Q}"10� .,;�'OT'ii2'if_*� ?'drS'I-t r'rt `' �'3:'�.5� �TE�Z"T TRPX1('O�
Ar� �,�na, T'TE'n9C�&� and �a1.�.forn� Q� I??E1T1�; e7;+E11S1.V2 Sc'�.1+ C�P,�OS1f;S
are exnos�d at th� stzrf ace becaiase of ar�.d , cl imat� c conr� i ti ons.
6. Th��s t-he iTn-i+ed S+�tes mav be di�ri.ded �n+n eas+Prn and western
parts with re�'ere�^P to �ts se.lt reso,�rces, t�e d�zr9.s�on bein�
n�t onlv �eoaranhic�but clim atic.
7. The a�re�ter �a.rt of TTevada, lara�e narts ofl TTtah anc� C�l�_fornia,
and small parts of Ore�on, Iclaho, �nd '."TzTom�nv� are i.ncluded �n ,+,he
Great Rasin re�ion, so cal] ed, in which are 1-he clrainae�,e ?�asins
of Iake Lahon+an and Lake Bonneville, tTr:o Pleistocene lakes.
�.. ml�e basins of these lakes h�+�re been s+uc3ied by G, K. Gilbertl�
and I. C. Russell. �
1 14 Gilbe?�t, G. K., I�ke Bonneville: T?.
Fron. 1, 1890.
2, 14i1 Russell, I. C., Geola��.cal hist�rv
a'�uaterna�r lalre of no.rthwestern rTe�ada; T.J.
TSon. 11, 1�?R5.
S . Geol . S UrZre�j
of Leke Lahontan,
S. �eol. Survey
�� The conclusions of these �eolo�i.s+s rea��rd�n� the sal�nes
deposited from the tn�ai-ers of these lakes, ti�e�r accumulation,
the�r disap�ea.rance from the surface, and +,rP nossi.bilittr of
f'�i.nd�n� them bel��� the svrface are c��scuss�d in. subseqvent
pa�es o�' this bi�lletin.((14i�
�. The clima.t;c and r�eolo�ic condit;ons pertain�.nr� to cert�in of +�e
sa).ine dep�si+s o�' ,Arizona �nd T?ew FRexi co are sim3_7_Ar to t�ose
of th� �reat, Rasin ret�ion, �nd +-he �eneral izatior_s b,y rTilbert
and T?ussell for that, reeion hold for certain oc�Urrences of salt
i.n t�e t'wo St�tes menti_oned.((].511�
II . NE4"1 YORK( (15-44� 1
A. HISTOR�' OF THE SALT IP1DL?STRY((15-1.71)
( ( omitte�l � )
B. POSITIOtd OF I� IELD( (17-1811
1. The Sal�na or salt-bearinc� �'orm�tion outcrops -in a belt
approximatelV 12, miles wi.de at TTia��rr� Ri�*er
2. Extends eastward across the centr�l tier of cot�nties to a
point a little south of Onei.da Iake.
3. The otaterop then turns to the southeast, t�.per�n� �r�.dually,
anci +,ermin�.tes in the uici.nity of Schoharie '?iver, Schoharie
C ount,y .
4. Its g�reatest v�idth, �boiat 20 �iles, ? s at +he fooi: of Ca,yu�;a
and Seneca lakes.((17ii
6. Sa.lt minina� 3.s cnnfineci to +,he re�ion soiath of t^.is outcropnine�
belt --th.at is, in the ds.re�t�.or_ of +,he d?p of the beds-- as
the salt beds, bv reason of +heir so7l�bili+v, c�n not exist at
the svrf�.ce in thi.s reaion of ab�an�ant r�infall.((17-18))
6. These fac.ts are brou�*ht out on tY�e maA (P1. III),((Abbrev.:
Abst. p. -4A-)) ���ich sho�nrs -Fhe o��tcr�� nf +h.e Sal�.�a ?�rmat�.nn
ancl +,he blaces in the S+�te vrhere salt h�.s bPen fol�nd in wPl l s
and shaf'ts((7.8i�
C. F�TEr?T OF DEYOS ITS ((18-19 i i
i(om.i_ttPdl)
D. ��RATIGRAPHY((19-201i
l. TY�e salt be�?s of TTew vork bel.onv� i.n +re Salzna format�on of i,he
ravi��a e�roi?n of roc�ks, whi�h in turn are �.n i-he S�ltzr�an SVSf.P,2R.
2,� To �.17v�+-ra.te t�e position of these be�s in t.he s*eolo�i� colum-
nar secti.on oi T?ew York, tre section of t�e nenoni.an and Silnrian
rocl�s is �iven below:
(( see naee -4B- of abst. 1 1
-48-
�(19i1
USGS B. 669
T�Rajor svb�livis3_ons o�' +,he nevonian and Silurian r�cks of r?ew York,
sho�vi.n� position of Salina forma+.,i.on. l�
1 19 Hartna�el, �. A.., C1as�ifi.catlon of the �eolor�ic �'orma�ions
�f th.e St�+.e of T7�,r� Y�rk: TTew `rork �t�te l'�t�seum u�n�book I�To. 19,
].ql�, tarle 1, b�tween pn. 24 and 2.5.
nevonic........
Clntaric or S iliari.c.
Chemuna� t�e�l s .
f"h3ia+,�tar��aan...., �afsU;71 s=�ndsfnne, loca,l flaci.es.)
.orta�e beds,
(r'anles �e�ls, Itha�.a beds.)
�neon+a be�s, l��al facies.
SPnecan......... �renesse t�e�ls.
Tvllv limes+one
�:r1.an. . . . . . . . . . Nami l.+nn be� s .
� �T���rcellus be�s.
1Tlsterian....... ��nonc�aoa Z1mE'C�f-()nP„
�chohari P p'rit.
rsonvs �rit.
�riskani�n...... �`ris��nv sandstone.
pOr't' �IP,71 11mP,S'i'0118.
B��ra#'t limes+,one.
T?ew Scntlancl limestor.e.
��elder�+er�;_r�n... Kalkber� liries+one.
(',oe�.Tm�ns l imestone.
�'�anlit�s lim�stone.
pondout tivater lime.
Cavue�an, „ , , .,. ,. l'o1�lPskill 1 �rn�stone
Salina beds.
Guel*�h dolom-i.te
Iockport dolomite
T?iar�aran....... C1-i.nton beds, inclur�in� Rochesfer
�ha] e at t�n.
?�e�lzna sanclstone, i.n�lurlin� Oneida
�stivep�an........ con�lomPra.te.
_ �s�;re�*o sand�t�ne.
-5-
USGS I3. 669
�. The S�lina format,ion �n r,entr�l �nd T�es+ern rTP,�r �'ork �s n�u� sub�iva�ed
into +,hP followin� memt�ers, bes*innin�* w1+r 1-he hi�*rest: ( i 19) �
l. Rertie water limP: ?,� t'iruil7 �.cen�,�. mar�nes-i an li^�es+�ne, useci for the
`- mamzfacttzre n_� natural ce�r!ent in F;rie �o�ant,y. (This is the unper
h�rizon of abundant �;ur�rn+,ertas.i
2. Cam; 111as shale: '�'�forkahlP F*v�s�am deposi+s, shale, an�l �3ol.omite.
�. Svr�cuse salt.
7� trernon sh�31e: ned, �rstir, and �reen shales �.nd thin dolomi.tes.
�. Pittsf�rc] shale: Sa�le interbbd�3ed w�.th d�lom-i.te; oon+ains a
�roftzsion of eurv�aterids. ( �1.9) )
� 19 The r�mes here us�d are those in currPrt lase bv the TTev✓
�ork St�+e Geolo�*ical Surve�rl.
4. Tn east�rn r?e�nr vork the "��1l�ur 13�estor_e, relow thA cement k�ecls of the
��l ina, (%�r2'7 P.S a?�ri ef modif;.ed reapnearan�e of the "?i ar*aran faunai (?Ol l
5. I-!- tivi.11 be o?�s�rvecl,+here�'ore, +.hat- +he sQ.l+, ?,e�s of r?�ti�t York �.rP
associ+�tec� u�i+h cien�sits �f �;vx�si�n, s��le, c�olomite, �n� lime:�+one.
E. STRUCTZ1�iE( ( ��l )
1. 7t zre.s si-ated that the Sal�n� Y+e�s �n tb�hich the salt denosi+s occur
9?'P, ZP]'1S S1"1�T1P,!�
?. ThP s+r;i-�� �r 1ir_� �f' silr�'a�e F9Xn(�R17rf�. nr' -I-.},_� sa1_+-??ear�nm fnr�n�+ion
; s eaGttvard, A.nnrox��ately nara7lel titi�i+h +�e sh�re �f I�ke �nt-ari.o,
th�ti�mh h�oat�s�-, o" •f.'��e r��la��h tono�,ra.ph,y t�e lin� nf rnit�rror� i s tnr+..laoi�s
in detail
3� The rerls �r lenses c�in to '-�P sn,;th a+. � loti�r �nmle
�. �;Xr�n�ll2'P,S tirit� SP,Ctl.01'1S Of' C�P,P.T� Y'E'c'rlt't�S S11nV.� 'f'1�q1" �'.�i; ^,�ip i S I�.O"f;
continuoias hi�t �.s reversPc� �t inter�*als, ti^ri+.h cons��lza��t �1,in to the n�rth
�. ��rer a lara�e p�,ri; of the salt ��stric+ 6� fee+. a mil.e is cons�dered a fair
a�Teraa�e of the dip, bl.�t it is s-erv irremul�r and. ran�e� fror� 100 feet
or m�re t� 1-he soi�th to almost as mi�ch t.� -f;he nnrth, where reverse dins
hane bePn nnted. `",�t
6. The sl-ruc+,ure is well shoti^m i.n fi e�iara 1. (( Abs+,. p. -SA-I, i
F. T:�3E SALT �3E1)S ( i 2,0-23)1
((omitted))
G. Ru�CC�*�DS �F SALT WELLS AILTD S�IAFTS (( 2�_41) 1
(lomi.ttedli �
H. F3IF3LIOGR%�PHY( (42-4� ) i
( (o�ittPc?11
III. �I�.IICNIGA�?( (4�-6711
�. Fnr �ome ve�rs 1''irhi �an h�.s re,nk�d f�.rs+. r�m�nm +�e S+�+es �n hnth
ql�ant�t�r 3nc3 va1i�� nf' +,he s�lt; nro�liaced
?., The salt is clerizre,�i f'r�,n, t��o �?,s{;;n.ct s�iirces
a. Rock salt
b. TTatiarr�l t�rines
'�� The inc�ustrv base�a on rn�ti- ���+ ;G, nF muc��t mrea�Pr imnortance tj�an th�t
hasec� on n�i-izral �rine.((4�11
A. �POSITIC�.� GF FIi�LDS((44�1 �
1. Salt nrorli��Pc� in thrpe d-ist;�_r��t; parts nr t-re 91;ate
2. T�,e �;stricts (see P1. I, n. 1?l�(Ars+. p. -2A-1� are
�(1. In the sol�fhe�stern nart �f t�+e 5+�,+P al^n�; n�+roit and St. C13ir ��VP,2'S
(?1 In apnrox��.a+,Flv t1�e ce^+ral ��.rt n�' t,l�e T �ti^rF�r pen�nsul a, �speciall,y
in the �a�i.n�tr �Ta11e,y, �n�
'� Al �nc* trP ?��e�+..ern sr�re n�' the I_otiver Peninsula
B. STR�G�'�'iiY I�P1D STRZTCTURE((��._F11)
1. Salt produr,ed in the southeastern nart �f the St�te �nd alon� the western
shore is der�ved from rock-sa]1- beds in the Salina f^rm�t�.on, unc�er7�rin�
the '�.Ronroe rrr�u�(Siluriani
-6-
2. Thai- pror3uced in t�e Sa�inativ 1�a� lev comes fro�r n�t�ural br:ines in
+,he P.?arsh�,ll sandstoneiT��ississinz�ian)((4�11
3. The I ower Peninsula of 14"i�hie�szn � s a stTncline or basin� i i451, l
�( rema9ncler of "Struc+ure and Strati a�raph,y" omitt.ed ))
C.'I1EI L F'.EC ORDS (( 51-67 ))
( ( omitt;ed) ) �
D. B IBI I OC7RAI'HY( ( 67 )1
((omittedl)
zv. o��Io( ( s�-�ol )
1. Raar m�terial is deri�*ed from both salt be�ls and r_�ttxrr�l brines
2. T?o rock salt � s mined( ( 6711
A. POSITIOPI OF FIELDS (( gg)1
1. �h�.o salt. ror+tPs fro� tt�ro dis+ri.cts, one in +he northeAstern an�' t��e
other �n the soia+reas�ern part of +�e State
Z. Roth occurrences are d�_stincf �eoloc*i��llv �.s vrel] as r�eo�raphicall�r.
'�. Their locat;ons are 9nciicated on the ��neral map �P1. I, p. 12 (iabst.
n. -.?,A-1� �f , bU� thei r detai7 s are befter s�m,Fm �n fip�ure 3. ( i�hst
p. 6A�1 ,
4. The sontheastern fi.eld i.s an extens�on ��' the field in Nest ?r�r�*�nia,
vrh�ch lies on the oonos�te ssde �fl �h�o ''�'14�7'.
B. DEP(?SITS I�'; 1d0�THEF�STEBTr OHIG( (6�?-7111
1. �xtent((6P-70)1
( i omi.t.tedi )
2. Strati�raphV( i 70-711)
a. The sal.t hori�on in the northeastern part of Ohio l�es beneath
the T?orroe forma.tion anr' in the Salina formation of` the S�lvrian
svstem
l,. It ���otald ann^ar that the salt-be�rin� beds from t�rhich the artific�_al
brine(brine formed bv alloti+rinp� t��a+.er to come in+o c�r..ta�t zr�i.th the
salt bedsl i.s obta-i.ned in th�s part of the State are not ex+ensions
of thosa of soi�theastern ]'�ichia�an, al.thou�h the sal+ in northeaGtern
Ohio occl�rs at the same #�eolomic hori zon as that alone^ the �etroit
and St. C� ai r r?�*ers �n I`,�ichi�an.
c. T?�e reason ior +hi.s �as reen exnl��ne�i i�n�ler l'��chi�an, and, hrief lv,
is due +o sL�pnosed sha7lo�v?^�a+er 9n the ancient sea.(i70)1 �
d. Rownocirer ha.s clascif�ed the beds enn+ainin� roc]r salt in northeas+ern
�hio as bel.onp��.n� to the Sali_na formati on ( i7�-71i �
1) This fc?rm�t�_on i s not kno�vn to otatCr'np �mr��rhere in the S�`ate of
Orio((711)
2i But the de*�os�ts in nortreast-ern (!hio �a�h�ch c.�n+ain t�e roc� sa.lt
are a south�rrestwarci extension �f i;he Sal?na fo�na+�on �f ATev,r `�'ork
is novr �enerally accented
�� Tn past some confusi.on has ar� sen from fact. +hat earl ier definitior_s
o�' the T,�'�onroe �ncluc�ed the salt-l�ear;n� be�s, t1�e name bP�r� �ased
to 9nclude all roclrs bet;tiveen. +he niandee lim�;s.+on� abo�=e and the
r?iat*ara bel ow
4) Present �enera7.l.v accepted defini_ti.on of ��onroe, h��r.�eT*er, res+r�.ci-s
that na.me t.o the str�ctiv mari_ne de-��s�+s overl�,Tin� t-he sa1.i--bear�n�
deposi.ts(�hrrich accord-in�* to rTrabala an� o+.�ers are nonm�r�ne)and
t�n�aerizrine; the �undee limestone, and. thP s�lt-beari.ne� denos�ts, which
litholo�ical7.v resemble as weil as occunv the stra#;i�raphir, nosit�on
of fhe S�lina formati_on of TTew York, �re cons�dered as unqtaest,i_onabl,y
represent�.nm the tir�stern acct�mulation oi the Salina sea, althol?�h
thev are not e�rervlvhere easilv sepa.rable from the overlvinp� r"onroe
deposits, e�pec�allv where no rock salt is nresent
C. }3RIA?E HORIZOTT II'T SOtTT�iEA6TEI?nT OF3I0( (�1-73)1
1. Strati e�raphv and Strvct�are( (71-72i )
a.. mhe surface rocks i.n 1-he Ohio �rallev �.t Pomeroz�.lie at the si.a�nit
of t;h� �'�nemau�h f'or!na+7on, also �no�.+m as t.he "I o�,^rer R�rr�n
Coal r�easures."1�
1 71 Prosser, C. S., '�e�*�se�?n�m���,7�+i�re o�' the C?hio �eoloa�i.cal
f'ormai-.ions: (lhi.o Geo7.. Starve��, �+.h ser., Rta�? . 7,p. 25, 1905.
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_�_ I� GS B. 669
2. �har�c+er of �rine ((72,-7311
( iomi+,+,e�11
D. �y��I_L R�Ci:?T'DS i(7:�-7qil �
((omi+ted�)
E. BI�3Z,IOG�?f�Pxv( f g�l 1
((omittedll
v. ya�;s2� vz�r�zr�I� f l�0—�11)
l. �"rest Virr�ini a is i?nportan+ proc�vicer o�' sa1t. from natiaral �rines
2. O�cur in p�.r+ in Carronifernus san�_s+.or_es
A. YtiSITIG,+ uI�' FI?'�LDS((Apl
1. ?''atizral brinec now ut-,i_lizPd �re �'ol�n� �.l�nv� 0'�io anc? K�nawha r�vers
�. The Ohio ??iver f i el� �.s an ext-ens� on o�' the area in Qhio
:�. �Ra�on an!� uar�'ord, located in T,!Ta:;�n Countv, arP t-he �enters of +..he
inc�t�stry in tri s��r•t ��' the St�te
4. �+��lder_, 6 m�1es abn�re Charleston, is the ��te of salt, rormine, and
calcium-chl�ri�e inc?i?s+rv on F'anawh� �3ver
B. GHIO �iNLR AT�EA( ( g�� 1
1. �'reol�e;ically a bart of the Pamerov dis+,r�ci- of �hio
?,. A,Tasnn, �ne of the centers of the ind.lzs+x-sr �n �'7Pst TTi r��n� 3, i.s l ocated
ne�rlv �nnosii-e POn1Pr0V, ���; o, an�' �rar+.,ford i s a shnrt di s+. ance
�'arther l�n the r�ver.
3. �r�^lo�*�* �i tha br�nes ntamn�c� a+ Pomerov, Ohio, lias alr�ad�r reen d�seus�ed
C. I��1T,x'�P�iA RIVt�'R AREA( (��-gl l 1
i i nm� i;te� 11
D. RI�LICGF'AI'?�Yi i �'ll 1
VI. I'�''�'SYI.��TAI'�IA( (�1-�'4)1
1.. Sfl.�.'?;� �rOm1.I7G'� �Yl'� (9.�C;11�m C�lnri.de �fl�TP. �"P,TI '�h{-.a�nF'.:� i?1 ��'lP, TT!?1"'{;1'1 �'tf�8�
�-���;t,Sl�larr�Yl� PA.
`l. F'n..l'IV in 1914, �'10�''E','�7P.7'� {'hC� �I1f±t1F'F'Y'Z% 'tl1 �1'!-"+"S�11Y'?�'1 l'Vr'a,6 !�ISCOT1�;i71Llf'�
:�, ThP n�i-iaral br�n�s b�camP Sn r�;llai;P i-.ra+ i� ��ras no 1on��r nrnfit,ahle
to ��rorlr them
A. �T�()I0!'7Yf (�1-r211
]. :�it- �-11F? n�RP_f 1^�h2T'P, Sfd11- ?�It36 *1�Ofjl]CP,� f'�ll�r WP,l l g i+Tp�^n i,ri pp�r+�.tic�l�( i�11 i
2. �ne Tuell, one of +he deenes+ ;n �'er.r_s�rlvani.a, rea.che� �. c�en-'-h �f
4�0�91 iPet �n�? nanet,-a�-Fc� nParlv 4,000 fee+ o�' bec�s th�+. d.o not �ut�roP
in the imme�-i a,te territnr•Ti (�'1-�2� �
�. The brine is ob+a�r,ed �n +h;G v��P�l �.+ � dep+h of 1,4�� fee+ fr�m a
s3nd des� �*na+er? in i-he rec�nrc? �s Sal�; sand
a. This san�l i G nrobat�lv in the Poc�no f�rm�.tion� w?�-i ch. i.s of l�"iss; ssi-
pnian a�e, ann m��• possiblv corresnon�i with +re Rerea s�nds+.,onel,� ((E�2,�)
1. i�2 , P,Tunn, T.�. J., �il an,a �as f;elds of +,he Carnea��e
��zadran�le, Pa.: T�.S. Ge�l. S��rvetir �ull. 456, pn. 11-12, 1911,
T3. PRUBABLE SOt�TffiudARD F:XX^_'�T?SIOTI OF T�i� SE1.I�I2'A FORI�TATIOPI I?'.' PEr;P1SYLV�'_`?IA( (83a�4) )
1. '�'wo recnr�s oP v�rv deep wells are in the possess9on of th� Sw�vev
v�rh�ch incl�rat� that the salf-be�rine� formation �i ATew york State, the
Salin�, prob9Y�1y c�ntinues S��)1;�?TNc�r(� into Pennsvl�-ania
�, n,n.P �f thPsa recerde is f��+- nf the n�rrzck ri+.T* �r Pradford Citv vre�l,
dr�lle�l bv thP Rra�]f�rd �een '°Tell ro., 4 m�les rort.h,ea�t of T�radford,
l'"cK�an f',oi���t-,V, Pa., in 191?, an� 191?.
�. Tre SP,Cnri�] dePp Trr�l l, '-nn.�m as +he A.Tc�or.al�? ti^re] ?, i s locate�? �b�u1 4 miles
nort�e�r��t of I'�."c�ona.l.d, '"rash�n�ton roiantv, Pa., �r 14 mi�Ps southti�r�st of
�'�tt;sburgh � �
4. ThP �?radfnr� UTP.� 1
a. nPac}�.ed a depth �f �,�20 f��t
t�. Fnt�r �P�'s of s�lt are recnr�?ed as �Qvin� Y�enn en�o>>��Pred, w'�Zch
rana�e �n thi.ckness from 10 +0 47 fePt
�. Ton o_f' Yhi.�*�Pst bed i s 4,49� fe�=+; the 1,asP o�' i;he lowest � s e.t- 4,71�
feet; the sA�t-bearin� �eris trere,��re ext.end. t-�^�l,�h ��.o+.al thi��ness
nf 223 �'Pet
F. ��cnon�.] �? we11
a. Salt vWater enc�untered �+ a den+h �f annroxim�telv 6,�'2F feet
}. Rocl- salt was fn,�nc� �n t�e inter?ral be+ween 6,�2� �a�t ».nd 7,175 feet,
�. Or a�nnroxim�tel,y 350 feet((831�
' _R_
6. I o� of Brad_for� deep we11( ( 83-R411
( ( omit+ed i 1
VII . VIRGITdI �( ( 85-89i )
A. POS ITI�r1 �i1�TT) 7;};mENT OF DEPOS ITS (��?,,r�� 1
1. (1nl�r economicallv imnortant dep��s�.ts of salt i.n �iira��nia are in
the south�hes+ern A&rt of the Sta+e
?. These, vrith the �vpslam depo��+,s, exten� for '80 mi1Ps alnne� the
va� 1 eu of' the �?�rth �'ork of Nols+..�on River �nd have been �l�evel oned
ex+,ensi�relV in Sm�rth and 'rdas�in�ton co�mti�s.
B . STRATIGRAl'?iY �?D STPUCTIJRE( (g5-861 �
1. The ronks of the re�ion are involved in an overthrnst f ault which
�as been call ed bv J. J. Stevenson t�e Saltville fa>>lt. �
��5 Ste�enson, J. J., TT�tes �n �he �eolom; �a] s+ri�ct.t�re of
Tazetve'1� Rt]�SP,�1� Tnr1.SP� �'''i7P_zr�F�'l� s]S1C� "TBS�!�71Ert071 C(�172"I�'iPS Of' S!il^rriI119t
Am. Ph;7os. Soc. Pro�., �01. 2?, �p. 1F7-16�, 18�5.
Tris d.�.sloc�+.ion br�r_�^s ian ramrriAn 1-imesi-one on the soiatreas+ �f +.he
fai�lt line an�l thrusts t�em OV'P.r ianon r�issi.ssip�ian("To,arer Carbonzf-
er�ns"iroc'-s on +.,�e rnrt�s�rest s��e
The f?�ult nlane �+ the st�rfar.e ��^ a a�eneral d.i re�f�; or� +� +1,�
northeast
In considerin� the areal and eeolo�i� relai;i.or.s of t-he sa.lt an�l
the �vnsU.m deposi_ts the are� sovt�eas+ o�' the fault li.ne is not
jmpprf;Fll7t"
T�±e depos�.ts �re conf�ned to a bel+ n�r+hwe�f of the fa�alt, �nd
extend from the falalt; l�ne nParl�r +o the ovtcropni.nP T�iss� �s�pp5.an
sanrlstone alone� tre i"ot of Pine anc� Little Brushv mountains to
the northwest
Accordin� to rckel � thev are conta`ned in the lower member of
the Greenbrier �T?ewman limestone
a. �an�es in thickness from 600 to 1,000 feet
b. S�i�lv 11.Mes+ones ��rith one or more beds of �vt�svm �anderlai:n by
bltae sh�les or slates
c. In turn tan�erlain bv ct�a.les or sha]_v limestones con+a9.nin�
thi.�k beds of rock salt
c], This lower member of the TTeUm,an limestone seems +o be develoned
onl�� locallv, as it h�s bPen rer.or�ed only �_n this re�ion((�?`�i
? g� F�ke1, �. C., Salt ancl �*vnsum �'e�osits of s��athtives'-ern
zr,'.r�;.n;�: ZT.S. Geol. Sl�rvesr Bu11. 213, nn. 406-416, 19�'�.
((t,To+e: � . ... � eq�a&ls brrRrkets� �s /rTe�nnnan� abo,rell
7. 4c��rdin� i-o Fclrel +he s�.lt and a�.rpsl�m e�enosi.+s �re r�c*arcied as
ra�r�n� orie��.nai-ed �'rom �enos�t�on t}�r����'h evac�or»+�or_ o" sea
wa.ter an a n�r+.lv or P'C]'F7T'P,l�r �nc]osedf�si�)1 �as�.n, an� are of
it!issi.ssi.�pian a�e, bein� o�rerlai_r_ b?� m�^si�*e be�s of rTeU.�nan
li�nestone and un�?er7.ai_n b�r T�Rissi.ssi.np�an s��r',�+nne((�61�l..
�, 7n t1�e clPscripti �n.s of the area b�.* Stnse � the l.�cal forrnA+; ons
are treat.e�l more in �etail
��6�}�Stose, �'_. �1., Geoln�*v of' the salt an�? p'vbslam �lep�s�ts
af southtiv�s+.�rn Sr;_rr�inia: TT.S. �'Teol. Suruev Bta71. 5�0, on. 2�2-
25�, 191�.
�. Stose divi_des I',Fi ssissipnia.xi rocks of the area into three
formati ons, as follovrs:
-9- USGS B. 669
(1) An �.zpnPr 1 imPs+one ca7 ] e�i +,he T'etivman limestnne, tivhi �h has
a +.,hi�.l�ne�s of ah�,�+ ;i,�?� fPet.
(�l TrP T?�n�r�dv f�rm�t;on, c�r_s-istina �f shales, sands+ones,
an�l lime�t.�nes, �rrhi�h h�s �, thic�kness of 1,�?F feet more
�r 1Pas, �n�?
(�� Th� pr��e sand�t.�ne, wh��h has �+h�..cvness r�nR�Sn��•from
��?:;.��.�.a�� fePt
b.Th.e most st.rikin� �'��+ ;n c�nn�c+i�n vri+.h the cvnsum an� sal+
Cj81�nSi_i'.S nf' f1'�l � f�� g'i-rlr`t 7 S �'}iA'4- i'�'1P.�T �.a.�?A �P<'Tl f'(�liTl� i.21
ni?an.+itv onlv in +he sha]Ps �f +�he �Ra��ra�v �'orma+;�n alona�
+�e Saltville fa��lt �
c. From these an�l o+r.er r��ta �tose's noncliisions re?ar�in.p�
the ori�in of the s�7+ an� r�rnslrm �lenos��+-s �re �uite cl�ffer�nt
f'rom th�se o�' F,f.kP,l
1) S+�se re�a.r�s them �,s lar[�Plv se�on�arv ar_�1 n^t pr�marv
?.,l ner:�.ved f'rom 1�91�!�r�nl7S-fi7'�'71��(`P.,�US s��imeri+s orlci.nellv
cont..a�nir� dissFminR+e� p�vnsvm an�? salt, wh,c�h were nre�in-
it�ted i.n a n�rt7.�llsr ;n�losed �rm o�' the sea.
31 m►�is dSssemin�tPcl s�]t and �vnsum v��a.s subse�»entiv concer_t.ratec�
i.n +,he s�mP f'orma+� on bzr r�r�>>n� waters c� r�izl pt;na� al�n�* +he
fault zone be+wPen +he !'arbon� fernus 3nc3 thP ra*nbr� �n ro�ks
C. REC�i?'�S OF' D:��P i'�IELL:S T� �,�';�'� SAI:T??ILi.i�, VA. ((F�6-PR)1
iiomitted)} �
D. BIBLI�GFt��3Y( ( �91 i
( ( omi.tted i l
VIII. k,-Al�'SA,S((gg_l�ll1 �((beion�s th�s �bst. p., bu+ see abst.p -1D-1)
l. nanked �'o,arth am.onm +hP St�+es in b�+,h �taar_t;i+.v and �alize of the
salt �rodi�cPc� in 1915. ( ( £�9i �
2. The �t�+P nr��liar,es mta�h rnck s�]t anrl �1G� e�T�nor�L�� salt
A. PUSITIOP? ATJD L�TEr?T Or' DFYOSITS((�gl�
]. Tn a smal7 n�r+ of Kansas (sPema.p, Pl. �TTII�(la�s+, �� _gA_)lsalt
occurs iIl S!�lt; �9.r'shes as brinP, which on e�*anorat�on dt�rinv tre
C�7'Z% SP,z�St�21 ZE?Fi�TP,S f3 �'.OElf'�T1P' O? Stilf% t�71� `�'1.VP,S �"}'lf'. 71f1TflP f'O '�'!1P,
so-called salt pans. Salt +'rom +his soizrce i.s na+ known to be
ui-� lized
2. Sal_+ ti1�hi.ch is noi�� workec? a+ Ivons and K»nopolis and frnm which
brines are nov�r obtaine�l at Flls�^�orth, uu+�h�nson, S1-Prlinp�, I�rons,
ar_c] Anthonv and were �n�e ob+,ained at o+�er plaoes 1;es t�tell bel.ow
the surface.
3. Sa].t in the form of brine.��also o��u,-� in oer+�in �e� � ot' t.he
Perms.an �ncl Penns?fl�anian ("roal T�easiares"1 ir +heeas+ern n�rt oi' t}-,e
Sta';e
4. The nart of F�nsas belwo the sur�'a�e, of tivh� ch roek sal1- 3_s knnYun to
exis+ � s -khe soiath-renfral.
a. Bv examinin� the map (Pl. �rIII ((�bst *�. -9A-11 ) the extent of
the areama�.r be re�.dilv de' erm� ned .
b. Tncluc?es �?ice and �in��mr�n cota��t:ies, ne�rlv all of T'eno f`ountv, an�
parts of Sal�ne, �lls:�vnrth, Iiarton, 1lFcPhers�n, Sta�'f�rd, ?iarve,y,
Pratt, Secl�hric.l�, Barber, HarpPr, and Sumner coUn+�es.
�. The hea��T l�ne inclosir�� the sh��l�r? are� is di-nnrm fro*� point to noint
where deep we�ls have pro�red the presence of rock salt
d. The eastern ]iMit of t�e sal+ a.n Kansas probablY corresponds closel,y
to this line, as the salt approaches the svrface east�rard �,nd is
th�nner th�n i�t- �.s on fhe west and north, where i.t probablv ex+?nds
f'9"{'1�P,?' than renresPni-ed. ( (A9i 1
B. STRATIGR,'�YHY Ar?D STRTTCTTrRE((90-9111
l, Th� Salt-P��rsh Aresx((90i1
a. Accorc3�n� to Haworth, ( ii�Al`�SAS �( ( 89)1 ahs+,. p. -9-VTII. )) the
sa1.+, m�rshes in northern f'�nsas anr� possi.bl�r �s fr�r sou+h a� Stafford
Colan�v o�ta�n trPir sa7+ *�rincipallv from +he s�lt-b�ar�nt� sh�les
of +he ne.kota san�st�ne
r. Th�se sali- �earire� sha� es '���re been descri.heri as be;na� ne3r the �ase
�f thP ta�ner nalrota an�? ran�in� in +.hi ckness from 1� to :�0 fee+.,.
c. �n accrnan+ of their salir_e con+ent they un�ler�o erosion r�adilv and
le�vA 1ot�r, le�rel. are�� ,F.,hich rP�ei�-e the lea�hinp�s fr�m a�'�acent
C.
D.
IX.
A.
B.
-10-
salt-bearing shales si+,uated +.0 1-re ���P,S�;.
d. The ori_�in of the salt in the marshes of Stafford Countv, ti�r'^_ether
from the "T?ecl Beds" or the salf-bearin� shales of the Dakota, is
difficult to dete*�mine, owi.na� to +he co�rer�n�' of inerti.arv and
recent sands and �ra�Tels
�. �arther sovth, hovresTer, the salt mar5hes of the area on Cimarron
R�ver anr� the are on Salt Fork in Oklahom�. are thou�ht to come
entirelv from the rock s�lt associat.ed with the Permian "Red
Re�s." `
2. The Rock Salt-4rea((90-9111
�, Tre roc�--s31t bec�s of KAnSaG occur i_n rocks of Permian a�e known
b.
c.
d.
P.
f.
�•
h.
7. .
as the 1':�arion formation(�ee P1. ?X, A.)i(ahst. p. -10A-)1
mhev e'.row thirner east���ard t� � noin+ l�e•.r�nd 'r,iPl�;nmton a.nd. Little
River rind die out i�OS61bIV �rr�thrna+ comin�r near the svr_face
Row fa.r the sal� anc� assoc�a+ed rer?s exten� ��restward. is unkno��m
TTortht�tar�l �n�i sota+h�ntard �he beds are fa�rizr well. �-n�wn from dri.l].
records, f rom Kanopolis, Flls�^�orth Count,y, on. the north, +o
AnthonY, Harner �o�mtsr, on thP so�zth -- t��t �s, �rPrtr ne�rlv to
the R!�nsas-(?klahoma S+,at.e line.
Fro*.^ the north to sou+h cros� sect�on of +�e State (P1. I�, B.�
((�hct. p. -lOq-)1 �t will 'he Al�SP?'VB�1 that the beds thin nort'�-
ward(i90�) � �
A most interest�nr� n��estion in connection. �rrith the r�eolov�y of the
salt beds is their relation to the extens�.�e �;ypsum deposits in
different parts of Kansas and o�' the �re�t Plains area.((91�)
�he rock p�ynsum in the n�rthern p�rt of the S+a+e, in T��arshall.
Coiantv, lies but a fe�-v feet al�o�re the f:ottonwood limestone, ivh�.ch
woulcl place it consi�?erabl,y belovr the I!1ar� on form�.tion
To t;he south, in �he �vosum cenl-.ra1 �'i eld, -1-he rock gvpsum occurs
in the °�'e� 1 i_na�ton shale, which oRerlies the rRarion formation
Tf, theref ore, the correlat�ons made bv CTr�mslev � are correct,
the salt beds Zvere denosited at a neriod of time intermec�ia.t.e bets�veen
+,he form�.tion of the T?arshall Coun+v roc��- e�vpsum and that in the
vicinity of Solomon.
1 91 Gr-imslesT, rr. p., and Raile�r, T;. ?T, S., Speci�7 renort on
c��rpsum �nd �trnstam cement pl�s+ers: Fansas TTniv. Geol. Surve�r, vol.
�� pls. ? an�1 3, 1899.
(.t�o+,note apn�ared with word KANSAS� g��t� n�a�e 89, a��sf.
p. -9-VTI.T.�d ;s refer.re�1 to abst.�.9-�'TTII-B-1-a))
�((89)i Irirk, ��. Z., and Fiav��rt-h, �rasmias, Sa7+: Kansas i?ni.v. �eol.
Survetr tRineral neso�zrces Anr_. Ru71 ., 1�98, np. 67-1?.�, 18Q9. (That
nart of the rullet.in relaf�n� to +he r�e�loc��� of �ansas s�lt(pn. 86-
97) is b�r Haworth.)
1�"iELI REC ORDS ( ( 91-101)1
(iomittedl�
BIBLIOGRAPFiY( (1�1) )
((omitted)1
LOi7ISIAPdA( (101-116)1
l. I,otaisiana in 1915 r�znked fifth in �u�nti.+y an�] sixth -i.n VF,t.]L1P, o�' salt
proc�uced, the nroduct bein� rock salt(�101)1
POSITIOPI OF DEPGSITS ( (1�1i )
l. Sa7.t occurs in tUro clistir_ct secti_ons of the
ar�¢t�;n�rthern part and in the southern Aart
2. The more imnortant known denos�ts nn� t�ose
the southern p�rt, ir c]ose norx�mittr +,o th
3. The loc�t-ions of the deposi_ts or sal�nes of
accombanvinp� maps (P1. X and f i t�. 4) .(( abst.
SALIT'?ES OF I�C�TIiER�T LOt1ISIATTA((101-10311
1. I ocation( � 101-10?) )
Sf ate, in +he northcentral
worl�ed at bresent. bein� in
e �*ulf c�ast.
the �t�+e are sh^�•�� on the
p. -10�- and -10E-1)
a. Tn northern nart o�' Iouisiana, :i_n the val]ev of S�bine River, salt
-10�-
iTS('7S R'ITI.1?�',^Iri FF�, P1�.+P X, 1�1_�
T,'Al' OF �r,',"T���;z�pT I OT�ISI �T"� S�;Ci..'T�,T^ I C?C n^'IC�rT r��r S nI IPT��S
Frc�m ?n�» '��r 1 � ( , TTpa_+c'�
_�,=111-; i*P.��S n _ r,i�-;PS
_ t1r�c�� ma.�.n�r� jr� ���+;�.; 1 1^v
I f1��i S� �YIA �?P.n� n"j,l's1.1 C1)rT*PZ*
i
v
l
r
� �7U/7lEI U
_ � _ _ ___. . ____ _ .. _. _ _ _ _ - . __ _ _
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i
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� OM, i7 �f!"
+ ShrtvF�+�'r� o
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_ �„�, -.�✓: ..
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� .•,,.? �, �a:•.: E:� 2�vi�t5_ saf+' wa���
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'� i,�icnf fn21 ;�Idf� �i� 1,n�-
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1 j�?a�m�l Casto.r Saline, 5 miles n�rth o? nn�hel7 P or �bnuf; 4
mil.es a�o�vP +he mot�th of nlacc�emona River
2,) Ca+�hntala S�lt Sprin�s, on Cataho?alr� Iake
3) Bro�m's Saline, 6 m�.les uf�st of Tul].os or 1E� mi1Ps
sou+.heast of ',"ti.nnfi eld, �n nup:demona river
4) lTe�r reorp�etoti�m
F) .qt Tochelle, Tullos, and Selma
6i P?orth�hre�+. o+' '"rinnf ; e1 r� ,'�rinn Par; sh
7� �f f`p�ar Rg�Tc�t�
�) At Coochie Dome
T,t,nor+ani- sal �nes froTM� �Rr�� �h �t�ch evanar�te�l salt v�ras o�ta;ned
diar�n� the C'i�ril �"T�r an�t ParliPr, were ?��no�n�n �s T1ra1-e's,
Pr�ce's, �a�lhUrn's, ar_r� ?�in!�'s, af+,er the n�mPs of +he�r
resnect.ive o��mPrs or *n�n.��ers.
A fiz11 a�,crn�n.t o�' the more �m�ortant s+�.] �.nes of n^rthern
I olz;.si ana ha s b�Pn �z��n �y Zteatch. ��( (1�2� )
Ristineau Sa,� ine, t.he � arp;es�- sa] ine in n�rthern I ota� si ana,
u*as in I:ake Ri_si--ineata, secs. ?�,?6,?5, �nr� 36, T. 1� r'.,
p. 10 �U.
l ,1c?2., ,?Teatch, A. r., The sal�nes o�' north IoUisiana; a
renort on the �;eol o�*�r of I.oUisi�na, p�. 47-IC�O, I o��� siana
Fx�er. Sta., 1902.
2. I�istorv( (102)1
a. '"he ti+rorks at the old sal;n�s in northern I,ouisi�na, n�w ab�ndonec�.,
�.�rere act�.ve dvrin� tre �Svil '.'�ar a.nd for some time before it
b. Since the w3r the�r ha�re not been ab�e to compete w�th +hose that
produce salt b�T more imnroved meth�ds at, pl�.ces +ha-F hat*e 1�et.+.,er
fran.s�ortatic�n faci.lities
c. P�os+ of +,he ol� s�i ines WPrP, �re�s t�rhere brzne assuec? from the
�*ro»n.�] in the iorm of snrin�s or �'�he�'E? �t �rr�s n�zmne�i in crla�e
f ashion and eTraporat�d.
cl. These hr�ne� in�'i��te +h?�t bodies of .rock s�lt li� belors.
�. Strati�raphv((102.-103))
a. The s41+ s*?rine�s of TLO1"�;�lf?T]'1 Io�?i.siar_a are described bv ?Teathh
as Pmerr�?n� penPr�.11V from TTn�er !',r�ta�PolaG oia+�r�ns an� �r�
+.hus mep-�ed �n i-hP ���]��*;c m�n �r th� State acoomnan�rin� the
re�ort of �iarri � q„� s'ea+.c�?�. �
b. ���rris � n�tPs that "t�P �r,�+,acP�tas rocks e.p�?ea.ri.n� abrn�t +.he
perinhc�r��s of the no*•+�,Prn sa.lines are not +he un~�Prmos+-
Cretaoeolzs sta�*es, but rather th�s� at a�rna+- thP h.oriz�n of
the TTacatoch marls or Anona limes+�ne --- that is, below +he
Ar�radelx�hia c7.a`rs +h�+ c�an +he CY'P,'�£i(`G'Ot7S in soiai;�U�est
�rk�ns�s."
c. At�• Razr�,t�rn's �iist�neau, an�l �'ina's �alin.es, f'ossils ch�racteri s+;.�
of the lzpper bP�1s of +he TTnner �re+.,acenns have hPen foiand. ((102�)
d. Thonmh proof is lackin� o�' +he rr�t�c��;n,�s �t�e of +he hard leaf'-
bearint� sandjr t�Vr1f,1C limeGtone that- occurs at C000h�e Rrake a.nd
at Price's S�line �nc� 1-ha+. seems tn l,e �ssacia+�d w?th. a�lare�e
bed o? soft ch�lklike limestone at Dreke's, the facts +,hus far
collec+ed rather stron�l.v in.d�._cat;P it. ((102,-103i �
e. In � lafer renor+, rv �rP�tch �( (1��� 1 some salznPs are noted
as issui�e� fror!m roclrs h��her i.n the �eoloaic �olt�rnn; for ex�mple,
the rri.ne from thP ATe�reet Salt '"Iorkd, tvhi�h issues frnm the
St. 1_'?aur� ce formAt; on, the lower formati.on of the Claiborne
�;roup (Focene). ((10311
-12.-
? 10? Harrss, G, n., and Veatlzh, P_. C., .a nrPlimin�ry renort on
the �'eolo�v oi I�oi�i_si.ana, Iovisi.�»a �'xner, Stat., 1�99. T�e map
ODnOs1+P, n. 44 nrP�e�es se�tion 2 on a�eneral o�eolo�y. See also
The Fi.ne Islands, i�em, n. 261.
�102)i ��arr;�, 7. n., The �olo�ical occurr�nce �f ro�k sal+
in Iouisi�na and easi; TexAs: F�on. �=eolocv, �*07. 4, p. 15, 19�9.
,ab�o fontno+es referred to on a�st, n. -]l-))
1. 10:� �reatch, A. r., The sal�ne� o�' nnrth Iolaisi�zna: A repOri; on
+h� aeolor�v of' Louis;_ana, p. 90, Lo�aisi�na n�ner. Sfa., 190?.
aboTe fo�tno+.e referrer� to on abst. p. -11-� )
C. SALII�TES OF S OUT?�ERN LOiTIS IANA( (1Q:�-11.211
l. Location((103-10911
�. The mos+, i�^por+ant salt �iPnos�+,s of I_ouisi_ana a*-e lo��ted ne?r
the southern co�st on the Fi�e Isl�nd.s, or S�lt islands a� t-he,y
are sometimes called((103)i
b. r?amely, Petite Anse, �ra.nde t'ote, Relle Isle, C'ote R] anche, and
Co+e Carline (See fip�. 4� ((abst. p. -10 C-)i
c. On A��erV Isl�nd (Pet�te 9nse) qnc] '�teeks Island (Grande Cote) rock
salt is bein� m�ined on an extensi�-e scale.
d. �ther loca.lities in soi�+.hern Iovisiana wher� the r�eolo�ic
conclitions are similar to those on the FizJe Islands and where
rock salt or sa.lt water, indic�ti.ne; the nossi.ble nresence of
rock salt, h�s been folanc� in d.eep drillinp�s are Anse-la-Rt�tte,
Preirie T��amou, ��telsh, Chicot, �linton, and Hackberrv.((1031)
e. Bel7 e Isle ( (103-1Q5)1
((omi+ted��
f. Cote Blanche(f10611
((omittedll
e�. Cote �'arline((106-1071)
( ( omi+,ted 1)
h. Anse-Lr�-Butte((1�7-108))
i. Prai.ri e Iv?�mou( �10�i 1
i i Yl• fi71� 1• O^�ID'�-F,G'C� ) i
;j. '�rel.sh(i10811
((omi+ted)1
k. �hi�n+((10811
��Om�t;f2���
1. Zrinton((109i1
((omit+,edl) �
IIl. HH('.�'�8�'�'V�l�-��1�1
((omittedll
2. �trati�raphv((1Q9))
a. The apnellation "island" has been a.ppli.e� in soi�+.�ern Ionisiana
to small c�o,nes +.ha+., ris� out of marshes v�rhich are sometimes dr,y
and sometimes flooded tivi.th wa+er
b. The �eoloa�y of' these islands has been described in deta�l btr
Ilac�s, Harris, and jTeatch, � anc? others.
2 1091 Iiacas, A. F., Rock sa.lt in Lov�si.ana: qm. Trst. r1�in. Fn�.
Tr�ns., vol. 29, pp. 462.-474, 1900. Narri.s, G. n., Rock Salt:
Lotaisiar_a Geol• St]T'VP.V Ru11. 7, 1908. �Teatch, A. r., The Fizre
Islends: 4 nrelimin�rV report on +he �eoloe�v of Iouisiana, pn.
209-26?,, I.oUisianr� �'xner. Sta., 1899.
c. Accord.�n� to
of islands is
belonr� 1-o the
(',rg-F £dC'@Ol]S. n
Iizcas, 3/ "The p'eoloa3c�r�] formation of this series
vndoubtec3lv nias�+ern�rv, while the salt denosi_+s
Ter+,i�rv and are siannosed +� res+ on +.he
� 109 Tuc��, 4. F., on. cit. p. 46S
-1:�-
d. Har*-is, 4� in h;s d;scussion
(Avery Islanc�), s�-ates +h��
'�ua�err_ary aa�e.
UU T..7 B vZ 069
o�' the �'eol��'?r of' �'et�+e A.nse
all the exnosPd be�s are of
4 109;) Harris, G. D., op, c�t., p. 15
e. Tha+ the t-rl�� n�+,larF ����t;hP^s�rpctural fe�tl�res of these salt domes
t�ras ian�erstoorl bv Iucas sPems ar�n»rent from his desrriptions And
i.11us+rat-ions
f. The e�plan�.+' on of the mo�e of �'ormat�.on of i-,hese �3omes is ano+.her
matt;er, �ho�at urhich +,her� �.re manv conflict�n� opinions
�. ThP �or.re�tness of Ivcas�s �c�eAs ��•ith referer_ce rot onlv +o +he
occurrPnce of salt bvt also to the o�.cnrrence of oil tvas demonstrated
in s� si�nal manner a�'ter his opinion had hPen nublished.!(1o411
;�. S+.ructtzre an�7 �r�.e�in �f S�lt Domes((109-11?,il
a. Tl�e �*PnPra7 c�-i.n of the r��lr8 of I.ol�i si �na i s sot�thPns+, �r at ri �*ht
an�?les 1-0 +.he �er_eral str�ke �f th� Ter+i �rv s�nd rr?taceo�?s
f'orma+; �ns of Tex�s, Arkan��s, anci Ioui siana
b. TTn Sarine anc? T'ed �'ivers +,?�e ascent is ��de o�rer the ��e�Pled ed�es
of �nc,-aas�n�*l�r olcler �e�lor�ic strat�a.((1Q�11
c. ��ear +�e siar�'ace o�' tre�� �'orma+�a or_s, �t the l ocal_i t�i Ps ,iust
c*i�-en �n�3 at o+hers in Tex�s, +here are l�r?�e ma�s�s �f' c*�lnstzm,
s�1t, 3nc� si�lnhur, P�+��Fr �1�ne �r &.S�(�!'inf'pf� ,r�7+h one �noi-her
�nc� in pl�ces �f:ri+„j1 salt �rr�+P*-, n'�i , �r� r�s . ( (109-11�11
�? . T'��=5� chemi cal sPdi.menf-s, �T*nslam, salt,, and sulph�zr, �^�ere narl s
recoa�nized �s bein� forei�n to the re�ul�rlv re�d.e�l_ sed.imentary
cla��rs, sands, and mr�T*els �Rr��i.�h +hev acc�m�anied. ((110) )
e. Thev are a.ssoci at.e� vri.th Urhs�'- has been cal l.e� dome struc+ures or
domes, an� in�erest ir_ t��1r s'-iadt* h�s bPen nuiel�-�necl anc] drilline�
on +,hem 1�Pen nusrec� ��r;th zT��or since 1-he d;scovery of oil assoc;.�+,ed
„*-i+,h +hem, bz,r A. F. Iucas, �t Sz��.r_�?.le Top, ^�x., in J�nuar,y, 1901.
f. Trey have been stuc�ied ?�v FennPmar_, fiarr; s, z7a•,rA�, Fenned�✓, Iucas, -' ,, l•'
ZTP�tch, and other e'eolo�*isi-s, �nd '-he1r rel�,ti.ons �-� one anol-.her and ��� L�
to the Ralcones fa�alt z�ne of inex3s have been no-inted out.
�*. The dome sfruo+ure is entirPlV �if�'�rent from th�t of the or��narv
�nnalachi_an anticlines
h. Th? c�omes �re belie�rer� b�T s�m� +o h�ve been .formed b;� p�as nressure
fr�m below; bv ofrers +rey are at+.ributecl +..n htrdros+,�tic �ressure;
anc� b•- �t�ers to i.sosta+ic movemen+s. �ti]l ofhers re�ard them
�.s af volcan�.c ori�in, one such hvpothesis beina the vnlc�nic-plup;
hvnoi-.hesi s o? Ha�Pr. l�
1 1.10 ��a�er, Lee, The mounc3G or the sotathern o:il fields:
�;n�. �n�3 T�in. Joi,r., �rol. 7�, n�. 1�7-1�0, 190h.
i. Tn �isci.��c�n?� the c�omc� 6�r17C+t7r� nr the ''�innfield arer� of Lo�?isian�,2,/
in vrh�ch +�er? �re +}ir�P v:re�l-defsned areas th�t su�*a�es+ +,he nreGence
of �lome st�^ucttare, Harr; ���s mPnti on�c� an ir_�erest�n�* theorv of their
orip��.n, �rrri.ch, �N� th ot.her +heori e�. 1-ha� nre�e!�ed i t, i s amnli f i ed
in hi.s report for 19(17. 3/
? 11�. , H�rr�s, rr. n., T�otPs on +he t*eolo�y of +..t�a i',';nnfield
sheet: I otiis� ana Geol. Starvev �3u1.1 . 5, pz�. 8-9, 1909.
�110)1 N�rri.s, r. �., poc?r ��lt: Lot�i.siana �7Po1. Survev Tiull.
7, nr,. 59-82,, 1908; also, The �eolo�iral occureBnce of rock salt
-ir_ Iot?i.siana: rcon. �Teolo�r,r,ol. 4, pt�. 1?-34, 19�9.
1) Ins'-ead of a++,,-;rta+;.n� �he nres�ure nece�sa.r�T for the upli.fti_ne�
of these remarkable �.�rc�al�r c�or+es with 1-he3r qu�quanersal
d7ns t� �as, oil, water, or �ny comt�3naf�on �f' them under a heaw
head, or to an i�*nPous x�lug, ?i�.rris re�ards the �otiver of �rowir.�
crvst�ls as the �e�ent resnonsible for +heir formation.
-14-
2) Al l�eoloaists �rho ha�e stud.ied the nh�nomena in Lolais� ana and Tex�s
have -indenenden+lv concl��c�ec� thai- +he -sa.lt masses are sec�n�ar,y, and
all tivill nerha�s admit that r�ra+er ha� been the dissol��i.n� and trans-
portina� a�'ent.
:�) :4cceptinp� those fundamental fa�+s, Narri_s reaarc�s nreci.nitation of
the sa1t. fpnm +he ris�na rr�nes a.s bFina� due to decrease in �
tempera+,ure and believe� that the "ur_lifi�i.n� force i_s am�lv
accoiznt;ecl for bv the nower of p�rowina- crvstals."
4) Ne a�l�itces the foll.owinr� poin+s in support oi t'�is hvaothesis:
(1) The concentric fi.�ures and stre�ks, �rerv f��n+ �n nl�zces,
that mav be due +o �nfiltr�tinr� wQ+ers cr�rrv�n�* impuri+9_es.
(.?,) The pl�nes of cleavar�e exolicarle �s h��inr� heen formed b�,�
e�re�t presGure n�rmal to +he3r surfa�es
(3) The DOc�r1Y formed an�l crizshed salt crvstals at ��nsiderable
debth and oonversel,y the perfeo+. crvs+als fo��n�' ne�r the
surf ace, as at Aver,y Island �nd Belle Isle; ((110)1
(4) The extreme puri.tv of the salt in the mines zrrhere it i.s now
beinp� l�rorked at consi.derable depths((110-111)1
5) Durino; the s1o�N �roluth of the domAs b�r t�'s process surface
eros:i_on would Arobablv nrezient the format�on of an,y sha.rp and
eleRa+,ed hi.11 �!-ha+ titiro„ld. larmel,y �ncrease th� nre�slare at t�he base
of the salt eolumn(�111))
6) Indeed, some of +he olde?' dortes to the nnrth are topo�raphically �
nl�ne or ev�n concave
7� Fpr flarther c�.etails re��.rd�.nr� the relations o�' tempera�ure �nd
nressure to the denosit�on of the s�lt in these dome-sha�ed
masses the reader is ref erred +,o Harris's report.1/
1 111 �oe� salt: Iou�s�.an� Geo1, Survev Rull. 7, pn. 75-79,
1908; also �rnrrles� 4. Ti., Pa�in. and l��etall. Soc. Ameri�a �ull.
57, trol. 6, p. 44, 1913; also Fcon. reoloa�,y, vol. 4, np. 12-�4,
1�09.
j. In order +o unders+,�nd th� arran�*Pment of the dom�� �n�? +hP �le+�,-iled ''
structure conneci-ecl v�r�+h them some of the broader �eoloa�ic facts
concerni_n�* the ree'ion as a�vhole must be comprehended
1) ThP rev�� on in which +.hesr occur is kn��vn as the I�Rississippi� emba,y-
ment, which is structural7v ��ro�+ p;_tch-in� troia�h.
2) Easi- o�' I'�Fississinpi T?iver the d�ns are to the sout�±.trres+ and w?st
af th�t river the �ins are +,o the s�utheast and on bofh sides
and on both s�i.d.es the�r a.re much shar�er than the slope of the
land toi�rard the �=ulf. (( sic) )
3) Thus, Terti.ary and Cre+�ceo�zs beds whic� are exx�osed in the
n�.rthern pa.rt of Louisiana are deep].v buried in the southern
�art of the State
4i It i.s be7.i?zrPd i-h�i- strata i�pre�*nated w3.th salt 1�_e beneath
this pitchine; trota�h
5� �s denosits accl�mulated in this oil trouv�h slips or f aultgn�
oc�urred becatase of d�_fferential loadin�, and most of them nrobabl,y
are related +,o the V-shaped area ealler� the I,�ississivpi embav-
ment
6) There e�rould be exvected +,o resuTt from th� s fAultinr� a turofold.
s��s+..em of favlts or an+;i�l.inal ri�e�es
71 The domes of the �'rUlf r���+, S�-�fies are hel� eve� +o be loc��ed
a1 anr� these l�nes of tive�.kness _
�') 1Plhere stach faults or s+rl��+vrnl li.nes of Z�reakness intersect
hot saline wa+ers from t�re�i- den+-�,s co�a1�3 mo�e iapw�r�l +o
h-i.��ex an� cooler hori 7ons more eas� lsT �nd r�o*-� nia�.�kl�r +han
e.t o+her noin+s alon� sUch s�rtacturt�l lz.nes.
9i At such *�l�ces +he older beds �nd thA ne�.�ver on�s irmTrerlia+..elv
oTTerlvin� +,t�em ?�votald tencl t-o 1,u�1�1P upward in fourfolc� or
quaquaversal arrane�.ement and t.o form t-.�P most pronn,znced c�ome
s�E;ria�+ure.
-1 �-
1�. F�n�7 i V, �+- i s t.h�ta�ht th�+ �-he ?�Aes�zo� c�n� Pq1 eozoic
burie�l ve�T dee�l�r -in nl.aces 7n I ou-i s; an� An� m�x�s
�.� The sal+ nor�r founc� �.n T�rti ar�r an� '�ra+�rr_arv b�ds
or� Ri.na+,e� ir_ +he�P ol�?er r��s
�) Prorarly of ear�s.� r�esozoi c �r later .PalPozoi.c a�P
8) `�he loca.l. s�l+ ma�ses m�.tr no��r he �.ncr��s�n� in si.ze
the domin�* of stzperf'i ri �tl l�vers.�
US�S B. g�g
hPds ma�T n�t be
mav h�ve
an� causin�
2 1)1, ,��arris, �T. n., op. ci+., nn. 7�-79. ((absf. p. -14-)1
l. In �n ef�'ort to harmoni ze +he field ezri.�ence nresc�-�f;ec? i-�v tt;e s�lines of
loui�iana an� eastern mP,XfiS� �. rT. T?o,-ton 1 has f�rmula+-.ed. a hvpothnsis
th�t. is �robably the latest at+,erint at; an exnlanat�on o�' thP ori�*in of
+.,rese s�lt deposits.((111))
:i 111 ,am� Tns+. p,�?.n. rnm. �1�] i. 97, nti. �?-1!�?.., 1�1 �.
E.
Rr;ef�y, re consi.c?ers tha+ +�,� m4�r+i�rv sa7+ den�s;t-� �f +�,� rl�lf
co�,st-, �,nd� +�,� rr�+�c�rna.s saline� nfl Pas+�prn Texas ar_� nor�srern
I oiai si.ana tiver� �nit� ;�+,��1 �.r t1,_� in+,rlls� on �f moli-en roci-s -into
thP unc?erlv�nr� P�'! c�o,^oie sed�ments alor_a� lines o�' s+r1��+ura1
�^�ea'.-ness. ( (112)��
Thes�= �reat .f.aults v,TPre 1-hn s�+r�G �f f requent i�p�M1raf d di snla�em�nts
diarinc* the �ubsiclenee �n�l �enosit-;.on:•of +,t�P �a.nc?s, �l�vs, an�
1-ittoral m�rine sPdi*�en+„s nf +�e ?��;s�issinni �nb��rm�nt.
��o'- ascencl�r.� sa1»+�ons, ��n+air_ina� calritzm �nc� mae�nPsi�nn C�AT'�n71a'f"P,S�
so�l;um �hloride, carbon �;ox;de, an�? �rar�r;nr* amrnants �f hvdro�en
stalphide, minp�lecl ,vith t-hc� artes;�n -eal�ne ��TaterS of fhe "r�tacenias
be�? s
These tiva+.ers ���ere forced lzrn�r�rd t� +he sl�rf�ce bv the hv�'ros+r�tic
heacl ' of the re�ion throu�h char_nels that :^;ere onenPd h�r i-he �'ataltin�
an�l movPment vyhi ch fook x�7 ace above t.he in�rusions of the :i.�nPous
rocks
�TrP�t �le�osits of tr�vert�.ne or calcareous sint.er tnrere formed nea.r
the +hermal snrine�s wh� �h i ssued from +hese openint�s, r�nd the s�.nter
continver� to form as lon� as +he hvdrostatic head was sttff�cient to
ma�.nt ain. the f lc�w
T�e selt tiF�as deposi.ted b�• �scen�in� solutions, Urhich became super-
saturated bv the rele�se of uressure �s well as bv e�anorgt�on
svst�;ned �t .+,hP surfa�e �s +rP rani.d ��ciamul�+; nn nf' s�nter checked
tha flo�,v from snrinas
Tn th�s wav +,re sal+ aenosifs were hui.lt u� c�ntempor�neouslv v�rith
the s�dimentation ��' thP rea��on and f�rmed under co�rers of s�n+er
as the�r �re f��,rld �o�d�zv.
These �ovPrs nrotecfied +1,Pm from P,Y'OS�on, so +hn+ thPv ha�e `een
nreser�red in the-i r enti rety( (112,i 1
SAIT_PRUDUCIP7G I OCALITTES ( (112-] 1611
1. �nl�.r rock- sal+. i.s no�ar nror3v��Pc� in I,ouisi anai � 11?,i 1
2,. Tt-. ; s mi±��� �n r'Tr�r_de rotF(i.�eevs Tsl and i anc� Petit.e A.nsei n��rv
Islan�3). �See fi�. 4, n. 1�:�iiiaY�st-.. p. -1C1 C-))
:�. �Trande Cote( (� 1?-11 F11
� iomi.t-+�e�111
4. Petite Anseif`i'�5-116i1
(lo��t+ed11
BIF3I,IOrpgpHY( (11611
Vea.tch, A. C., ThP salines ot' north I,ouisiana: A report on +he �eolo�,y
of I.oui.sian�., pn. 47-10�, Ioi�isiana Fxper. Sta., 19�2. Descri.bes
1-he lo�al �e�loe�r of +hP v�rio„s s�lt �vorks and (j1SCl]RSP,S the �eoloa�ic
st.ri.acture an� his+orv of' t�e re�i.on.
-16-
X. T�A,S ((116-1?6))
A. LOCATIOrd OF SALT PRODUCI2TG �1T?`r;AS (( � 16-117)1
l. S�lt in TPx�s in recen+, vears has come chi.efly from Pales+in�,
Anderson f'otar_+y, an� �=rand S�J i.ne, �'An. ?andt �oi�nt,y, in the
eas+ern pa.rt of fihe sta+,e.(�1161i
Z. Color�.�o, r?itcrell �a��nt,y, in the western part of the 9tate,
formerlv nrodviced salt, but only solar sal+ nm,�r cor.!es from
this nlace.(()16-1171)
3. Some solar s�lt comes fro*n ('r�ne !'ovnty also. ((117) )
4, The indus+r?T is of lar�:e commer�ial imaor+�nce �.nd �ons�s-`s
c�ieflv ir_ the manufactu�e of etranor�tEel s�1+
�. Bia+ +.he salt fnI-med natura.11v bv so] ar eve.pora+i on in +he pla�ras
of the �vesfern an� +he lar�oons of +he so»+rwestern pari-s �f t;l�e
State i s txsed locallzr.
B. SALT DOT�`ES OF EASTERIv TLXAS((117-11E�))
1. Iocation((]l7);
a. pook salt has heen enc�tzntered �t the follow�np� loc.alities
in southeastern Texas, �.11 �^�i.+hin the area mapned as Pleis-
+ocene and T�ec�nt bv Deussen: �
1 117 neUssen, Alexander, TT. S. Geol. S1ar�Tey i'�a+Pr-Sunolv
�'aper 3'�5, pl. 1, 1914. See also Fennem�n, N. 1',�., �il fields
of the Texas-L�uis�.an� Guli �oastal Plai.n: TT. c. �=eo1. Sur�rey
Rull. 282, pl. 1, 1906.
1) Snind]P+on, Jef�'erson f'�t�ntv; S�vr I�ke, Hardin Coi�ntu; Hi�h
Isl.an�l, f,a1$eston f'oUnt;y; n�mon P��ound, �.razori a Colantv;
and na�rton uil l, I ibert,y CovntY
2) T�ere h�s bnen a sina,7 e men+i on of s�zlt in _ dri.11�n� at
Ratson, Hardin �ountv, 2/ where, accc�rdin�^ to �n observation
of the drillers, 12 feet of sal+ was encolantered in a
irrell nor+heast of thP �Pn+er of the R�+son field af a
depth o:f' 1,��7 feet or 1'�� feet �r���e the oil rock. In
the absence of otrPr mPn+�.on of s�.lt in this field the
obsPrva+-i on can not be finallv aCCP.I�'�P,C�.
2( 117� Fenneman, ]'?. ?°., on. ci+.,, P. 5S.
:�) Accor�lin.� to Narris �i/ streaks or salt ha�e be�en fovnd at
Kisers H:i.l l, Rrazoria Co��nty.
� 117 Har*-�.s, �_, n., nock s�l+,; Iouisi�na �Teol. S1�2'l?P.V
RU�1. 7, p. 47, 190�'.
4) Thou�h no ro�k salt has b�;en �onndy��-s���.water in abUndance
has t�een encolmterec� in !�r� 1] in�* for oil and �as at Sarat�r�a,
Nardin Cotant,y; Rip� Nill, Jefferson CAL1Tlt��� anc] Ht�mble, Harris
Countv.
5) Sarato?�a, Ri.e� Hill, �nd. Humble are al] mapped bV Duessen
as in the Pleistocene area.
2. �eoloa�Vi � 117)1
a. Al�??�' or ne�r the �j1�lf coast of Tex�.s an� at other nlaces in the
eastern �art of t�e S+a.te occur domes or �i�me structures like
those in I:ot��siana. (See np. 109-112� ((abs+ n. -13-))
b. The �eneral �*eolo�ic cond.itions �lescril�ed lander Iouisian� extend
?r�estward into.Texas, and t-he correr+ theorv o�' th? ori�in
of the d omes �r m��mcl s i n I on� s� ana �v; ] 1 p.-oba�l,T be fo�an i to
hold �ooc? in Tex�zs, not �n1Tr for the mounds themsel��es, �iat
also for the economic m�.nPrql Aroc�uc+s occurrin� in thezn,
namelv, sali-, oil, e�9.s, �vpsum, an� stalphtzr.
;�. Tndus+rial nenelop*nent((].77-118)1
a, l�t nnnP of' t,he locali+9es mPnt-i�ned h�s s�]t ener been minec�,
b. And so far �s ]-no�r.m no s�r; ol�s �++.emp�s ha�e been ma�e +o oh+�in it
bv e�raporation o�' the nA+i�ral br�nes ( i 1171 1
_1�_ USGS B. 669
c. Effnrts hA.�e b��n confir_Pd s�l�l�r to exploit�tion for �as �n�
oil, ar_� some o�' them has-P l��en ri�hl�r reatar�l�d(ill7il
d� The �rtm,-k c��ne has, hol�rener, a�'��� � f�and �f' infc+rma+ion t� our
knowlad�*e oi the Un�er�r�,�nc� for^�at,;�ns ar.�' s+ri,�+ure of t��
�Tulf coast r?omes �:vi.�-hnu+ ,n�h;�•h �t. ,�rntilc� h��*e be�r_ �;.fricult
�fl at all possi.?�1� +o cons�;r•urt amT tiveil-su��st-�nti.a+ec� t-he�r�r
�s to �;heir ori��n.((�17-11"11
d. `rhe t�me r.maV come w11en 1he s�1t denosits mav be of value. (�11811
e. �i� ready +h� sulnhur de*�nsits at Rr-��,n Fiei �i1ts, �i.raz�ri a Coi�ntv,
Tex., �re be�n� z�rorked in the s�r�e manner as +hose at �ulnhur
Citzr, C;al.casieu Parish, I:a.
C. SALITIL5 OF E�'1,STLRtv T�XA,S ((118-1?li )
1. Iooa.+ion�(17.8))
a. Th� princip�l salin�G s� f�r des�ri.t�ed in nastPrn Texas are
"ranr7 Sali.ne, ?Tan 7anrit ro�anty; P�lestine, Anderson �ounty;
Steen Saline an�l n,rooks ��li?�e, Sm�..+,h �ounl-y; and � sal.�ne
?., miles e^st of Rutler, �'reest�n� �'oun�,;T.
2. re�lo�v(�11R11
a. T?��i^lv all�+he sal9res are loT�r, f1.�+- �rPqs +,ha+. oc�tinv
c'enre=G� ons wh�.re ?�rine has r�en obl a�red ;��• s;nkinm
shallow �r�ells �n�? t+r��re an �n�»s+r�� 1n ez*�.nor�t.P� salt
has �r����n up.
b. '"haz; are s2zrrn��.nded bv woo�ed h�1�s in wh�_ch wh�te or �
�rav 1 i�^estone i s fol�nc?
c. The depre�s�ons are usuall�r *��rsh,y �nd mav hol� tira+er
dur�n� th� tiR�inter
d. �s summer ap��roac?�es, i-Y,e water etra-�orates, l�a�rir� an
incrus+ation of salt
e. The limest^nes �rP in some �l�ce�^ s��iceoiis an� �n o+ti,eY-:'
p�latzc�rii.+ic
].) They anne�r �rom t•.hei.r fos�.�ls +� be +he e�i�i�al.�nt
, ��^ f.hc� ^;:�l�y for^na+i.or.(l�te up;���r Gret.aceous� nf
alab�m� and TTi_ssiss;i.nni
i. The underl�rin� clavs b�]on.� t-� tti?� T��rlor marl, also
uz�ner rre+,�ce�us
�;. Surrntan��n�* th.ese salir_es on ezrerv si.�lP are strata of
T�r{;Z,a,2-V a�e, an� the sal.ines '�11P,TIlSP,I4P,S are therefore
i.n the n�+Ure of l'rPt�cenus inliers in the rocks of
+YlAt SVSfE',7t1
h. These salines, li'-e thos� in northern Louisiar_a, da not
iorm tono�raphic featlares li?re moi�nds or islan�s, but
their ori�in is rep�arded as hc��na� +he same as +hat of
the c3o�nes i.n I,otai.siana anc3 also farther s�l�th 9n Texas.
3. rranc� Sa19ne((11F-1.20)1
a. �r�nc3 S91i.ne ,:s ;n n�rtheas+Prn 'i'�x�s, in �Tan Zr�nc�+, f'o,�n+z,, on
the mai.n linP o" +,he TPxa� � Pae���'i.r �'ailwa�,r rurr_in� ea�t from
n.�11as. mhP TPxas Short I�ne n^ilway also en+.ers +he toti�m.
b_., The s�l�ne �ts�lf is a s*nqll ��air�e-'Ii.l�P sanc?v pl�i.n, in ��rhich
the sand ; s S+rO_r�p'1V �m�re�*nated T,v;+h sa1.t
c. It is a��,�+ a mi1.e ] onr� fro-^ east. t,o v.rPst an� arout ha.lf a mi].e
v�ide fro� nort-h i-o s�ut;h
d. From +re bor�nr�s made +.hn �.nncliasion � s re��hPd t-.ha+, t.he be�s
i�n�er7�,*�n� -i+ arP comnarat.�ve]v 1�,rel, thnl�?h in +,hi s t�eneral
rea��on the strata. ha�*e been so�newhat disfii��bed.(il1P��
�. ThP surfi�i.al ronks at th�s nl�ce bPlon� to +he mer+i�rv, and
in +,h� zrre7.ls from -,��9ch c�u+a are av�.-i.lable the �rAt��e�..:� be�s
conta�n�n� the r�ck sali- �re o�rer] ain bti= a*��roxiTna�-,e�.,v I��t� to
1�� feet of Tertiarv beds.((119))
f. Tou�ar�1 +,he southwes+Prn na.-t of the salir_e, beds nf �,uaternarv
a�e co�rer the surfac,e.
� -18-
�. qccor�l�n� to Fenned,y 1/ "the ('retaceous rocks fo�and a+ Crande Sa.line
nrnv'_nere, so f�r as lrno�^m, ao�ro�a.ch f,he surf ace, btat a��e co�rered
tia*�th OVP.'S' I80 feet of Ter�s�r�r s�nds, clavs, and shalv clavs,
an�? are onlv foim� in borin�s of the se�eral wells p>>� do��m
for the purpose o�' ohta�_nine� salt. The upner seri�s of the
rretaceous form�tion fot�n� in these �uell s apnears to be � ZJZlaP,
li�estone m�xed vrith strealts of s�n� �nd. a�rav limestone,
havin� a tha.ekness of 42, feet in thP I.one Star well �nd 28 feet
i.n the Richardson well, a fetv feet below which t-he salt
deposit of 300 feet occurs."
119 Kenredv, ?"7i� 1 iam, Texas reo7 . Siarvey Third Ann.
pex�+. 1891, p� 46, 76-�?1, 1892..
h. The sPc+, ons o�' +,he two wel ls just referrer3 to are e�i�*en beloiv: ( f 119) i
( ( abst, n�.�e -1�?A-1 i
i. S�x �rel ls h�z�re been d_ril? ed a+ �Trand S31�ne( il?0) )
li 4 at the nlants of B. '"t. Carrin�ton & Co.
2; 2 at the nl�nt of the Grande Salir_e Salt Co.
3) At oresent time one tivell is bein� usec� at e�.�� of the
tvro plqnts of the !',arr�na�ton ro. and one ti��ell �t the plant
of the rrand Saline �a�t �o.
j. The exact +,1�� ckness of the rock salt is not kno.r•m in. all the
�^rells, bu+ it is kno�^m tha+, its develonment is on1jT local
1) It pinches out eastwardlY a fe�,�r hiandred feet east of the plant
of the C7r�nc� Saline SAlt f'o.
21 TTot e�ren brackish tiva+er is oh' ained here at a,sra�r��.-h a depth
as 822 f�et, whereas in most of fhe other p�rts of' ti�is re�ion
brackish water is abta�_ned comparati.velv near the surf ace
3) mlP..St; Of the fown of rTr�nc�e Saline, where � well ti�ras sixnk ahout
1,!�00 feet, salt is not enco»nt.ered in depth, and from this
directi.on the toTMm drinkinp� �N9+,P.r is oh+�ined a+, 7^�f1�P,r shallovr
dept?�s--abor.t 40 feet.
4) T?� sa7t. has been encoun+,ered at amr consi�erable d�.s+ance n�rth
or sovth of the totim.
�� The salf bed has been de?relope�l onlv for � mil.e, and it is
7'P,DOrtP� tha+, onlv h�lf a m3.le aApears fa�rorab7e for exnloita+ian
4. Pales+ine((120-]211i
a. Palest.-ine 5s loca+.eci on a series of a�lauc.onitic san�lv an�l clave�r
beds con+,a;n3nt� TertiarV(Cl��.?�ornPl foss�.lsG(l�n)1 �
h. ��,fe�i- of +.he totam the 7_an�l slonPs t-o�;vard Trmn'itv.��iver
c. 6 mi.l.es southUrest of tr.e +,o,,vn the Saline its�lf is si.�vated
d. It is �z flat plain, 1 mile �rri�ie frnm east to tivest, an� ralf a
mile from n�rt� to sotath. 1�
1 12,0. Dumble retrPrses th�_s s+atement. Dumble, F. T., Texas
rTeol. Sur�rev �ept. 1890, �rol. 2, p. �OF„ 1�91.
e. In�rtastai-ions of s�7.t mav be observed ar�i�nd �ts ed�e
f. I+s svrface is a dark or l.ead-colored clav, �s at �=ran�e Sali.ne
e. Th.e s�l�ne is surrovnded bv a bi_�' ri.n� of hills risin� 60 feet
or more abo�re the lo���rlar_d
h. In pla�es �n the tops an� slones or the hills therP �re oi�tcrops
of �^�hite chalkl.ike foss�.lif'erotas lime�tor_e containin� specl�s of
t�l �iaconite
1) The 15me�tone is not seen con.inizonslv all around +he s�l�ne
R) �ut o�afcrops in manV places, particial�rlv on the northwestern
and. eastern sides
31 Tt is also seen in outcrons on +he so���hern side
4� �3ut to the southeasi- the hills are ?� to �0 fe-i h��her than
elswhere anrl i.t � s �ui t;� 1 g_lrPlv +hat +he 1 imes+nne i s �'tP_,r8
concealed un�ler t-he o�TerlvinP clay
-1�A-
USGS B. 669
(�liQl)
I�o�, o�' I�ne S+ar �Ne11, �r�n�' 5�1;� �, jran
?a�'lrlt; �'nl�.nt�*, mex.
rR�+c�r; �7.
�Y'C1t?�T'vll cLi_m2^s?'tr g`-1''If�ZT C'] �,ZT
??7'n�!m S�'?c�
�an�l a.n.r� Rr9�rP,�
P� `-i!'�r S�'1AZtT C'1 asr
T i p�n i �{-.g
� �p�1.r eti,�l.. rl a�r
� an� an.r' ���»'-�r
5�.��1,* rlqu gh�lP,
`? �n!� ar�' v�a+�r
'�'�'..i"� .5"-?Y1f�Y`n('.�r
S�A.1P C'n�'Sf9i»�pm nzrri�'PS
R].11P. �7T'1f;F'�"(11"�P, P.1�XPr� ��rit'1"1 $�".r(?q�'�S nf' SnY1.f� !3Y1r1 m�^��I �l�^�pSi:C?YIP.
�ta'� ��1.7F? {'nrmi_rirr r..1�j.af �G't�C1Gi'f'.
I7�r�1 iarhi+e �'3r1(3�Z',t�f-1� a??P,l?'? nf' S!��'i' ;R'?�'P.?"� .'r' n2T' C'.P.YIi" Sa�f
(;� r-1 � 17Tn
ro�i- s�]t, s+,onned in salt
FPrat
Tt�i n1r_
r_esc.
2F
i2
.�
?n
�
�n
S
6F
��
E
4
I o� or r; �h�_rason �re? i, rr�r� Sa] �n- ,`r�n ?�+nd+ r,o�,�+�r, ^'ex..
Soi l, �,r�„rn-i s�-���ar�. �^ar�
S�nr?,- �� �,.r
/:r�,*nl �,Y7'� rl azr
trn� �. (l�r,f 5��� ,`�<'Y�(a 1!;f^,1-E?Y'
F;n� Y*Jia� �l �1r �nc��, ^rn��]
�i�irbcqnr�� Z•;i-h �r,rr�?-.E9r
('�s�rcF+ �arr�i-P F,?n�
Rl1tE?—n'rqir morm-ir�!r' ;t�+n 1,117;<;l�_'h�larl- �lir+� ,rtitl'1 r?�Trii-.F? �n��
�rnl•�n l i-�ac+n.��
N�r�1 mrq�r li••E?gi-nnE
S�,nr�zr �hal�r rl s�zr �Sl.�i-.e"1
F:1 ti F- �1 �zr ,-ri };1� rnrri +F;
Ch�le?
Sk��l F z�•i +.?r, i.r�n vtTr; tF
S�nrl�r ghnlq t�ri+h ptr7'lf'G
�nnr�gl-C�71r� „r�-Fl-; �trri+n
T7nrr� �]ttf� ll^'Pc�-rinn
?7nr�1 f^y'a�r � i•"n�i-(1rP
7 i.ai r1.�-;'�y1(�
��1-.P_.?'n��-� gf-rn+3 nf eq�-F anr7 ]ir,r,c.a-nv,�
T'or1- sal t
�� 17� Ql�� r1+!�ZT S!1Y7(�
nlr']C'jr S''�n��� �s.li'1'1 �nT'el+P.T'� 7pllt' nPT'�P,+.rn-{-.P.ra
i
48
�
17
�n
�
F
1?
14
�r
�
�1,
18
�n�
�
�
Tlen�-h
26
;��
2, %
c7
gn
R (1
��
�_ � n
7 64.
]7^
174
3
1F
� ^�
�6
��
;zin
'Z F
�
��
�
�
C.�
_1�_ iTSGS B. 669
5) The fossils from the 1?.mPst�ne ?�.a�-e 1��Pn. c?e+,�rmine� h�r �, T, Hil]
as �elon�*�np� t� the �lauconi.t�� bec�s of tl�e TTp�,er Cretaceoias
epoch, passihlv representin� t.he t�*^e c�u_r�n�* ��rhich the �i;�lev
i�rma+ion was l�i�l �l��m ;n Alabama(�1?.(li)
61 T�e limes+-one cor_t;��ns se�ms of ••e�.�oj�r crt=stal7ine c�zlci+,e
(i120-121)1 �
7) It; is siarrounded an� �n m.�r.TT places conered btr loti�rer TPrti.arv
claT! ancl ��r river a7li�vilar�((17.1.))
F. Steen S�1ine((1211) Linsdale((sicil
&.. S'FPP,71 Sa.] �11P ? c 7t1 T}'�P, T10)^i-narn t'�qt""t nf' �Iilli-�'i �:OUT!'�V� F Tt11�.P..S
�ast of a�aats$� and l� mile n�rth of m�rler, on Sa]�n.e �re�k, e.
short d,: stance n�r+,r �f' 1,�;he��e it for�s
b. ThP sal-ire n�oper is a sm�,11 �ra�rse 1 or Z mile� in lenr�th and
fr�m half a m�.le to three-qvarters of a mile in tividi-h
c. Tre s�zrface of the saline is co�Pr�� z+��th incrus�-�,tions of salt
and i.s comnosPd o_f bl ��k or arav�. sh-black cla,ys
d. Iimest�ne olitcrons zn the hil]s surrolanclin� it, and t�is limestone
is overlain and surrnunded Y�•r l�ad-colored and lami.r.ated `�'P.7't;13''V
CZ�STS
e. I ar�e c�uantities of sa.lf v�,rprP ma�e �t tha s salinP �?ur�n� the r�t*il
?"1ar by cl��?�n� shal]ow tivells �nc� e�r�n�ra�in_c the br�ne +.hus obtained
,'r hla�*P � r�n kef.+l es anrl t,nil_e_rs
f. It ras l�een renorted t�a+, �s ma.mr as tjvent�� fizrn�ces Zr,rerp rizn at
-t-imes, turninp; ovt 12.,�0� sacUs of s�1.t dailv (isic)1
�. I+ took 19� mallons o�' �.v��c�r to ma?�e 1 hushel of' s�lt. �
11 12.1�—�3uci�1 ev, S. B., Texa.s �'reol . anc� _A�r. Sur�eV Fi rst.
9rn. T'Pp+., p. 126, 1�'74
6. Rroolrs S�line((12111
a. Rra�lrs sal ine, i s in th? �oizthwes+Prn p�r� nf Sm� th f'otani-y, �b�t,i-
17 miles soi�+hwes+ ei mvler
b. Tt i.s ab�iat 2-1�2 mil�s lon� an� from h9lf to three-�l]FirfP2'S of
a m112 VIlC�P
c. Its sizrface corls�s+s of hllzP an�? rlack clati*s, �nc� ar�un�' its e�?a�es
is se��n, a vellow laminat;ed cla,y
d. Iike �teen Saline i_i- is in a. depress�on siarrounded bzr h�.l�s in tiRrh�ch
yellow fossili_ferous limesi-�r._e occurs, v.rhich, as alrea�3z� inc��c�tPc�,
z�robal�lv is �f T'inl.�v a�e(11tE' TTpT>E�]^ �retaceous)
e. rlarzn�^ the Civil ���r se�ren furn�ces, makin� 100 sac�rs n�' s�1 f �1�11y,
l�rere ir_ oner�ti on �t t.h� s s�? ine (� si�� )
f. Tt has been estimate�l th�t �On �allons of �,nr�+er Tn!erE� reqla�.red
to riake 1 bushel of salt. 2�
2� 1?,15��1e*n, n. 126 ((see fo�tno+;P 1� abore) `
D. OTH�R OCCt?RRr?'C�S OF SAIT((121-12611
1. TTorthti�sPstern mexas( (,121-1 ?4)1
�, Tn +t�.e s�ar�h ior drinkinp� Za�atPr at Spur, ���U�ns �olint�=, Tex., a well has
be�n�' � rPcen+ly dr� 11P�? �v S. PR. Swenson �- Sons; ��' T?ewr York, to a total
clepth of 4,4PQ feet
li Pres�n�P oi miach anh~r�ri+,e and salt 3n the sec+��r led to suv�a�estion
bv J. A. TTr��en, of thP TTni.�ersi_+v o£ Texas, +.ha+ +he clex�osi.ts
mi�ht can+�in pot�sh s�l+s
?) The ti��e�l had in the mPantime b�en ��s��' bPlovr 1,:�00 feet (�12,1))
:il The reslalts, 1-herPf�re, i(of an�lvsis of w�+..Pr sam�lesl� sePm to
indica.te the oresPn�� in +he we�l o�' a potash-be�r-inm 7n�ier, bed, or
stra.ti�m �pnroxim�+e7 v 2,, 2�!1 f eoi- hPl�w +he starfa.�e. (� 122.) )
4) t?�den vTri+es: �"In e�ther d�re�tion n�rth �r s�uth �'rom Spvr +he
forrn�tzons lie pract�.cr�lly h�r� z�n+al for at least a hundre�] milPs, and.
the notash-bearin� hor;zon, �nrhethPr it be such or not in o�her places,
must be at ahotat the same �epth �:; here, ir_ these directions. It seems
b.
c.
-�o- -
to the vrriter that thc� p�ener�l. cond5tions indi.c�ted in �the
Snur� borinp�, the existence of ar�at salt be�ls and l�ec�s of
anhvdrite, to�e+her ��rith the pro�ed potash-beari.nc� stratum,
warrant an examination for poi-ash in water f'rom the sam.e
horizon in cam� borin� macle in this terr�torv."
1 12?.,,. LT�den, J. A., The deen bor;,ne� a+ Spur: Texas
TTniv. Rull. 2�, Sci. ser., pp. �2-89, 1914.
5) The st�eata in the res*ion �i.p +o the west; �?nce the c�enth
to t�-i.s horizon wi)1 be �'rea+Pr westward. �nd less eastward((122)i
A number o� samx�les from we17s neqr HasUel7 ha�re be�n analyzed
anc� �'o��ncl to contai.n �zn unlasUallv 13ra�e qia�n+itv Af' ri1't;r�1-P,�
v�rhich i s not believecl to be derived from the surface( (12311
In a later nublication iT�den 1/ �ines the lo�s of sezreral wel]s
dril] ed in +he Panhandle of Texas and in thP .re�ian t-o +,he soui-h
in ����stern Texas
1) In nearlv al] wells dr. il� ec� salt in impori;a.nt becls vvas diseovered
2) In some o? the beds si�ni�'icqn+ �taant-ities of potas� sa] fs �sere
f ound
:i) The n�mes an�] locations o�' the well.s are �s follows:
Glenario well, Glenario, neaf Sm'+,h Coi�nty
Adri.r�n Oil anc' Gas Co. well, near Adrian, Ol�hr�m C'.ount,y
Adrian Townsite ('o. well, nea.r Ad.ri�n, Ol�th�n Coiant,y
Ro�en ia�ell, Potter Countv
I!nillPr ranch well, nan�lal7 �ounty
r�cI�ean 'Yell, Crav C,.oi,xntv
Frn�r vyells in or near �'hildress, �h-il�ress Coianty
Sntar well, Dickens �ount,y
PoGt citV we7 1, Garaa Coiint�T
Justicebur?' we�.] , r�rz�. 8olmtv
Sn<<der well, �currv rounty
Sco��i.n we11. , nP�r wes� bo,m�arv of Kent Coi�r_ty
TTpl�nd well, iTpton Conntv
Rlaena zi� sta well , P?cos Countv
neep �rell northwPst of Toyah, Reeves Co»nt,y
1 12�Tt?�c�en, J. A., Potash in +hP Texas Perm;an: mexas TTnin.
Bull. 1915, r?o. 17.
�. 7r 1-.he rea�i on o�' the Permi an be�'s an�i to a certai_n exten+ i n
those of lat.er �eds in northwes+Prn Texas, the �nns+a�t recUrrence
of siach �eoa�raphic names as Salt Fork, Salt Creek, ancl Salt B�sin
indicates the Uridesnre�� d�_str�l�vtion of sunerficial or under-
�*roiand s al ine s
e. Ir_ a��3ition to salt lakes anc? spr�n�s, fr�m tvhich salt is obtain-
able bv solar evaportation, ex+ensive beds of rock salt occlzr
f. D�anv wells in the Permian areas of inexas vield s�lt vrater, some
so salt,y �s to render ther� t�nfi.t for honsehold or drinkin�
purnoses, hut the:�r have nener been �atil� zPd, so far as is knovm,
for sal+,
e�. Sa�fil area.s in_ central Texas c�ntain brine wells
h, The con�'itions for the denosition of salt seem to have been
peculiarlV �'a��}rable durina� th� Permi�an
1) An inclosed sea which exi.sted in the epoch that followed the
Penns.:lvanian is supposed to havP reen zrerv shallou for a
lon� time
2) T'ec� sa].;ne cl�vs sener�l fePt thick an�1 extendin�* o�rer broad
areas in places wbre denos�.teri in it((1231)
�� A11 the streams that h�ave theit- ari��n in +,hese c.l�vs �nd
s�nc��� ��'�^� es are imprea�natec7 wit?� salt, mamT of i:hem to
compl��� sa+iaration.%�12�-1?�11
_?1_ USGS B. 669
4) mhP Salt an�l �ovble rRount�in forks fif Rrazos, Ri?� '°Fich�ta, tand
Pea^e r�tTers, and Prqirie nor� anc� S�lt forks or �ed T?�.ver
oriv�-ina+e in or pass throl�c�h the "nec� �e�'s" of' t?�P Tri.assi.c
and Perm'�n an� arP mc?re or le�s impre�naiPcl ,rr�+.,h s�lt, f,he
Salt f'orks of Rr�zns anci �ed rivPrs beznr� conspiclloias examples�(1?4�)
?. '"dPs+ern Texas ( i 124=�?,51 �
a. S�lt. Ras-ir_ of Tr�nS-Fe�os ne�*ion ((124-1?5)1
1) Ioca+ion((1?,4)�
a� One of thP sal+. l�asi�s of w�s+ern Texas, l�noti^:�n �s ��lt
�ias;n, �rhi rh ��s bPen �escr•ihe� b�r p; c�arr�son, 1/ is
in the +,r�ns-Pe�os rA�ion, an� thP port�nn s+tadie�3 lies
nc�r+h �f +hr TE,'7�=15 k Paci f� c Rai l?vatT, nePr rulberson in
Fl P�so !',olint,v, wes1- o_f' �-.he CT��a�'�alupe an�l nelativare
mountains ancl exs+- of the Sierra �i�rlo.
2)
3)
4)
1 1?,4, �?ic��ar�son,
]Yl t�'aY1S—�P('�S TPX9S;
nn. 67'�-585, l�n�.
r. F?,, Sai+., r�zpst�n, �n� net�roleum
jT. �. (;P,,nl � �17Y"fr8�r R,l�ll. r�,6��
b� �'he t�a,s�r_, 1�r���� is or_P of t:he promir�n+., derY'i.s-filled
i.nter*n�ntare vallezr� b�' +.h�s re��on, t.ren�s 1-o th�
n�rth��rest, �nd it-s +,�tal lenmtl� �.s �Lnu� l�t? mi_les, the
a.rP�. de^c�ribed b�.r T�ichar��son �ncltarl�nr� 70 miles of this
lir.e�r extent
ci The area stur?_ied ran�;es from R to 2� miles �.n width and
azrera�es 15 mi.l.es, ancl is a ty-�i c�l closed bas�.n
di I+ � G co--ered 1�rith unconsol.id�tPd Ylei.stncene "Bash,�
der�ved fr�*� ��c� a�j�cen� mountains, an�? i-,?��_s loose
materi.al ennce�ls +h� rela�!-�ens bet,z�reen the Pena�s�,=lvanian
roc)rs of the Sierra Di�blo on thP tivesfi �nd +he P�rmi.an
roc'°s �f th�� �TU��a]une and nel�tirare moun�-��ns on t.he ea�t
��1+ c�enosi.t((12.�-1?.5)1 . ,
al The deposit of sa.lt �s on the vr�s'f- side of i-h.e basin,
ab�u� 1F m,]es Sn�ti;h��rPgt of '�'1 �a�itan Pea?r �n� a litt;le
m�re +,har_ 50 mi1Ps north o�' Sran Norn
bl It oc�i�niPs � sl�mht- denres�i�r., bein� onP of set*P,r�l
"salt la?�es" in +��s narf of the rasin
ci The I.a�.rer of salt that covers +?�e surfar.e �i_s said to
a+,{;a�n occasiona7ly a th�.ckness of 4 to 6 inches, 1�u�;
the measiarem?n+,s •r_a�3e rv nichardson sl�.o�ved onlv 1 inch
of comm�rc�.a71v �ra7ua'�le denosit
d) The salt i.s �ravisn-tivhi+e, coarsPlu crvs+alline .+.o �r�nu��r,
an�7 deli.q�aescent
e) ?��inc�bloz^m i-,�izri�?.es oc�asionally co�rer �ts surface
f) Purin� �khe �31zst�* d�rv season t}�e sal� bec�mes ��^rnare, i�ut
a�'ter a rain, an� esn�c�alltr in loc�1,'+,;_c�S tiarh��-� +?�e siarf�ce
salt h�s heen recentl�7 removed, be�.uti.ful ho�ner-shaned
crti�stals are formed((1?4i�
The e�rotmd-.�rater le�rel lies verv near the siarface in the ree�ion,
and test holes ra�idltT fill ��vith ztiater(,(1?�))
'."�hen the surface la�Ter of salt is removed �t is replaced bv brine,
whi ch on evRpora+ion forris a ne�r� denosit of salt wzthi.n � f evr
, __ ,
ti�r�ek_ s
S� This phenomenon i.ndi�ates an under�rotzd sot�rce of stzp�l�, ��.ther
dissemin�+ed G��1t or � concentrat�d denosit v�rith ivh�ch t�ie �roi�nd
w�+ers come i_ni;o cor_t-act
6) Ir,n,ensE� qi,,��xt.-�.t,:es or s�lt 'r�ave been hauled a�*rav for .fee�in�;
stoc� and for use �.n rl�'-alll�r�ic ooerations at Shafter, 150 miles
d5 s+..ent
7) �=�rpslun +'�rms thP floors of i-hese "lakes" and surrounds anr� �anites
mzmT of the*n
8) Stror.ti.um m;ne�e,ls �re associ.ated ti�i+,h the p�s,rpsum that surrounds
Salt I:al{e, a.nd tra�es of lithiiur_ m�n��al.s h�v� also been flo���.
XI.
XII.
- 22-
b. Colorado((1?F)1
l; S�lf is obt��nPcl b�r e�rapor�fion at Co�ora�o, r"itchell Coun1,y,
ir_ .+.�e �res+ern x�art of +,he State
2.) "Vherr i-he Penns,yl.vra.n�.an a.ncl �'el~m;an beds are de�eloped in this
re�*ion numerous salt sprin�s and �,vells are iound
31 .�t Colorado a bed of r�ck salt was found at a den+h of
85Q feet in drillin�* for watEr, and 140 feet of rock salt
�rras nassed throlz�h -i_n f,he next 2F0 feet
4) The tuate.r in several tivells rosP w3.thin ab�>>+ 150 ieet of the
surface and coiald not be exh�i�sted bv pvmpin�
51 There has been little or no chan�*e in the c�aracter of the
�--�.i;er si.nce the sal+, co-npans bep;an ooe�-a+ions
6) The v�e7is arc� case�? to the first bed of rock sa7t at �?SO
feet
7� Fresh ��rater was fo��n� abo�e and bel.ov�r the beds of salt
3. Other I�ocalities((125-1?6))
a. In '�he northwes�j-and west-central �arts of Texas, at �Traham, Youn�
rol.znt,y for c�xample, salt has been ohta�ne�? f'ram shallow wells
b. The we11s at �'nrdon and other p1 aces i.n Palo Pinto �ount,y, the
flo�,�ri.n� 1^.rell nnar ?�Taldr�n, T"eCul�och �'oiznt�,T, s�nd. th�se near San
An�elo, Torn Green Count`T, �r;.elr� salfzr tivater. i�125) )
c. Al�n� the coast la�^ons or� sa]t 1�],res have ,yielded �nd can
still zri.eld a lar�;e ,yearl„y prodiacfion of salt.((126))
E. BIBLIOCF��PHY((12611
l. Cummins, W. F., Renort on th.e �eolo�* of northwest�rn Texas: Texas
Geol. Surve�r Set�ond Ann. ?�ept., 1A90, pp. 444-449, 1R91.
2. Nernc�on, J. N., Texas �eol. Survey Secon�3 Ann. Rept., 1�90, pp.
22,2-2,?4, 1891. Describes salines of Smith Cotmt,y.
3. �ennedy, r�lillia.7n, Texas Geol. S�arvey Second Rept, of Pro�ress, 1P91,
pA. 55-69, 1P92. Salt described on na�*es 64-66. nescr�hes
Cretaceovs, Tertiary, and ��zaternar�* s+ra+a of eastern Texas,
and the contained be�ls of salt, lie�nste, etc.
4. Penrose, R. 9. F., Preliminary report orr +.he Gulf Tertiarv oi
mexas: Texas �eol. Svr��e�T F�rst Ann. Rep+., 1889, p. 33, 1890.
Pescribes Palests.ne saline.
OKLAHOMA.((126-1?9))
1, ?'he salt, industrv in Olrlahom�. is unimportant and maihl�T loc�l
2. Di�rin� the last few s,rears sal.t has been �roduced on a a[n�ll"scale near
Fer�uson, Blaine Countv, in the vres+ern part of the 3ta+.,e, and ne�r
Salton and jTinson, Harm.on CoUnty, in the south�res+ern �art.
A. SALT PI:AIT?S((126-1?..9))
l. I ocation� (1?,6) )
�C�xa����t� ((�bstracted material belon�*s here as �iven abst.p.22A) )
2. Cimm�ron �'iz�er Pla�ns(�1271)
i i oTn it� e�l �)
�. uarmon Count�r P1 ai.ns ( (17.,71)
( ( omitt;ed 1� )
�. Alfalfa CoL��i�,y Pla�r�s�(1?8)1
(fommitted.l�
5. R7.a�ne Counts� Plains��12811
(iomm�tte��l
6. Beck�am ('olantv Plain((128-129)�
(iOmmittPd)1
7. Jacl�-son ro�.�nt�r Pla�.ns: ( (129) )
B. BIBIIOGPAPHY( (129))
( �o�tte�?1)
OREGOTJ( (129-1311)
1. rTo s�l+, has been made in Ore�on ?.n recent ye�rs, but J. poss Rro•F.me l�
savs in a re�ort on the min�ral resoUrc.es o�' tha State that it ��ra.s ma�e from
bri.ne from sprin�s in the ''Till�mette anci Thnpqva ralle�Ts and at other
AZaCP,s
2.Accord�ne�, to Brov.me, th